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Maafi M. On photokinetics under monochromatic light. Front Chem 2023; 11:1233151. [PMID: 37780986 PMCID: PMC10538970 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1233151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of photokinetics under monochromatic light have not yet been fully described in the literature. In addition, for the last 120 years or so, explicit, handy model equations that can map out the kinetic behaviour of photoreactions have been lacking. These gaps in the knowledge are addressed in the present paper. Several general features of such photokinetics were investigated, including the effects of initial reactant concentration, the presence of spectator molecules, and radiation intensity. A unique equation, standing for a pseudo-integrated rate law, capable of outlining the kinetic behaviour of any photoreaction is proposed. In addition, a method that solves for quantum yields and absorption coefficients of all species of a given photoreaction is detailed. A metric (the initial velocity) has been adopted, and its reliability for the quantification of several effects was proven by theoretical derivation, Runge-Kutta numerical integration calculations and through the model equation proposed. Overall, this study shows that, under monochromatic light, photoreaction kinetics is well described by Φ -order kinetics, which is embodied by a unifying model equation. This paper is aimed at contributing to rationalising photokinetics via reliable, easy-to-use mathematical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Maafi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Maafi M, Al-Qarni MA. Photokinetics of Dacarbazine and Nifedipine under polychromatic light irradiation and their application as new reliable actinometers for the ultraviolet range. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7622. [PMID: 35538090 PMCID: PMC9090909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The photokinetic behaviour of drugs driven by polychromatic light is an area of pharmaceutics that has not received a lot of attention. Most often, such photokinetic data is treated by thermal kinetic models (i.e., the classical 0th-, 1st- or 2nd-order equations). Such models were not analytically derived from the rate-laws of the photodegradation reactions. Polychromatic light kinetic modelling is hence of importance, as a means to providing adequate toolkits and metrics. This paper aims at proposing two reliable drug-actinometers useful for polychromatic UVA range. The general actinometric methodology offered here is also useful for any drugs/materials obeying a primary photoprocess where both reactant and photoproduct absorb the incident light, of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$AB{(1\Phi )}_{{\varepsilon }_{B}\ne 0}$$\end{document}AB(1Φ)εB≠0 type. The present method has been consolidated by the η-order kinetics. This framework further demonstrated the lamp-specificity of actinometers. Overall, Dacarbazine and Nifedipine photodegradations obeyed η-order kinetics, and stand as effective actinometers that can be recommended for the ICH Q1b photostability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Maafi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Al-Qarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Implementation of a mathematical model for the photochemical kinetics of a solid form active pharmaceutical ingredient. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:500-512. [PMID: 31129341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present here the development of a photochemical model used to quantify the risk to photodegradation of a solid drug substance. A key feature of the proposed model development is streamlined estimation of the dependence of the absorption spectra and the quantum yield to the wavelength. A mathematical description of the relationship between the quantum yield and the wavelength enables estimation of photodegradation kinetics under any light anticipated to be encountered in the manufacturing environment. The system studied here consisted of a first order irreversible transformation (A → B(1Φ)) and the formalism strongly suggested the quantum yield was constant over the relevant wavelength range. The predictive power of the model enabled the design of a control strategy to limit the formation of the photo-degradant to very low levels. Also presented are insights obtained from quantum mechanical modeling of the electronic transitions associated with the UV absorption spectra.
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Matsunaga N, Kitahara T, Yamada M, Sato K, Kodama Y, Sasaki H. The influence of light sources on sunitinib measurements with photoisomerization. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4407. [PMID: 30315654 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Therapeutic drug monitoring is an important component of the follow-up of patients because of high interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib and large variabilities in its efficacy and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to examine the light stability of sunitinib and confirm the effects of light exposure on sunitinib measurements by LC-MS/MS. Sunitinib and its active metabolite, SU12662, convert Z isomers to E isomers with exposure to light. The Z-E photoisomerization ratio reached a plateau at 35% for both E isomers in methanol within 15 min of normal light exposure (700 lx). However, the Z isomer of the sunitinib and SU12662 peak area ratios in plasma decreased by 10% within 15 min. These results suggest that sunitinib samples need to be handled without light exposure in all sample preparation steps. Alternatively, it should be measured sunitinib and SU12662 after the sample has reached photoisomerical equilibrium. These results suggest that the sunitinib therapeutic range changes depending on light conditions during sample handling in sunitinib and SU12662 measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Matsunaga
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitahara
- Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Kodama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Posocco B, Buzzo M, Giodini L, Crotti S, D'Aronco S, Traldi P, Agostini M, Marangon E, Toffoli G. Analytical aspects of sunitinib and its geometric isomerism towards therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical routine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:360-367. [PMID: 30119000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sunitinib malate, an oral multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, has been identified as a potential candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring approach. Nevertheless, the development of an analytical assay suitable for clinical application for the quantification of the plasma concentration of sunitinib and its active metabolite, N-desethyl sunitinib, is limited by its Z/E isomerization when exposed to light. Several LC-MS/MS methods already published require protection from light during all sample handling procedures to avoid the formation of E-isomer, which makes them not suitable for clinical practice. In order to obtain a simple and fast procedure to reconvert the E-isomer, formed during sample collection and treatment without light protection, and, thus, to have only Z-isomer peak to quantify, we studied the Z/E photodegradation with special attention to the condition allowing the reverse reaction in plasma matrix. After 30 min of light exposure, the E-isomer maximum percentage of both the analytes was reached (44% of E-sunitinib and 20% of E-N-desethyl sunitinib; these percentages were calculated with respect to the sum of E + Z). Moreover, the formation of the E-isomer increased up to 20% after lowering the pH of the solution. Since the reverse reaction takes place when the pre-exposed solution is placed in dark, we followed the E to Z-isomer kinetics into the autosampler. The conversion rate was very slow when the autosampler was set at 4 °C (after 4 h the mean percentages of E-isomer were 50% for sunitinib and 22% for N-desethyl sunitinib). The reconversion rate was considerably accelerated with the increasing of the temperature: incubating the analytical solution in a heated water bath for 5 min at 70 °C we obtained the quantitative (99%) reconversion of the E- to the Z-isomer. No effect of concentration was observed, while the presence of acids inhibited the reconversion. Based on these results, a simple and fast procedure was setup to quantitatively reconvert the E-isomer formed during sample collection and processing without light protection into its Z-form thus leading to a single peak to quantify. The application of this additional step allows to develop a LC-MS/MS method suitable to clinical practice, due to its practicality and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Mauro Buzzo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciana Giodini
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Nano-inspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Sara D'Aronco
- Nano-inspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy; Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Traldi
- Nano-inspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Nano-inspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy; Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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Maafi M, Al-Qarni MA. Φ-order spectrophotokinetic characterisation and quantification of trans-cis oxyresveratrol reactivity, photodegradation and actinometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:64-71. [PMID: 28692869 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new Φ-order kinetic method was proposed in this study for the investigation of trans-cis photoisomerization reaction of Oxyresveratrol (ORVT) subjected to non-isosbestic irradiation. In ethanolic media, it has been proven that forward (ΦA→Bλirr) and reverse (ΦB→Aλirr) reaction quantum yields were dependent on the monochromatic irradiation wavelength according to sigmoid patterns over the spectral ranges of their electronic absorption (260-360nm). An 11.4- and 6.6-fold increases were recorded for ΦB→Aλirr and ΦA→Bλirr, respectively. The efficiencies of the former (ΦB→Aλirr, ranging between 2.3×10-2 and 26.3×10-2) were 33 to 60% smaller than those of the respective ΦA→Bλirr measured at the irradiation wavelengths selected. Overall, between 57 and 97% degradation of the initial trans-ORVT was observed under relatively weak light intensities, with the highest values recorded at the longest wavelengths. These findings strongly recommend protection from light in all situations of this biologically important phytomolecule that possesses therapeutic value of interest to pharmaceutical applications. The Φ-order kinetics also offered a simple way to develop a reliable actinometric method that proved ORVT to be an efficient actinometer for the dynamic range 295-360nm. The usefulness of Φ-order kinetics for the investigation and quantification of phytoproducts' photodegradation was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Maafi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
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Padervand M, Ghaffari S, Attar H, Nejad MM. Reverse phase HPLC determination of sunitinib malate using UV detector, its isomerisation study, method development and validation. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kashani HM, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots as a green, economical and facile sensor for the determination of sunitinib in real samples. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs), by a simple and inexpensive synthetic procedure, is reported with blue emission and a high quantum yield of 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mahmood Kashani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
| | - T. Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
| | - A. Afkhami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
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Ngai MH, So CL, Sullivan MB, Ho HK, Chai CLL. Photoinduced Isomerization and Hepatoxicities of Semaxanib, Sunitinib and Related 3-Substituted Indolin-2-ones. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:72-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mun Hong Ngai
- Department of Pharmacy; National University of Singapore; 18 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Choon Leng So
- Department of Pharmacy; National University of Singapore; 18 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Michael B. Sullivan
- Institute of High-Performance Computing; Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore; 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis Singapore 138632 Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy; National University of Singapore; 18 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Department of Pharmacy; National University of Singapore; 18 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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Maafi M, Lee LY. Determination of Dacarbazine Φ-Order Photokinetics, Quantum Yields, and Potential for Actinometry. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3501-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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