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Kable JA, Jones KL. Identifying Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Children Affected by It: A Review of Biomarkers and Screening Tools. Alcohol Res 2023; 43:03. [PMID: 37260694 PMCID: PMC10229137 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v43.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Early identification of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and of those in need of services resulting from this exposure is an important public health concern. This study reviewed the existing literature on potential biomarkers and screening tools of PAE and its impact. SEARCH METHODS Electronic databases were searched for articles published between January 1, 1996, and November 30, 2021, using the following search terms: ("fetal alcohol" or "prenatal alcohol" or "FASD" or "alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder" or "ARND" or "ND-PAE") and ("screening" or "identification" or "biomarker"). Duplicate articles were electronically eliminated. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for appropriateness, and selected articles were retrieved for further analysis. Additional articles were added that were referenced in the reviewed articles or identified from expert knowledge. Information about the characteristics of the sample, the biomarker or screening tool, and the predictive validity outcome data were abstracted. A narrative analysis of the studies was then performed on the data. SEARCH RESULTS A total of 3,813 articles were initially identified, and 1,215 were removed as duplicates. Of the remaining articles, 182 were identified as being within the scope of the review based on title and abstract inspection, and 181 articles were successfully retrieved. Of these, additional articles were removed because they were preclinical (3), were descriptive only (13), included only self-report of PAE (42), included only mean group comparison (17), were additional duplicates (2), focused on cost analysis (9), missed predictive validity data (24), or for other reasons (23). The remaining articles (n = 48) were abstracted. An additional 13 manuscripts were identified from these articles, and two more from expert knowledge. A total of 63 articles contributed to the review. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers and screening tools of PAE and its impact fall short of ideal predictive validity characteristics. Higher specificity than sensitivity was found for many of the biomarkers and screening tools used to identify PAE and its impact, suggesting that current methods continue to under-identify the full range of individuals impacted by PAE. Exceptions to this were found in recent investigations using microRNAs related to growth and vascular development, proteomic changes associated with PAE, and combinations of markers estimating levels of various cytokines. Replications of these findings are needed across other samples to confirm the limited data available. Future research on biomarkers and screening tools should attend to feasibility and scalability of implementation. This article also recommends a systematic process of evaluation to improve early identification of individuals impacted by PAE so that harm reduction and habilitative care efforts can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Kable
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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2
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Fakhari S, Waszkiewicz N. Old and New Biomarkers of Alcohol Abuse: Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062124. [PMID: 36983134 PMCID: PMC10054673 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.1% of the global burden of disease, and the early detection of alcohol problems may prevent its development and progression. Therefore, the aim of the study is to review traditional and new biomarkers associated with alcohol use. The nature and practical application and limitations of alcohol biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of drinking are reviewed. Despite the limited specificity and sensitivity in alcohol drinking detection, traditional biomarkers are useful in clinical practice, and new generations of biomarkers, e.g., proteomic markers, are in need of further investigation. Traditional biomarkers are broadly available and cost-efficient, providing valuable data on the complications of drinking and prognosis, as well as on concurrent conditions affected by drinking. The most important challenge in the future will be to translate methodically advanced methods of detecting alcohol markers into simpler and cheaper methods. Larger population studies are also needed to test the usefulness of these potential markers of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fakhari
- Department of Psychiatry, Mazowieckie Specjalistyczne Centrum Zdrowia w Pruszkowie, 05-800 Pruszków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-69-6963901
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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3
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Woźniak MK, Banaszkiewicz L, Aszyk J, Wiergowski M, Jańczewska I, Wierzba J, Kot-Wasik A, Biziuk M. Development and validation of a method for the simultaneous analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide in neonatal meconium: application in two cases of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3093-3105. [PMID: 33758986 PMCID: PMC8043868 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy constitutes one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the exposed children. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) have been studied as potential biomarkers of alcohol consumption. However, most analytical approaches proposed for their analysis in meconium samples consist of separated extraction procedures requiring the use of two meconium aliquots, which is costly in terms of both time and materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the simultaneous extraction of 9 FAEEs, EtG and EtS from one meconium aliquot. The sample was homogenized using methanol, and then FAEEs were extracted with hexane while EtG and EtS were isolated using acetonitrile. Then, extracts were applied to solid-phase extraction columns and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (FAEEs) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (EtG and EtS). Calibration curves were linear with r values greater than 0.99. The LODs ranged from 0.8 to 7.5 ng/g for FAEEs and were 0.2 ng/g and 0.8 ng/g for EtS and EtG, respectively. LOQs ranged from 5 to 25 ng/g for FAEEs and were 1 ng/g and 2.5 ng/g for EtS and EtG, respectively. Accuracies and precisions were between 93.8 and 107% and between 3.5 and 9.7%, respectively. The recovery values ranged from 89.1 to 109%. The method proved to be sensitive, specific, simple and fast and allowed for the reduction of the amount of organic solvent used for extraction compared to other published data while higher recoveries were obtained. The method was used for analysis of meconium samples in two cases of mothers who were consuming alcohol during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kacper Woźniak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Laura Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.,Pharmaceutical Plant Polpharma SA, 19 Pelplińska Str., 83-200, Starogard Gdański, Poland
| | - Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Jańczewska
- Department of Neonatology, The University Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3A Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie Str., 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Biziuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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4
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Cheng CT, Ostrea Jr EM, Alviedo JNB, Banadera FP, Thomas RL. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium: A biomarker of fetal alcohol exposure and effect. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:380-386. [PMID: 33210553 PMCID: PMC7885053 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220971562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if meconium fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in rat pups is a good biomarker of prenatal exposure and effect to alcohol, three groups of pregnant rats were studied: one control (pair fed) and two treatment groups given 25% alcohol at 2.2 or 5.5 g-1 kg-1 d-1. The pups were delivered on day 20 and, for each dam, were separated into a male and female group. The body, brain, intestines, and placenta of the pups were obtained, weighed, and stored at -20°C. The pups' intestines (as surrogate of meconium) from each group were pooled, and meconium was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy for FAEE. The meconium showed the following FAEE: ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, and ethyl linolenate and were only found in the alcohol-treated group and with high specificity but low sensitivity. Mean body weight of the pups was lower in the treatment groups compared to the control groups. Ethyl palmitate concentration correlated negatively to the pups' mean body and brain weights. Therefore, ethyl palmitate, stearate, and linolenate, in meconium of rat pups prenatally exposed to alcohol, are useful biomarkers of prenatal alcohol exposure, with ethyl palmitate a good biomarker of adverse effect on the pups' body and brain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T Cheng
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Enrique M Ostrea Jr
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joseph NB Alviedo
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Felix P Banadera
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ronald L Thomas
- Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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5
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Grimm J, Stemmler M, Golub Y, Schwenke E, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Kratz O, Moll GH, Kornhuber J, Eichler A. The association between prenatal alcohol consumption and preschool child stress system disturbance. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:687-697. [PMID: 33012000 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is considered a risk factor for child development; however, child biomarkers of prenatal alcohol exposure have been rarely studied. We examined whether a meconium alcohol metabolite (ethyl glucuronide, EtG) was associated with child cortisol concentrations at primary school age. METHODS For 137 children, prenatal alcohol exposure was operationalized by the meconium biomarker EtG and by maternal self-reports during pregnancy. Two EtG cut-offs (EtG ≥10 ng/g and EtG ≥112 ng/g) were applied. Cortisol concentrations were measured in saliva and hair samples. RESULTS Children with EtG ≥10 ng/g showed significantly reduced hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) (p = .050, η p 2 = 0.042). For children with EtG ≥112 ng/g, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) was significantly decreased (p = .025, η p 2 = 0.070). These effects were also present in correlational analyses with continuous EtG data, speaking for partly dose-dependent effects. Especially, within the EtG ≥112 ng/g group, the basal (CAR: rp = -.642, p = .120) and cumulative (HCC: rp = -.660, p = .107) cortisol parameters were associated with child emotional symptoms at medium effect size. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed both the biological association of intrauterine alcohol exposure with the cortisol stress system, partly dose-dependent, and the functional association with emotional and behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Grimm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Stemmler
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yulia Golub
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Schwenke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamme W Goecke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,RoMed Klinikum Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kratz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Eichler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Meconium analysis as a promising diagnostic tool for monitoring fetal exposure to toxic substances: Recent trends and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Rogachev AD, Yarovaya OI, Fatianova AV, Lavrinenko VA, Amosov EV, Zarubaev VV, Pokrovsky AG, Salakhutdinov NF. Untargeted search and identification of metabolites of antiviral agent camphecene in rat urine by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and studying their distribution in organs following peroral administration of the compound. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:383-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Abernethy C, McCall KE, Cooper G, Favretto D, Vaiano F, Bertol E, Mactier H. Determining the pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in pregnancy by measuring biomarkers in meconium. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2018; 103:F216-F220. [PMID: 28676561 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of determining the pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in pregnancy by measuring ethanol biomarkers in meconium. DESIGN Population-based observational study. SETTING Inner-city maternity unit in Scotland, UK. POPULATION Random sample of singleton infants delivered after 36 completed weeks' gestation. METHODS Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Samples were frozen at -20°C before analysis. Results were compared anonymously with demographic data including maternal age, parity, smoking, ethnicity and postcode and with infant gestation, birth weight and head circumference. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. RESULTS 235 samples of meconium were analysed (70% of eligible babies). Only four (1%) of mothers declined to participate. FAAEs were detected in all, including four samples below the limit of quantification (10 ng/g). 98 (42%) samples had FAEE concentrations >600 ng/g. EtG was detectable in 93 (40%) samples; in 35 (15%) EtG concentration was >30 ng/g. No mother reported heavy alcohol consumption in pregnancy. FAAE concentration correlated with EtG (Pearson's coefficient; p<0.001). There was no association between either biomarker and maternal age, parity, smoking, ethnicity or postcode, or infant gestation, birth weight or head circumference. CONCLUSION Measurement of ethanol biomarkers in meconium is a feasible tool for determining the pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in pregnancy. Data suggest that at least 15% of pregnant women in the west of Scotland are consuming significant quantities of alcohol during latter pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E McCall
- Neonatal Unit, Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gail Cooper
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York, USA
| | - Donata Favretto
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Vaiano
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bertol
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Helen Mactier
- Neonatal Unit, Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Eichler A, Hudler L, Grunitz J, Grimm J, Raabe E, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Kratz O, Moll GH, Kornhuber J, Heinrich H. Effects of prenatal alcohol consumption on cognitive development and ADHD-related behaviour in primary-school age: a multilevel study based on meconium ethyl glucuronide. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:110-118. [PMID: 28892122 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intake during pregnancy is considered to be a risk factor for child development. Child biomarkers of intrauterine alcohol exposure have been rarely studied. We investigated whether a meconium alcohol metabolite (ethyl glucuronide, EtG) was associated with cognitive development, ADHD-related behaviour and neurophysiological markers of attention and executive control of children at primary-school age. METHODS Mothers provided self-report on prenatal alcohol consumption during their 3rd trimester. Meconium samples were collected at birth. A total of 44 children with a meconium EtG above the detection limit (≥10 ng/g) and 44 nonexposed matched controls were compared. A second threshold (≥154 ng/g) was applied to study the dose effects. When children reached primary-school age, mothers rated ADHD-related behaviour, child cognitive development was measured using an IQ test battery, and event-related potentials were recorded during a cued go/nogo task. RESULTS Children in both EtG-positive groups allocated fewer attentional resources than controls to the go/nogo task (reduced P3 component in go-trials). Children with a meconium EtG above 154 ng/g were also found to have an IQ that was six points lower than the other groups. Within the EtG ≥ 154 ng/g group, there was a positive correlation between EtG value and ADHD-related behaviour. These significant effects were not observed in relation to the maternal self-report data. CONCLUSIONS Associations between EtG and cognitive deficits, attentional resource capacity and ADHD-related behaviour could be documented with effects that were partially dose-dependent. In addition to maternal self-reports, this biomarker of intrauterine alcohol exposure may be considered as a predictor of child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eichler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda Hudler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Grunitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Grimm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Raabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamme W Goecke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kratz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Heinrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,kbo-Heckscher-Klinikum, München, Germany
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10
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The Detection of Fetal Alcohol Exposure by FAEEs Meconium Analysis. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Biomarkers of alcohol misuse: recent advances and future prospects. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2016; 11:78-89. [PMID: 27350834 PMCID: PMC4916243 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2016.60252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence are highly prevalent in many cultures and contribute considerably to the global burden of health and social issues. The current inability to accurately characterise long-term drinking behaviours is a major obstacle to alcoholism diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop objective diagnostic tools to discern subjects with excessive alcohol use and alcoholism or to confirm abstinence. Research over past years has revealed several biochemical compounds with considerable potential for accurate reflection of alcohol intake. This review will address the issue of alcohol biomarker definition, the types of molecules used as so-called traditional biomarkers, and the compounds that can serve as novel biomarker candidates or components of biomarker panels.
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12
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Alternative sampling strategies for the assessment of alcohol intake of living persons. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1078-91. [PMID: 27208822 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of alcohol consumption by living persons takes place in various contexts, amongst which workplace drug testing, driving under the influence of alcohol, driving licence regranting programs, alcohol withdrawal treatment, diagnosis of acute intoxication or fetal alcohol ingestion. The matrices that are mostly used today include blood, breath and urine. The aim of this review is to present alternative sampling strategies that allow monitoring of the alcohol consumption in living subjects. Ethanol itself, indirect (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, CDT%) as well as direct biomarkers (ethyl glucuronide, EtG; ethyl sulphate, EtS; fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEEs and phosphatidylethanol species, PEths) of ethanol consumption will be considered. This review covers dried blood spots (CDT%, EtG/EtS, PEths), dried urine spots (EtG/EtS), sweat and skin surface lipids (ethanol, EtG, FAEEs), oral fluid (ethanol, EtG), exhaled breath (PEths), hair (EtG, FAEEs), nail (EtG), meconium (EtG/EtS, FAEEs), umbilical cord and placenta (EtG/EtS and PEth 16:0/18:1). Main results, issues and considerations specific to each matrix are reported. Details about sample preparation and analytical methods are not within the scope of this review.
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13
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Vaiano F, Favretto D, Palumbo D, Cooper G, Mactier H, Busardò FP, Mari F, Bertol E. A novel, simultaneous extraction of FAEE and EtG from meconium and analysis by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2587-94. [PMID: 26873204 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and ethyl-glucuronide (EtG) in meconium have been widely studied as biomarkers of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Many analytical approaches have been proposed for their analysis, mostly consisting of separated extraction procedures requiring the use of two meconium aliquots. This study aimed to validate a new analytical procedure for the simultaneous extraction of FAEEs and EtG from a meconium aliquot through a single solid-phase extraction (SPE) applied to 242 anonymized samples of meconium. Targeted FAEEs were: ethyl-myristate (Myr), ethyl-palmitate (Pal), ethyl-oleate (Ole) and ethyl-stearate (Ste). Two hundred milligrams of meconium was sonicated with acetonitrile, and a single SPE performed by means of aminopropyl columns. FAEEs were eluted with hexane, followed by EtG elution with water. Both the mixtures were dried, recovered, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using C8 (FAEEs) and C18 (EtG) columns. Transitions were: m/z 257 → 57,88, Myr; m/z 262 → 57,88, Myr-d5; m/z 285 → 57, 72, Pal; m/z 290 → 57,258, Pal-d5; m/z 311 → 72,114, Ole; m/z 316 → 72,265, Ole-d5; m/z 257 → 57,72 Ste; m/z 318 → 57,286, Ste-d5; m/z 221 → 75,85, EtG; m/z 226 → 75,85, EtG-d5. Lower limit of quantification range was 10-15 ng/g for FAEEs and 10 ng/g for EtG. Linearity was evaluated for different concentration ranges; the mean coefficients of determination (R (2)) were above 0.9961. Precision and accuracy for FAEEs and EtG were consistently ≤20 % and ±20 %, respectively. Ion suppression was observed for all the analytes. Matrix effect did not significantly affect the analyses. Recovery efficiency was 93 % for EtG and 75-85 % for FAEEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vaiano
- Department of Health Science, Forensic Toxicology Division, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department SCTV, University-Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Diego Palumbo
- Department of Health Science, Forensic Toxicology Division, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Gail Cooper
- Cooper Gold Forensic Consultancy Ltd, 40 Main Road, East Wemyss, Kirkcaldy, Fife, KY1 4RA, Scotland, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, University Ave, Glasgow City, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Mactier
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, University Ave, Glasgow City, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.,Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, 16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, Scotland, UK
| | - Francesco P Busardò
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Alfonso Borelli N 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mari
- Department of Health Science, Forensic Toxicology Division, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bertol
- Department of Health Science, Forensic Toxicology Division, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 50134, Florence, Italy
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