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Dai Y, Ban W, Yang Z. Gastrodin, a Promising Natural Small Molecule for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders, and Its Recent Progress in Synthesis, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9540. [PMID: 39273485 PMCID: PMC11394983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume is a traditional medicinal and food homology substance that has been used for thousands of years, is mainly distributed in China and other Asian countries, and has always been distinguished as a superior class of herbs. Gastrodin is the main active ingredient of G. elata Blume and has attracted increasing attention because of its extensive pharmacological activities. In addition to extraction and isolation from the original plant, gastrodin can also be obtained via chemical synthesis and biosynthesis. Gastrodin has significant pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, such as sedation and improvement of sleep. It can also improve epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, emotional disorders and cognitive impairment to a certain extent. Gastrodin is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in the body and can also penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In brief, gastrodin is a promising natural small molecule with significant potential in the treatment of brain diseases. In this review, we summarised studies on the synthesis, pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics of gastrodin, with emphasis on its effects on central nervous system disorders and the possible mechanisms, in order to find potential therapeutic applications and provide favourable information for the research and development of gastodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Dai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weikang Ban
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Chen J, Chen Z, Wang W, Wang L, Zheng J, Wu S, Pan Y, Li S, Zhao J, Cai Z. Effects of Commonly used Surfactants, Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80, on the Drug Transport Capacity of Intestinal Glucose Transporters. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:163. [PMID: 38997614 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Some glycoside drugs can be transported through intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs). The surfactants used in oral drug preparations can affect the function of transporter proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effect of commonly used surfactants, Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80, on the drug transport capacity of IGTs. Previous studies have shown that gastrodin is the optimal drug substrate for IGTs. Gastrodin was used as a probe drug to evaluate the effect of these two surfactants on intestinal absorption in SD rats through pharmacokinetic and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion. Then, the effects of the two surfactants on the expression of glucose transporters and tight-junction proteins were examined using RT-PCR and western blotting. Additionally, the effect of surfactants on intestinal permeability was evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results found that all experimental for Poloxamer 188 (0.5%, 2.0% and 8.0%) and Tween 80 (0.1% and 2.0%) were not significantly different from those of the blank group. However, the AUC(0-∞) of gastrodin increased by approximately 32% when 0.5% Tween 80 was used. The changes in IGT expression correlated with the intestinal absorption of gastrodin. A significant increase in the expression of IGTs was observed at 0.5% Tween 80. In conclusion, Poloxamer 188 had minimal effect on the drug transport capacity of IGTs within the recommended limits of use. However, the expression of IGTs increased in response to 0.5% Tween 80, which significantly enhanced the drug transport capacity of IGTs. However, 0.1% and 2.0% Tween 80 had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shiqiong Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuru Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sai Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zheng Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
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Wu S, Huang R, Zhang R, Xiao C, Wang L, Luo M, Song N, Zhang J, Yang F, Liu X, Yang W. Gastrodin and Gastrodigenin Improve Energy Metabolism Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Antagonize Vascular Dementia. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062598. [PMID: 36985572 PMCID: PMC10059574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most common dementia syndrome worldwide, and effective treatments are lacking. Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) has been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for centuries to treat cognitive impairment, ischemic stroke, epilepsy, and dizziness. Gastrodin (p-hydroxymethylphenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside, Gas) and Gastrodigenin (p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, HBA) are the main bioactive components of GEB. This study explored the effects of Gas and HBA on cognitive dysfunction in VD and their possible molecular mechanisms. The VD model was established by bilateral common carotid artery ligation (2-vessel occlusion, 2-VO) combined with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitroprusside solution. One week after modeling, Gas (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.g.) and HBA (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.g.) were administered orally for four weeks, and the efficacy was evaluated. A Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test were used to observe their cognitive function, and H&E staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the neuronal morphological changes; the expressions of Aβ1-42 and p-tau396 were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the changes in energy metabolism in the brain tissue of VD rats were analyzed by targeted quantitative metabolomics. Finally, a Hippocampus XF analyzer measured mitochondrial respiration in H2O2-treated HT-22 cells. Our study showed that Gas and HBA attenuated learning memory dysfunction and neuronal damage and reduced the accumulation of Aβ1-42, P-Tau396, and P-Tau217 proteins in the brain tissue. Furthermore, Gas and HBA improved energy metabolism disorders in rats, involving metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, and reducing oxidative damage-induced cellular mitochondrial dysfunction. The above results indicated that Gas and HBA may exert neuroprotective effects on VD by regulating energy metabolism and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chuang Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lueli Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Luo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weimin Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (W.Y.)
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Lai MC, Liu WY, Liou SS, Liu IM. p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Antagonized the ROS-Dependent JNK/Jun/Caspase-3 Pathway to Produce Neuroprotection in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235002. [PMID: 36501032 PMCID: PMC9741417 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder that affects brain nerve cells responsible for body motion and remains incurable. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the primary phenolic compound in Gastrodiae Rhizoma, known for its therapeutic benefits against neurodegeneration. However, the protective effect of HBA against Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of HBA in vitro 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with various concentrations of HBA for 1 h and incubated with 100 μmol/L 6-OHDA for 24 h to induce cellular lesions. 2,5-Diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide was used to detect cellular viability. 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin oxidation detects reactive oxygen species (ROS). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The cellular mitochondrial function was identified through the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. Expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic factors was measured by Western blot. HBA enhanced cell viability, blocked ROS overproduction, and reduced antioxidant activities induced by 6-OHDA. HBA also reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by 6-OHDA. Moreover, HBA reversed the 6-OHDA-mediated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, the downregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, the Apaf-1 upregulation and the induction of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. This study shows that the protective effects of HBA against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury provide the potential preventive effects of HBA, making it a promising preventive agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chou Lai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - Wayne-Young Liu
- Department of Urology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 41265, Taiwan
- Center for Basic Medical Science, Collage of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406053, Taiwan
| | - Shorong-Shii Liou
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - I-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7624002
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Santos SS, Gonzaga RV, Scarim CB, Giarolla J, Primi MC, Chin CM, Ferreira EI. Drug/Lead Compound Hydroxymethylation as a Simple Approach to Enhance Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties. Front Chem 2022; 9:734983. [PMID: 35237565 PMCID: PMC8883432 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.734983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylation is a simple chemical reaction, in which the introduction of the hydroxymethyl group can lead to physical–chemical property changes and offer several therapeutic advantages, contributing to the improved biological activity of drugs. There are many examples in the literature of the pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic benefits, which the hydroxymethyl group can confer to drugs, prodrugs, drug metabolites, and other therapeutic compounds. It is worth noting that this group can enhance the drug’s interaction with the active site, and it can be employed as an intermediary in synthesizing other therapeutic agents. In addition, the hydroxymethyl derivative can result in more active compounds than the parent drug as well as increase the water solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Taking this into consideration, this review aims to discuss different applications of hydroxymethyl derived from biological agents and its influence on the pharmacological effects of drugs, prodrugs, active metabolites, and compounds of natural origin. Finally, we report a successful compound synthesized by our research group and used for the treatment of neglected diseases, which is created from the hydroxymethylation of its parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya S. Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo V. Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cauê B. Scarim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (LAPDESF), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chung M. Chin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (LAPDESF), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Avançada Em Medicina (CEPAM), Faculdade de Medicina, União Das Faculdades Dos Grande Lagos (UNILAGO), São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth I. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth I. Ferreira,
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Cheng L, Deng Y. Characterization by HPLC of p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Biotransformation to Gastrodin In Vivo. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211035069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin (GAS) and its aglycone, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), are both bioactive compounds extracted from Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB). In the current Chinese pharmacopoeia, they are regarded as quality control markers for GEB. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with a diode array detector to quantify GAS and HBA concentrations in plasma following oral ingestion by rats. For the first time, GAS was detected in vivo after HBA administration. GAS and HBA both had similar pharmacological effects, but the influence of the glucose moiety resulted in different pharmacokinetic characteristics. In this study, the effects of GAS and HBA at different administration durations were investigated in zebrafish larvae. These compounds were found to induce a sedative effect but had different onset times. In conclusion, a biotransformation of HBA to GAS could be observed in the rats. This may be a new insight into the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these bioactive compounds and also relates to the different ways in which they take effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Deng
- Zhaotong Goode Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, China
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Classical Active Ingredients and Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicines: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Molecular Mechanisms for Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8868941. [PMID: 33791075 PMCID: PMC7984881 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8868941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and approximately 87% of cases are attributed to ischemia. The main factors that cause ischemic stroke include excitotoxicity, energy metabolism disorder, Ca+ overload, oxidative damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. However, no effective drug is currently available for the comprehensive treatment of ischemic stroke in clinical applications; thus, there is an urgent need to find and develop comprehensive and effective drugs to treat postischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in treating ischemic stroke, with overall regulatory effects at multiple levels and on multiple targets. Many researchers have studied the effective components of TCMs and have achieved undeniable results. This paper reviews studies on the anticerebral ischemia effects of TCM monomers such as tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), tanshinone IIA (TSA), gastrodin (Gas), and baicalin (BA) as well as effective extracts such as Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB). Research on the anticerebral ischemia effects of TCMs has focused mostly on their antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, proangiogenic, and proneurogenic effects. However, the research on the use of TCM to treat ischemic stroke remains incompletely characterized. Thus, we summarized and considered this topic from the perspective of pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, and mechanistic research, and we have provided a reference basis for future research and development on anticerebral ischemia TCM drugs.
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Dong J, Ji D, Su L, Zhang F, Tong H, Mao C, Lu T. A simplified LC−MS/MS approach for simultaneous quantification and pharmacokinetics of five compounds in rats following oral administration of Gastrodia elata extract. J Anal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-020-00211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To support the multicomponent pharmacokinetics of Gastrodia elata, a rapid, simple, and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem with mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approach was established for simultaneous quantification of gastrodin, parishin A, parishin B, parishin C, and parishin E.
Methods
Five compounds were extracted from plasma by using one-step protein precipitation. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with gradient mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 0.05% formic acid. The detection was performed using negative electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode.
Results
This new method maximizes assay throughput by using minimal sample clean-up procedures and a shorter analytical run time. The approach exhibited good linearity for the five compounds (r2 > 0.995) in the concentration ranges. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) were determined as 1.37 ng/mL for parishin A, parishin B, parishin C, and parishin E and 10 ng/mL for gastrodin. Then the method was fully validated with intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, matrix effects, extraction recovery, and stability.
Conclusion
This validated approach was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study following oral administration of Gastrodia elata extract to rats. This investigation may provide some guidance for the clinical application and explanation of the pharmacological mechanism of Gastrodia elata.
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Mi Y, Mao Y, Cheng H, Ke G, Liu M, Fang C, Wang Q. Studies of blood-brain barrier permeability of gastrodigenin in vitro and in vivo. Fitoterapia 2019; 140:104447. [PMID: 31805306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
According to the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine, Gastrodia elata (GE) is clinically utilized for the treatment of cephalalgia and migraine. The gastrodigenin (p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, HBA), one of the effective components of GE, may pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert its pharmacological effects. This study aimed to investigate BBB permeability of HBA via in vitro hCMEC/D3 BBB model and in vivo microdialysis in rats. For the establishment of in vitro BBB model, hCMEC/D3 cells were used to construct the monolayer. The integrity of the monolayer was evaluated by TEER measurements, expression analysis of tight junction proteins (claudin-5, zo-1 and occludin) and apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of fluorescein disodium. During the 6-day incubation of hCMEC/D3 cells, the values of TEER gradually increased and maintained above 100 Ω·cm2. Besides, the expression levels of claudin-5 and zo-1 in hCMEC/D3 cells increased over time, and tended to be stable, suggesting that integrity of the monolayer has been completely established. Moreover, the Papp of fluorescein disodium was 3.94 × 10-7 cm·s-1 after administration for 180 min, indicating that the monolayer retains the characteristics of BBB and can restrict the diffusion of hydrophilic small-molecule compounds. A sensitive HPLC method was established for HBA detection, and the transport rate of HBA was assessed by a transwell system. HBA crossed the hCMEC/D3 BBB model rapidly, but a plateau was observed when HBA concentrations were relatively similar between the two sides of transwell. Permeability assay revealed that 32.91% of HBA could penetrate the in vitro BBB model after 240 min of administration. In vivo BBB permeability was evaluated by determining the concentrations of HBA in blood and brain simultaneously. Following HBA administration, the samples of microdialysis were collected at 20, 40 and 60 min, and then every 30 min until the procedure ended. Pharmacokinetic parameters of HBA showed that HBA could pass through BBB and reach its maximum concentration at 40 min in blood and brain tissue. Furthermore, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf for the brain-to-blood distribution ratio of HBA were 0.1925 and 0.2083, respectively, indicating that approximately 20% of HBA in blood could pass through the BBB and subsequently transported into the brain. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that HBA could penetrate the BBB. In summary, the findings of this study highlight that a promising amount of HBA in blood can pass through the BBB and exerts its pharmacological effects on central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukang Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Shunde Innovative Design Institute, Foshan, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohan Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunping Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Li W, Sun C, Deng W, Liu Y, Adu-Frimpong M, Yu J, Xu X. Pharmacokinetic of gastrodigenin rhamnopyranoside from Moringa seeds in rodents. Fitoterapia 2019; 138:104348. [PMID: 31470062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodigenin rhamnopyranoside (GR) is a hepatoprotective compound that exists in Moringa oleifera seeds. However, the UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of GR (in-vitro/in-vivo) is lacking clarification. Herein, this study established the UPLC-MS/MS technique, which was effective and sensitive for the investigation of the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of GR in rats and mice. The separation was achieved with a Shim-pack XR-ODS III C18 column (2.0 × 75 mm, 1.6 μm) at 40 °C, while the mobile phase (Acetonitrile/0.1% Formic acid =12:82, v/v) was at an eluting rate of 0.2 mL/min. The Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) was selected for quantification, i.e., m/z [M + HCOO]- 314.9 → 269 for GR and m/z [M + HCOO] - 182.85 → 137 for Tyrosol as the internal standard. The calibration curves were linearly ranged from 10 to 2500 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.999) with a lower-limit-of-quantification (LLOQ) of 10 ng/mL in the various biological samples (plasma, liver, heart, lung, spleen, brain, kidney). The intra- and inter-day precision was within 5%, while accuracy ranged from -11.4% - 8.33%. Recovery and matrix effect were with 80.32 to 101.31% and 90.36 to 103.76%, respectively, in a reasonable range. After oral and intravenous administration, GR was detected within 3 h but decreased rapidly in plasma, indicating fast elimination. Also, GR was quickly distributed in the various tissues, particularly in the kidney and spleen. The results demonstrated that the established UPLC-MS/MS method was highly linear, precise and accurate with the potential to be used for the quantitative analysis of GR in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Congyong Sun
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yingkun Liu
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Ximing Xu
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Tissue Regeneration, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Memon N, Qureshi T, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Recent Trends in Fast Liquid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180912125155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liquid chromatography is the workhorse of analytical laboratories of pharmaceutical
companies for analysis of bulk drug materials, intermediates, drug products, impurities and
degradation products. This efficient technique is impeded by its long and tedious analysis procedures.
Continuous efforts of scientists to reduce the analysis time resulted in the development of three different
approaches namely, HTLC, chromatography using monolithic columns and UHPLC.
Methods:
Modern column technology and advances in chromatographic stationary phase including
silica-based monolithic columns and reduction in particle and column size (UHPLC) have not only
revolutionized the separation power of chromatographic analysis but also have remarkably reduced the
analysis time. Automated ultra high-performance chromatographic systems equipped with state-ofthe-
art software and detection systems have now spawned a new field of analysis, termed as Fast Liquid
Chromatography (FLC). The chromatographic approaches that can be included in FLC are hightemperature
liquid chromatography, chromatography using monolithic column, and ultrahigh performance
liquid chromatography.
Results:
This review summarizes the progress of FLC in pharmaceutical analysis during the period
from year 2008 to 2017 focusing on detecting pharmaceutical drugs in various matrices, characterizing
active compounds of natural products, and drug metabolites. High temperature, change in the mobile
phase, use of monolithic columns, new non-porous, semi-porous and fully porous reduced particle size
of/less than 3μm packed columns technology with high-pressure pumps have been extensively studied
and successively applied to real samples. These factors revolutionized the fast high-performance separations.
Conclusion:
Taking into account the recent development in fast liquid chromatography approaches,
future trends can be clearly predicated. UHPLC must be the most popular approach followed by the
use of monolithic columns. Use of high temperatures during analysis is not a feasible approach especially
for pharmaceutical analysis due to thermosensitive nature of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Qureshi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Univeristy of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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A Validated HPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Militarine and Its Three Metabolites in Rat Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2371784. [PMID: 31186657 PMCID: PMC6521569 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2371784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable, and sensitive HPLC-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was established and validated for simultaneous determination of militarine and its three metabolites (gastrodin, α-isobutylmalic acid, and gymnoside I) in rat plasma. Plasma was acidified with formic acid, and protein was precipitated with methanol. MS/MS with ESI and multiple reaction monitoring at m/z 725.3→457.3, 457.1→127, 304.3→107.2, 189→129, and 417.1→267.1 was used for determination of militarine, gastrodin, α-isobutylmalic acid, gymnoside I, and puerarin (internal standard), respectively. Chromatographic separation was conducted using an ACE UltraCore SuperC18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.5 μm) column with gradient mobile phase (0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile). The lower limits of quantitation for militarine, gastrodin, α-isobutylmalic acid, and gymnoside I were 1.02, 2.96, 1.64, and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations of intra- and interday measurements were less than 15%, and the method accuracy ranged from 87.4% to 112.5%. The extraction recovery was 83.52%-105.34%, and no matrix effect was observed. The three metabolites (gastrodin, α-isobutylmalic acid, and gymnoside I) were synchronously detected at 0.83 h, suggesting that militarine was rapidly transformed to gastrodin, α-isobutylmalic acid, and gymnoside I. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax of militarine were significantly lower than those of gastrodin and α-isobutylmalic acid, showing that militarine was largely metabolized to gastrodin and α-isobutylmalic acid in vivo. The studies on pharmacokinetics of militarine and its three metabolites were of great use for facilitating the clinical application of militarine and were also highly meaningful for the potential development of militarine.
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolism of Gastrodin In Vitro and In Vivo. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9040069. [PMID: 30965644 PMCID: PMC6523420 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the number and composition of intestinal microbiota affects the metabolism of several xenobiotics. Gastrodin, isolated from Gastrodia elata, is prone to be hydrolyzed by intestinal microbiota. In the present study, the role of intestinal microbiota in gastrodin metabolism was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Gastrodin was incubated in an anaerobic condition with intestinal contents prepared from vehicle- and antibiotics-treated rats and the disappearance of gastrodin and formation of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that almost all gastrodin incubated with control intestinal contents was metabolized to its aglycone in time- and concentration-dependent manners. In contrast, much less formation of 4-HBA was detected in intestinal contents from antibiotics-treated rats. Subsequently, in vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that the antibiotic pretreatment of rats significantly affected the metabolism of gastrodin to 4-HBA. When administered orally, gastrodin was rapidly absorbed rapidly into plasma, metabolized to 4-HBA, and disappeared from the body within six hours. Interestingly, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 4-HBA were changed remarkably in antibiotics-treated rats, compared to control rats. The results clearly indicated that the antibiotics treatment of rats suppressed the ability of intestinal microbiota to metabolize gastrodin to 4-HBA and that, thereby, the pharmacodynamic action was significantly modulated.
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Liu Y, Gao J, Peng M, Meng H, Ma H, Cai P, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Si G. A Review on Central Nervous System Effects of Gastrodin. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:24. [PMID: 29456504 PMCID: PMC5801292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Gastrodiae (also known as Tian ma), the dried rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume, is a famous Chinese herb that has been traditionally used for the treatment of headache, dizziness, spasm, epilepsy, stoke, amnesia and other disorders for centuries. Gastrodin, a phenolic glycoside, is the main bioactive constituent of Rhizoma Gastrodiae. Since identified in 1978, gastrodin has been extensively investigated on its pharmacological properties. In this article, we reviewed the central nervous system (CNS) effects of gastrodin in preclinical models of CNS disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, affective disorders, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, cognitive impairment as well as the underlying mechanisms involved and, where possible, clinical data that support the pharmacological activities. The sources and pharmacokinetics of gastrodin were also reviewed here. As a result, gastrodin possesses a broad range of beneficial effects on the above-mentioned CNS diseases, and the mechanisms of actions include modulating neurotransmitters, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, suppressing microglial activation, regulating mitochondrial cascades, up-regulating neurotrophins, etc. However, more detailed clinical trials are still in need for positioning it in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyan Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pingping Cai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guomin Si
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Liu J, Chen S, Cheng J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu A. An Optimized and Sensitive Pharmacokinetic Quantitative Method of Investigating Gastrodin, Parishin, and Parishin B, C and E in Beagle Dog Plasma using LC-MS/MS after Intragastric Administration of Tall Gastrodia Capsules. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111938. [PMID: 29125575 PMCID: PMC6150220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume, called Tianma in China, has been widely used to treat headaches, convulsions and epilepsy for thousands of years. In the present study, a series of optimizations were employed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method, which was then used for the simultaneous determination of gastrodin, parishin, parishin B, parishin C and parishin E in beagle dog plasma after intragastric administration of tall Gastrodia capsules (Tianma brand). The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with gradient elution by using a mixture of 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. A tandem mass spectrometric detection was conducted using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) via electrospray ionization (ESI) source in negative ionization mode. Samples were pre-treated by a single-step protein precipitation with methanol, and bergenin was used as internal standard (IS). Under the optimized conditions, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.10 ng/mL for gastrodin, 0.40 ng/mL for parishin B, 0.02 ng/mL for parishin E and 0.20 ng/mL for parishin and parishin C, all of which previously were the highest levels of sensitivity. The methods were optimized for selectivity, calibration curves, accuracy and precision. Extraction recoveries, matrix effects and stability were within acceptable ranges. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the tested substances were also quantitatively determined. Finally, a possible metabolic pathway was induced based on correlations obtained from quantitative and qualitative data analysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Liu
- Key laboratory of Beijing for identification and safety evaluation of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Sha Chen
- Key laboratory of Beijing for identification and safety evaluation of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jintang Cheng
- Key laboratory of Beijing for identification and safety evaluation of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key laboratory of Beijing for identification and safety evaluation of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- Key laboratory of Beijing for identification and safety evaluation of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - An Liu
- Key laboratory of Beijing for identification and safety evaluation of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
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16
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Analytical Techniques and Pharmacokinetics of Gastrodia elata Blume and Its Constituents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071137. [PMID: 28698450 PMCID: PMC6152015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), commonly called Tianma in Chinese, is an important and notable traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has been used in China as an anticonvulsant, analgesic, sedative, anti-asthma, anti-immune drug since ancient times. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the abundant efforts of scientists in developing analytical techniques and performing pharmacokinetic studies of G. elata and its constituents, including sample pretreatment methods, analytical techniques, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and influence factors to its pharmacokinetics. Based on the reported pharmacokinetic property data of G. elata and its constituents, it is hoped that more studies will focus on the development of rapid and sensitive analytical techniques, discovering new therapeutic uses and understanding the specific in vivo mechanisms of action of G. elata and its constituents from the pharmacokinetic viewpoint in the near future. The present review discusses analytical techniques and pharmacokinetics of G. elata and its constituents reported from 1985 onwards.
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Chen WC, Lai YS, Lin SH, Lu KH, Lin YE, Panyod S, Ho CT, Sheen LY. Anti-depressant effects of Gastrodia elata Blume and its compounds gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, via the monoaminergic system and neuronal cytoskeletal remodeling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 182:190-9. [PMID: 26899441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata Blume is a highly valuable traditional Chinese medicine used in the treatment of depression. However, compounds with antidepressant effects in water extracts of G. elata Bl. (WGE) have not been identified. The aims of this study were to determine the major antidepressant compound in WGE and to evaluate the antidepressant effects of WGE and its active compounds which involved the monoaminergic system and neuronal cytoskeletal remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastrodin (GAS) and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) in WGE, were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet detection. The forced swimming test (FST) was used to induce depression-like symptoms in 9 weeks old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The open field test (OFT) was used to measure anxiety after WGE, GAS, and HBA treatments. The levels of monoamine such as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured using HPLC-electrochemical detection. Western blotting was used to examine the 5-HT1A receptor and the neuronal cytoskeleton remodeling-related proteins, Slit, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DPYSL2, also called CRMP2), Ras homologous member A (RhoA), and profilin 1 (PFN1) in vivo. Slit1 expression was evaluated in Hs683 cell line after treated with WGE (0.5mg/mL), GAS (50, 100 and 100μM), and HBA (50, 100 and 100μM). RESULTS Oral administration of WGE (500mg/kg bw), GAS (100mg/kg bw), and HBA (100mg/kg bw) exhibited the anti-depressant effect by significantly reducing the immobility time in FST, monoamine metabolism including the 5-HT to 5-HIAA in the hippocampus and DA to DOPAC and HVA ratios in the frontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. In the hippocampus, the expression of the neuronal cytoskeleton remodeling-related negative regulators Slit1 and RhoA were significantly down-regulated. In addition, the positive regulators CRMP2 and PFN1 were significantly up-regulated following GAS, HBA, and WGE treatments. Moreover, WGE, GAS, and HBA were directly down-regulated Slit1 expression in Hs683 cells. CONCLUSION WGE, GAS, and HBA exhibited potential anti-depressant effects in rats by decreasing monoamine metabolism and modulated cytoskeleton remodeling-related protein expression in the Slit-Robo pathway. These results suggest that WGE can be used as agent for depressive prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Syuan Lai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hang Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Ji W, Zhang M, Wang D, Wang X, Liu J, Huang L. Superhydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers based on a water-soluble functional monomer for the recognition of gastrodin in water media. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1425:88-96. [PMID: 26627582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the first successfully developed superhydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for gastrodin recognition have been described. MIPs were prepared via the bulk polymerization process in an aqueous solution using alkenyl glycosides glucose (AGG) as the water-soluble functional monomer. The non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were also synthesized using the same method without the use of the template. The dynamic water contact angles and photographs of the dispersion properties confirmed that the molecularly imprinted polymers displayed excellent superhydrophilicity. The results demonstrated that the MIPs exhibited high selectivity and an excellent imprinting effect. A molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) method was established. Optimization of various parameters affecting MISPE was investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a wide linear range (0.001-100.0μgmL(-1)) and low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) (0.03 and 0.09ngmL(-1), respectively) were achieved. When compared with the NIPs, higher recoveries (90.5% to 97.6%) of gastrodin with lower relative standard deviations values (below 6.4%) using high performance liquid chromatography were obtained at three spiked levels in three blank samples. These results demonstrated one efficient, highly selective and environmentally-friendly MISPE technique with excellent reproducibility for the purification and pre-concentration of gastrodin from an aqueous extract of Gastrodia elata roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ji
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Daijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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