1
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Buschmann H, Handler N, Holzgrabe U. The quality of drugs and drug products - Always guaranteed? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115880. [PMID: 38103416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the efficacy, safety, and quality of drugs, several national and international guidelines and regulatory requirements exist. The most important international regulatory framework for quality is the collection of the guidelines ICH Q1-Q14 (International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use), which form the basis for the development and approval of medicinal products. Additionally, international and national pharmacopoeias and national regulatory authorities like Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Directory for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM) have to be considered during the lifecycle of a drug. Further, regular updates and optimization of processes and methods together with periodic audits and inspections of the manufacturing plants help to ensure compliance with the complex regulatory requirements for medicinal products. Although the pharmaceutical world seems to be very well regulated and controlled, several drug recalls per year have to be announced and conducted to remove defect products from the market and protect the patient from any potential health risk. This review article provides an overview of the most common reasons for such recalls presenting several historical and current cases with a detailed discussion of root causes. A specific focus lies on quality issues like drug degradation, impurity and nitrosamine contamination, lack of drug stability, occurrence and transformation of polymorphs, contamination with particulates and foreign matters, amongst others. The role of APIs, excipients and packaging will be discussed as well as the analytical challenges to detect, control and mitigate such quality issues. A final chapter will discuss the current situation and an outlook on emerging topics and future challenges for drug quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3, Vienna 1170, Austria
| | - Norbert Handler
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3, Vienna 1170, Austria
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Wuerzburg, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany.
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2
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Colombo E, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Rudd TR, Yates EA, Ballabio D, Guerrini M. NMR spectroscopy and chemometric models to detect a specific non-porcine ruminant contaminant in pharmaceutical heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114724. [PMID: 35303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has been used successfully as a clinical antithrombotic for almost one century. Its isolation from animal sources (mostly porcine intestinal mucosa) involves multistep purification processes starting from the slaughterhouse (as mucosa) to the pharmaceutical plant (as the API). This complex supply chain increases the risk of contamination and adulteration, mainly with non-porcine ruminant material. The structural similarity of heparins from different origins, the natural variability of the heparin within samples from each source as well as the structural changes induced by manufacturing processes, require increasingly sophisticated methods capable of detecting low levels of contamination. The application of suitable multivariate classification approaches on API 1H NMRspectra serve as rapid and reliable tools for product authentication and the detection of contaminants. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies (SIMCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and local classification methods (kNN, BNN and N3) were tested on about one hundred certified heparin samples produced by 14 different manufacturers revealing that Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) provided the best discrimination of contaminated batches, with a balanced accuracy of 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Mauri
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Davide Ballabio
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Hook AL, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Merry CLR. High sensitivity analysis of nanogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans using ToF-SIMS. Commun Chem 2021; 4:67. [PMID: 36697531 PMCID: PMC9814553 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biopolymers that differ in the sequence of saccharide units and in post polymerisation alterations at various positions, making these complex molecules challenging to analyse. Here we describe an approach that enables small quantities (<200 ng) of over 400 different GAGs to be analysed within a short time frame (3-4 h). Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) together with multivariate analysis is used to analyse the entire set of GAG samples. Resultant spectra are derived from the whole molecules and do not require pre-digestion. All 6 possible GAG types are successfully discriminated, both alone and in the presence of fibronectin. We also distinguish between pharmaceutical grade heparin, derived from different animal species and from different suppliers, to a sensitivity as low as 0.001 wt%. This approach is likely to be highly beneficial in the quality control of GAGs produced for therapeutic applications and for characterising GAGs within biomaterials or from in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Hook
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Hogwood
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Bakker-'t Hart IME, Ohana D, Venhuis BJ. Current challenges in the detection and analysis of falsified medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113948. [PMID: 33582458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Falsified medicines affect public health all around the globe. Complex distribution routes, illegal online webshops and reuse of packaging materials make them hard to detect. In order to tackle this problem, detection methods for the recognition of suspicious medicines and subsequent confirmation of falsification by analytical techniques is required. In this review, we focus on the developments and challenges that existed in the last five years (2015-2020) in the detection and analysis of falsified medicines. These challenges might have not been solved yet or arisen with new types of falsifications, new analytical techniques or detection strategies. Detection of suspicious medicines starts with visual inspection of packaging materials. However, re-use of packaging materials and high-quality imitations complicate visual inspection. Recent developments in the analysis of packaging by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques such as optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy or microscopy, in combination with multivariate analysis show promising results in the detection of falsified medicines. An ongoing big challenge in the analysis of falsified medicines is the affordability of analytical devices. Yet, recent reports showed that lower cost devices, such as Counterfeit Drug Indicator or Counterfeit Detection device version 3 show promising use in the detection of falsified medicines. Furthermore, combining the outcomes of different low-cost analytical techniques, such as Minilab, colorimetry and Counterfeit Drug Indicator significantly increased selectivity and sensitivity in the detection of falsified medicines. Also, recent developments make it possible to link a low-cost technique, such as TLC, to mobile phones. Proper training of personnel has shown room for improvement and remains a challenge, even for relatively simple techniques. With an increased use of analytical fingerprints, an upcoming challenge is the accessibility of the growing pool of data. There is also the need of validated reference libraries on both national and international levels. Developments of the last few years bring us a step closer in the fight against falsified medicines, however challenges remain in the worldwide accessibility of affordable, easily operable and sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M E Bakker-'t Hart
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Ohana
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Venhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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5
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Burmistrova NA, Diehl BWK, Soboleva PM, Rubtsova E, Legin EA, Legin AV, Kirsanov DO, Monakhova YB. Quality Control of Heparin Injections: Comparison of Four Established Methods. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1467-1471. [PMID: 32801287 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that is usually injected subcutaneously. The quality of a set of commercial heparin injections from different producers was examined by NMR, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopies and potentiometric multisensor system. The type of raw material regarding heparin animal origin and producer, heparin molecular weight and activity values were derived based on the non-targeted analysis of 1H NMR fingerprints. DOSY NMR spectroscopy was additionally used to study homogeneity and additives profile. UV-Vis and IR, being cheaper than NMR, combined with multivariate statistics were successfully applied to study excipients composition as well as semi-estimation of activity values. Potentiometric multisensor measurements were found to be an important additional source of information about inorganic composition of finished heparin formulations. All investigated instrumental techniques are useful for finished heparin injections and should be selected according to availability as well as the information and confidence required for a specific sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Burmistrova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Strate 33, 50996, Köln, Germany
| | - Polina M Soboleva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Rubtsova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Saratov State Medical University, Bolshaya Kazachia st., 112, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Eugene A Legin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Andrey V Legin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Kirsanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Yulia B Monakhova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Strate 33, 50996, Köln, Germany.
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6
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Máquina ADV, Sitoe BV, Santana FBD, Santos DQ, Neto WB. Determination of Adulteration of the B10 Blend of Diesel and Crambe Biodiesel Using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Spectroscopy with a Data Driven Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (DD-SIMCA) Model. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1782928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ademar Domingos Viagem Máquina
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Púnguè University, Chimoio-Manica, Mozambique
| | - Baltazar Vasco Sitoe
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Púnguè University, Chimoio-Manica, Mozambique
| | - Felipe Bachion de Santana
- Laboratory of Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Queiroz Santos
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Waldomiro Borges Neto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Monakhova YB, Fareed J, Yao Y, Diehl BW. Anticoagulant activity of porcine heparin: Structural-property relationship and semi-quantitative estimation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:639-643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Monakhova YB, Rubtsova EM, Diehl BWK, Mushtakova SP. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry Combined with Chemometric Methods of Data Processing as a Method for the Study of the Composition and Properties of Heparin Preparations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW. Retrospective multivariate analysis of pharmaceutical preparations using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: Example of 990 heparin samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Diehl B, Holzgrabe U, Monakhova Y, Schönberger T. Quo Vadis qNMR? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 177:112847. [PMID: 31505431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of a drug, its impurities, and e.g. components of a mixture has become routine in NMR laboratories and many applications have been described in the literature. However, besides simply using 1D 1H or 13C NMR, a number of more advanced methods has been developed and used in the past. Here, we want to describe the applicability of nuclei beyond the classical ones 1H and 13C. Mixtures can be characterized much better by applying various chemometric methods and separating the signals of mixture components can be achieved by DOSY experiments. All these methods contribute to the platform of qNMR methods and extend the possibilities of NMR for quantification and quality evaluation of drugs, excipients, polymers, and plant extracts. However, for quantification purposes, validation is always an issue and it is necessary to think about taking NMR related measures which might be different from the ones considered for chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Str. 33, 50996, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Yulia Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Str. 33, 50996, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia; Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 13B Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Torsten Schönberger
- Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, KT43 - Central Analytics II, 65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
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12
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Prokopov IA, Kovaleva EL, Minaeva ED, Pryakhina EA, Savin EV, Gamayunova AV, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG, Shikov AN. Animal-derived medicinal products in Russia: Current nomenclature and specific aspects of quality control. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 240:111933. [PMID: 31116966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Animal-derived medicinal products (ADMP) had been extensively used in Russia and became a part of officinal medicine in 1778. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the current review was to analyse the ADMPs authorised in the Russian Federation and to identify specific aspects of quality evaluation of these medicinal products. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information of ADMPs was extracted from the online State Register of Medicinal Products of the Russian Federation. At the next stage, we systematically searched library catalogues, E-library.ru, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to find data related to ADMP quality evaluation, clinically proven efficacy and safety. RESULTS For classification of ADMP, we propose an approach based on the raw material used: ADMPs derived from marine organisms, ADMPs from cattle and pigs and ADMPs from other terrestrial animals. The majority of ADMPs authorised in Russia are produced by local manufacturers. ADMPs are available in dosage forms of solution for parenteral administration (35% of all products) and lyophilisates for parenteral use (19%), tablets and capsules (17% and 11%, respectively), ointments (5%) and powders (3%). ADMPs belong to the following pharmacotherapeutic groups: medicines for tissue regeneration and repair stimulators (30%), digestive enzyme products (22%), anticoagulants (17%), proteolytic agents (6%) and medicines for the treatment of chronic prostatitis (5%). The most important approaches to standardisation of ADMPs are implementation of modern requirements for registration dossiers, development of risk-oriented approaches for evaluation of impurities, elaboration of advanced instrumental and in vitro test methods capable of replacing in vivo methods and harmonisation of the potency units used for standardisation. CONCLUSIONS The key features of ADMPs that help them retain their leading position in the pharmaceutical market are as follows: (i) their unique composition usually represented by a complex of biologically active substances; (ii) a high degree of affinity of the active ingredient of an ADMP to the human body and (iii) proved safety and clinical efficiency. Variability in the quality of raw ingredients, epidemiological situation and other conditions pose additional challenges for the development of ADMPs and for the standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Prokopov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow, 127051, Russia.
| | - Elena L Kovaleva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Elena D Minaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Pryakhina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Evgenyi V Savin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Gamayunova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Olga N Pozharitskaya
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Kuzmolovo 245, 188663, Russia
| | - Valery G Makarov
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Kuzmolovo 245, 188663, Russia
| | - Alexander N Shikov
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Kuzmolovo 245, 188663, Russia
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Low-Input Crops as Lignocellulosic Feedstock for Second-Generation Biorefineries and the Potential of Chemometrics in Biomass Quality Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) provides a sustainable source of components to produce bioenergy, biofuel, and novel biomaterials. Besides hard and soft wood, so-called low-input plants such as Miscanthus are interesting crops to be investigated as potential feedstock for the second generation biorefinery. The status quo regarding the availability and composition of different plants, including grasses and fast-growing trees (i.e., Miscanthus, Paulownia), is reviewed here. The second focus of this review is the potential of multivariate data processing to be used for biomass analysis and quality control. Experimental data obtained by spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), can be processed using computational techniques to characterize the 3D structure and energetic properties of the feedstock building blocks, including complex linkages. Here, we provide a brief summary of recently reported experimental data for structural analysis of LCF biomasses, and give our perspectives on the role of chemometrics in understanding and elucidating on LCF composition and lignin 3D structure.
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14
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK. Monitoring daily routine performance in quantitative NMR (qNMR) spectroscopy: Is the system suitability test necessary? MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 57:110-117. [PMID: 30277277 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) finds numerous applications in pharmacy, cosmetic, and food control as well as in developing tools for "big data" analysis. However, there remains a need for automated tools to assess instrument system suitability in real time for each particular routine sample. An automated procedure has been introduced to monitor a number of characteristics (resolution, symmetry, and half width) in real time after the measurement of two samples distributed by the vendor (0.3% CHCl3 in acetone-d6 with tetramethylsilane and 2 mM sucrose in H2 O-D2 O). The results over 11 months were discussed in terms of average values, standard deviations, and spectrometer variability. Moreover, multivariate statistical procedure was implemented to evaluate metrics generated from three NMR spectrometers. Performance of three NMR spectrometers (500 MHz with BBO Prodigy Cryoprobe, 500 MHz with BBFOPLUS SmartProbe, and 600 MHz with BBO Cryoprobe) differed significantly. The developed routine was also applied to calculate the performance characteristics during routine quantitative NMR experiments. The procedure was evaluated for NMR spectra of 659 active pharmaceutical ingredients dissolved in CDCl3 , DMSO, and CH3 OD. This test is more preferable than the routine procedure using standard solutions because the performance is estimated separately for each matrix at the specific time point of measurements. Our automated routine is the ideal tool for any NMR laboratory. In full automation, the NMR data are validated directly for each sample, making unnecessary daily measurements of standard solutions and manual evaluation to their NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- NMR, Spectral Service AG, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Monakhova YB, Fareed J, Yao Y, Diehl BW. Improving reliability of chemometric models for authentication of species origin of heparin by switching from 1D to 2D NMR experiments. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 153:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for the quantitative analysis of water and ions in pharmaceuticals: Example of heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:332-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW, Fareed J. Authentication of animal origin of heparin and low molecular weight heparin including ovine, porcine and bovine species using 1D NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Monakhova YB, Holzgrabe U, Diehl BW. Current role and future perspectives of multivariate (chemometric) methods in NMR spectroscopic analysis of pharmaceutical products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:580-589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK, Do TX, Schulze M, Witzleben S. Novel method for the determination of average molecular weight of natural polymers based on 2D DOSY NMR and chemometrics: Example of heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 149:128-132. [PMID: 29112901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the characterization of impurities, the full characterization of heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) also requires the determination of average molecular weight, which is closely related to the pharmaceutical properties of anticoagulant drugs. To determine average molecular weight of these animal-derived polymer products, partial least squares regression (PLS) was utilized for modelling of diffused-ordered spectroscopy NMR data (DOSY) of a representative set of heparin (n=32) and LMWH (n=30) samples. The same sets of samples were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to obtain reference data. The application of PLS to the data led to calibration models with root mean square error of prediction of 498Da and 179Da for heparin and LMWH, respectively. The average coefficients of variation (CVs) did not exceed 2.1% excluding sample preparation (by successive measuring one solution, n=5) and 2.5% including sample preparation (by preparing and analyzing separate samples, n=5). An advantage of the method is that the sample after standard 1D NMR characterization can be used for the molecular weight determination without further manipulation. The accuracy of multivariate models is better than the previous results for other matrices employing internal standards. Therefore, DOSY experiment is recommended to be employed for the calculation of molecular weight of heparin products as a complementary measurement to standard 1D NMR quality control. The method can be easily transferred to other matrices as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany
| | - Tung X Do
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Steffen Witzleben
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
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Monakhova YB, Mushtakova SP. Methodology of chemometric modeling of spectrometric signals in the analysis of complex samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK. Transfer of multivariate regression models between high-resolution NMR instruments: application to authenticity control of sunflower lecithin. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:712-717. [PMID: 27002774 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the number of spectroscopic studies utilizing multivariate techniques and involving different laboratories has been dramatically increased. In this paper the protocol for calibration transfer of partial least square regression model between high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers of different frequencies and equipped with different probes was established. As the test system previously published quantitative model to predict the concentration of blended soy species in sunflower lecithin was used. For multivariate modelling piecewise direct standardization (PDS), direct standardization, and hybrid calibration were employed. PDS showed the best performance for estimating lecithin falsification regarding its vegetable origin resulting in a significant decrease in root mean square error of prediction from 5.0 to 7.3% without standardization to 2.9-3.2% for PDS. Acceptable calibration transfer model was obtained by direct standardization, but this standardization approach introduces unfavourable noise to the spectral data. Hybrid calibration is least recommended for high-resolution NMR data. The sensitivity of instrument transfer methods with respect to the type of spectrometer, the number of samples and the subset selection was also discussed. The study showed the necessity of applying a proper standardization procedure in cases when multivariate model has to be applied to the spectra recorded on a secondary NMR spectrometer even with the same magnetic field strength. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996, Köln, Germany
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK. Quantitative Analysis of Sunflower Lecithin Adulteration with Soy Species by NMR Spectroscopy and PLS Regression. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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