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El Deeb S, Abdelsamad K, Parr MK. Greener and Whiter Analytical Chemistry Using Cyrene as a More Sustainable and Eco-Friendlier Mobile Phase Constituent in Chromatography. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1488. [PMID: 37895959 PMCID: PMC10609853 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone) was evaluated for the first time as a potential sustainable mobile phase solvent in reversed-phase chromatography. As a benign biodegradable solvent, Cyrene is an attractive replacement to classical non-green organic chromatographic solvents such as acetonitrile and a modifier, co-eluent to known green solvents such as ethanol. Compared to ethanol, Cyrene is less toxic, non-flammable, biobased, biodegradable, and a cheaper solvent. A fire safety spider chart was generated to compare the properties of Cyrene to ethanol and show its superiority as a greener solvent. Cyrene's behavior, advantages, and drawbacks in reversed-phase chromatography, including the cut-off value of 350 nm, elution power, selectivity, and effect on the column, were investigated using a model drug mixture of moxifloxacin and metronidazole. A monolithic C18 (100 × 4.6 mm) column was used as a stationary phase. Different ratios of Cyrene: ethanol with an aqueous portion of sodium acetate buffer mobile phases were tested. A mobile phase consisting of Cyrene: ethanol: 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.25 (8:13:79, v/v/v) was selected as the most suitable mobile phase system for separating and simultaneously determining metronidazole and moxifloxacin. The greenness and whiteness of the method were evaluated using the qualitative green assessment tool AGREE and the white analytical chemistry assessment tool RGB12. Further potentials of Cyrene as a solvent or modifier in normal phase chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and supercritical fluid chromatography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (M.K.P.)
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Khalid Abdelsamad
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (M.K.P.)
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Jain P, Thota A, Saini PK, Raghuvanshi RS. Comprehensive Review on Different Analytical Techniques for HIV 1- Integrase Inhibitors: Raltegravir, Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir and Bictegravir. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:401-415. [PMID: 35617468 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of HIV-Integrase inhibitors (IN) has marked a significant impact on the lives of HIV patients. Since the launch of the first anti retro-viral drug "Azidothymidine" to the recent advances of IN inhibitors, about 27.4 million people benefit by antiretroviral therapy (ART). The path had been challenging due to many crossroads, leading to the discovery of newer targets. One such recent ART target is Integrase. Use of Integrase inhibitors has surpassed the usage of all other ART owing to a strong barrier to resistance and have been reported to be the first-line therapy. Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir and Bictegravir are US FDA approved IN inhibitors. The high usage of ART created an opportunity to study various analytical techniques for IN inhibitors. Hitherto, no review encompassing all IN inhibitors is presented. Herein, this review describes the analytical techniques employed for IN inhibitors estimation and quantification reported in the literature and official compendia. Literature suggests that most studies focus on LC-MS/MS and HPLC methods for drug estimation, and few reports suggest spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, the review presents the techniques that describe the quantification of integrase drugs in various matrices. Although, antiretroviral drugs are extensively used but data suggests that limited studies have been conducted for determination of impurity profile and stability. This therefore, presents a scope to detect and validate impurities in order to meet ICH guidelines for their limits and further to improve the quality and safety of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anusha Thota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan K Saini
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ghaziabad, UP, India
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Xhakaza NM, Chokkareddy R, Redhi GG. An Efficient Sensor for the Detection of Zidovudine Based on 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethanesulfonate/ZnO Nanoparticle/MWCNT Glassy Carbon Electrodes**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajasekhar Chokkareddy
- Department of Chemistry Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa- 4001
- Department of Chemistry Aditya College of Engineering & Technology Surampalem 533437 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Gan G Redhi
- Department of Chemistry Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa- 4001
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé IT, Gaudin K. Greening Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Methods Using Alternative Solvents for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051065. [PMID: 29724076 PMCID: PMC6100308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The greening of analytical methods has gained increasing interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to reduce environmental impacts and improve the health safety of analysts. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most widely used analytical technique involved in pharmaceutical drug development and manufacturing, such as the quality control of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the analysis of drugs in biological samples. However, RP-HPLC methods commonly use large amounts of organic solvents and generate high quantities of waste to be disposed, leading to some issues in terms of ecological impact and operator safety. In this context, greening HPLC methods is becoming highly desirable. One strategy to reduce the impact of hazardous solvents is to replace classically used organic solvents (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) with greener ones. So far, ethanol has been the most often used alternative organic solvent. Others strategies have followed, such as the use of totally aqueous mobile phases, micellar liquid chromatography, and ionic liquids. These approaches have been well developed, as they do not require equipment investments and are rather economical. This review describes and critically discusses the recent advances in greening RP-HPLC methods dedicated to pharmaceutical analysis based on the use of alternative solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- Laboratoire de développement du médicament, Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Issa Touridomon Somé
- Laboratoire de développement du médicament, Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Archibald TL, Murrell DE, Brown SD. Chromatographic methods in HIV medicine: Application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32. [PMID: 29240228 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV antiretroviral therapy spans several different drug classes, meant to combat various aspects of viral infection and replication. Many authors have argued the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for the HIV patient including compliance assurance and assessment of appropriate drug concentrations; however, the array of drug chemistries and combinations makes TDM an arduous task. HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS are both frequent instruments for the quantification of HIV drugs in biological matrices with investigators striving to balance sensitivity and affordability. Plasma, the dominant matrix for these analyses, is prepared using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction depending on the specific complement of analytes. Despite the range of polarities found in drug classes relevant to HIV therapeutics, most chromatographic separations utilize a hydrophobic column (C18 ). Additionally, as the clinically relevant samples for these assays are infected with HIV, along with possible co-infections, another important aspect of sample preparation concerns viral inactivation. Although not routine in clinical practice, many published analytical methods from the previous two decades have demonstrated the ability to conduct TDM in HIV patients receiving various medicinal combinations. This review summarizes the analytical methods relevant to TDM of HIV drugs, while highlighting respective challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Archibald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Derek E Murrell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Richardson AE, McPherson SD, Fasciano JM, Pauls RE, Danielson ND. Micellar liquid chromatography of terephthalic acid impurities. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Garrido-Cano I, García-García A, Peris-Vicente J, Ochoa-Aranda E, Esteve-Romero J. A method to quantify several tyrosine kinase inhibitors in plasma by micellar liquid chromatography and validation according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines. Talanta 2015; 144:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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El-Shaheny RN, El-Maghrabey MH, Belal FF. Micellar Liquid Chromatography from Green Analysis Perspective. OPEN CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2015-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMicellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a simple well-established branch of high-performance liquid chromatography. The applications of MLC for the determination of numerous compounds in pharmaceutical formulations, biological samples, food, and environmental samples have been growing very rapidly. MLC technique has several advantages over other techniques, such as simultaneous separation of charged and uncharged solutes, rapid gradient capability, direct on-column injection of physiological fluids, unique separation selectivity, high reproducibility, robustness, enhanced luminescence detection, low cost, and safety. This review is devoted to the evaluation of the agreement of MLC with the principles of green chemistry which recently represents a universal trend. Also, it provides an overview on the basics of MLC, in addition to a survey of MLC methods published in the past five years for the assay of various compounds in different matrices.
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