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Wu B, Li Q, Wang L, Chen F, Jiang J. Development and validation of bioanalytical methods to support clinical study of disitamab vedotin. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:385-400. [PMID: 38530234 PMCID: PMC11216245 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disitamab vedotin (RC48), a humanized anti-HER2 antibody conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), is the first antibody-drug conjugate in China with an approved biological license application. A bioanalytical method was established for three analytes (total antibody, conjugate antibody and free payload) to help characterize their pharmacokinetic behavior in clinical settings. The bioanalytical methods were validated according to M10 guidance. Electrochemiluminescence assay methods were used for the quantitative measurement of total antibody and conjugated antibody in human serum. A LC-MS/MS method was used to quantify the concentration of MMAE in human serum. The method had high specificity and sensitivity with a quantitative range of 19.531-1250.000 ng/ml (total antibody), 39.063-5000.000 ng/ml (conjugated antibody) and 0.04-10.0 ng/ml (MMAE), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaoning Li
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Wang
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Chen
- United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
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2
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Li X, Wang Y, Hu W, Song Q, Ding L. Development and validation of pharmacokinetics assays for a novel HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (SHR-A1201): Application to its dose-escalation pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 240:115964. [PMID: 38219442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 25% of breast cancer patients with HER2 overexpression tend to have a high risk of disease progression and death. Various HER2-targeting therapies have been approved for treatment. Recently, a novel antibody-drug conjugate, SHR-A1201, is being researched and developed. For the pharmacokinetic study of SHR-A1201, suitable bioanalytical methods are needed for quantifying unconjugated cytotoxin, cytotoxin-conjugated antibodies and total antibodies. In this research, bioanalytical methods involving a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for unconjugated cytotoxic payload DM1 in human plasma, ELISA strategies for DM1-conjugated trastuzumab and total trastuzumab in human serum were developed, validated and successfully applied to a phase I dose-escalation pharmacokinetic study of SHR-A1201. The pharmacokinetic properties and exposure-to-dose proportionality was evaluated for SHR-A1201. According to the bioanalytical method validation guidance, the bioanalytical methods were fully validated and the validation results met the acceptance criteria. The nonspecific binding of DM1 and dimer was avoided for the LC-MS/MS assay. In the dose-escalation pharmacokinetic study of SHR-A1201, a potential dose-proportional pharmacokinetics was observed over the dose from 1.2 mg/kg to 4.8 mg/kg. The validated bioanalytical strategies are robust and reproducible and these bioanalytical methods will contribute to better understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of SHR-A1201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yiya Wang
- Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Nanjing Jiening Pharmaceutical Technology, 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Qinxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, China; Nanjing Jiening Pharmaceutical Technology, 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211100, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Lovato G, Ciriolo L, Perrucci M, Federici L, Ippoliti R, Iacobelli S, Capone E, Locatelli M, Sala G. HPLC-DAD validated method for DM4 and its metabolite S-Me-DM4 quantification in biological matrix for clinical and pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115642. [PMID: 37586307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the development and validation of an HPLC-DAD methodology for the detection of a potent chemotherapeutic agent, Maytansinoid Ravtansine (DM4), and its metabolite, S-methyl-DM4 (S-Me-DM4), in plasma samples. Methodologically, after a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile and after drying 1 mL of supernatant, the sample (suspended with N,N-Dimethylacetamide, DMA) was directly analyzed by HPLC under isocratic elution using a mobile phase comprising milliQ water and methanol (25:75, v:v), both acidified with 0.1 % v:v formic acid. Employing a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a reversed-phase GraceSmart RP18 column thermostated at 40 °C, we achieved complete resolution and separation of DM4 and S-Me-DM4 within 13 min. The optimized injection volume of 20 μL and the wavelength set at 254 nm were utilized for quantitative analyses. Rigorous validation has not only ensured its reliability and reproducibility but has also addressed potential limitations associated with methodological inconsistency. The limit of detection and quantification of the method were 0.025 and 0.06 μg/mL for both the analytes, respectively. The calibration curve showed a good linearity in the range 0.06-20 μg/mL. For both analytes, the intraday precision and trueness were 2.3-8.2 % and -1.1 to 3.1 %, respectively, while the interday values were 0.7-10.1 % and -10.4 to 7.5 %, respectively. The developed methodology enables the concurrent determination and quantification of free DM4 and its metabolite, free S-Me-DM4, making it a valuable tool for assessing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DM4-based therapies. In addition, the procedure was successfully applied to analyse the presence of free DM4 or its metabolite, free S-Me-DM4, in human plasma samples spiked with the 1959-sss/DM4 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). The utilization of the herein validated methodology allowed to confirm the presence of these analytes, thereby providing insights into their potential release from the ADC structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Lovato
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Luigi Ciriolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Miryam Perrucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 Coppito, Italy
| | | | - Emily Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
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Yin L, Xu A, Zhao Y, Gu J. Bioanalytical Assays for Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Study of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1324-1331. [PMID: 37290939 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are produced by the chemical linkage of cytotoxic agents and monoclonal antibodies. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs and the low concentration of cytotoxic agent released in vivo poses big challenges to their bioanalysis. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior, exposure-safety, and exposure-efficacy relationships of ADCs is needed for their successful development. Accurate analytical methods are required to evaluate intact ADCs, total antibody, released small molecule cytotoxins, and related metabolites. The selection of appropriate bioanalysis methods for comprehensive analysis of ADCs is mainly dependent on the properties of cytotoxic agents, the chemical linker, and the attachment sites. The quality of the information about the whole pharmacokinetic profile of ADCs has been improved due to the development and improvement of analytical strategies for detection of ADCs, such as ligand-binding assays and mass spectrometry-related techniques. In this article, we will focus on the bioanalytical assays that have been used in the pharmacokinetic study of ADCs and discuss their advantages, current limitations, and potential challenges. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This article describes bioanalysis methods which have been used in pharmacokinetic study of ADCs and discusses the advantages, disadvantages and potential challenges of these assays. This review is useful and helpful and will provide insights and reference for bioanalysis and development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Aiyun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
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5
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Zafar S, Armaghan M, Khan K, Hassan N, Sharifi-Rad J, Habtemariam S, Kieliszek M, Butnariu M, Bagiu IC, Bagiu RV, Cho WC. New insights into the anticancer therapeutic potential of maytansine and its derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115039. [PMID: 37364476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maytansine is a pharmacologically active 19-membered ansamacrolide derived from various medicinal plants and microorganisms. Among the most studied pharmacological activities of maytansine over the past few decades are anticancer and anti-bacterial effects. The anticancer mechanism of action is primarily mediated through interaction with the tubulin thereby inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. This ultimately leads to decreased stability of microtubule dynamics and cause cell cycle arrest, resulting in apoptosis. Despite its potent pharmacological effects, the therapeutic applications of maytansine in clinical medicine are quite limited due to its non-selective cytotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, several derivatives have been designed and developed mostly by modifying the parent structural skeleton of maytansine. These structural derivatives exhibit improved pharmacological activities as compared to maytansine. The present review provides a valuable insight into maytansine and its synthetic derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameen Zafar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Armaghan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Nazia Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monica Butnariu
- University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania.
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania; Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania; Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Wang S, Wang F, Wang L, Liu Z, Liu M, Li S, Wang Y, Sun X, Jiang J. Detection of antibody-conjugate payload in cynomolgus monkey serum by a high throughput capture LC-MS/MS bioanalysis method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115069. [PMID: 36854219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) plays a vital role in oncology indications. The efficacy and toxicity of ADC generally depend on the concentration of the drugs in the body system, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (P.K.) is a quantitative tool to understand the drug concentration in the body. To characterize the whole drug carefully, sophisticated bioanalysis was required. ADC bioanalysis generally needs multiple analysis strategies, which can accurately quantify total antibody (TAb), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), antibody-conjugate payload (ac-payload), and free-payload. In this work, we mainly described and validated a high throughput capture Liquid Chromatography tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) bioanalysis method to detect the concentrations of ac-payload (such as MMAE) in cynomolgus monkey serum. This method was allowed to determinate the Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR), obtained by n of ac-payload/ n of TAb. In addition, the technique could significantly improve the throughput of the pre-coated antibody on a 96-well plate. Besides, this method had no interference or carryover in endogenous substances and showed linearity (R2 ≥0.99) in the concentration range within 15.6-2000.0 ng/mL. The inter-run accuracy ranged from 75.8 % to 120.0 %, and precision was within ≤ 20.0 %. Meanwhile, selectivity and the benchtop stability of the method were also validated. This optimization method was successfully applied to the change of average DAR in P.K. study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wang
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; Rongchang Industry College, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Fengzhu Wang
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Shenjun Li
- RemeGen, Ltd, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Pharmaron (Beijing) Inc., Beijing 100176, China
| | | | - Jing Jiang
- Rongchang Industry College, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
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Mohamed HE, Al-Ghobashy MA, Abbas SS, Boltia SA. Stability assessment of Polatuzumab vedotin and Brentuximab vedotin using different analytical techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115249. [PMID: 36827859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are considered to be fast-growing innovative biopharmaceuticals. The science used for conjugating potent cytotoxic payload to the targeted monoclonal antibody through a chemical linker has played a great value in the area of oncology treatment. In this study; Polatuzumab vedotin (POLA) and Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) were subjected to various stress conditions enclosing different pH, thermal stress, agitation, and successive cycles of freeze and thaw in order to produce potential degradation by-products and guarantee the appropriateness of the applied testing protocol. Different analytical techniques were established and validated to be used in the quantitation of the degraded products from different perspectives. The formation of ADC aggregates and fragments was monitored using SE-HPLC as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS). The drug antibody ratio (DAR) and ADC conjugation profile were determined using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC-HPLC). In addition to performing a statistical interpretation of HIC-HPLC results by principal component analysis (PCA) to explicate the obtained data. Also, the quantity of the unconjugated toxic drug was quantified using RP-HPLC. Testing the binding activity of ADC to their target receptor ADC was conducted using ELISA. Results presented that used assay protocol had worked as a complementary design for characterization and stability assessment of the used ADC. Variances in the stability profile of both products were observed which could be attributed to the usage of different formulation buffers. This highlighted the importance of using multiple techniques for the assessment of the quality attributes of such sophisticated products. The analytical assay protocol should be used for the evaluation of the quality and stability of several ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Medhat A Al-Ghobashy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Bioanalysis Research Group, School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Egypt
| | - Samah S Abbas
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shereen A Boltia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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Sensitive LC-MS/MS quantification of unconjugated maytansinoid DM4 and its metabolite S-methyl-DM4 in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:357-368. [PMID: 35234045 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To report the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of unconjugated payload DM4 and its metabolite S-methyl-DM4 in human plasma. Methodology: A workflow of protein precipitation followed by reduction and solid phase extraction was employed to remove antibody-maytansinoid conjugates from plasma matrix, release DM4 from endogenous conjugates, and generate a clean sample extract for analysis, respectively. Sodium adduct species of both analytes were selected for multiple reaction monitoring to meet the assay sensitivity requirement in liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Conclusion: The method was fully validated for a dynamic range of 0.100-50.0 ng/ml for both analytes along with desired stability and acceptable incurred sample reanalysis.
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Li L, Wang C, Wu Y, Dong L, Chen F, Dong K, Song H. Simple and Rapid LC-MS/MS Methods for Quantifying Catabolites of Antibody-Drug Conjugates with SMCC Linker. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:642-649. [PMID: 33420505 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The stability and exposure of toxin-related catabolites in system circulation contributes to the evaluation of the stability, targeted delivery and off-target toxicity for antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) at different stages during drug development. In this study, simple and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for determination catabolites of Mertansine (DM1), MCC-DM1 and Lys-MCC-DM1 in cynomolgus serum have been developed. The serum samples are processed by protein precipitation. The LC-MS/MS methods are applied on a Phenomenex C8 column (50 × 2.0 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution with water-formic acid 0.1% (A) and acetonitrile-formic acid 0.1% (B) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The analytical run time is only 4.0 min and the calibration ranges of the standard curve are 0.500-200 ng/mL for DM1, 1.00-500 ng/mL for MCC-DM1 and 2.00-1000 ng/mL for Lys-MCC-DM1. Intra- and inter-day precision of low, middle and high quality controls was <15%, and accuracy was 99.2-110.9%. The methods were successfully applied to evaluate three catabolites of novel ADCs with N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate linker in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
- Beijing United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chanrui Wang
- Beijing United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yijue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lihou Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Beijing United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kelly Dong
- Beijing United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
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Cahuzac H, Devel L. Analytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of ADCs in Biological Matrices. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120462. [PMID: 33327644 PMCID: PMC7765153 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) is a one of the critical steps enabling their successful development and optimization. Their complex structure combining large and small molecule characteristics brought out multiple bioanalytical methods to decipher the behavior and fate of both components in vivo. In this respect, these methods must provide insights into different key elements including half-life and blood stability of the construct, premature release of the drug, whole-body biodistribution, and amount of the drug accumulated within the targeted pathological tissues, all of them being directly related to efficacy and safety of the ADC. In this review, we will focus on the main strategies enabling to quantify and characterize ADCs in biological matrices and discuss their associated technical challenges and current limitations.
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11
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Bioanalytical workflow for novel scaffold protein–drug conjugates: quantitation of total Centyrin protein, conjugated Centyrin and free payload for Centyrin–drug conjugate in plasma and tissue samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1651-1665. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Alternative scaffold proteins have emerged as novel platforms for development of therapeutic applications. One such application is in protein–drug conjugates (PDCs), which are analogous to antibody–drug conjugates. Methodology: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for quantitation of total protein, conjugate and free payload for a PDC based on Centyrin scaffold were developed. Tryptic peptides generated from a region of the Centyrin that does not contain a conjugation site, and another that has the conjugation site with the linker-payload attached were used as surrogates of the total and conjugated Centyrin, respectively. Conclusion: The methods were successfully applied to analysis of samples from mice to quantify the plasma and tissue concentrations. This same workflow can potentially be applied to other PDCs and site-specific antibody–drug conjugates.
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Mohamed HE, Mohamed AA, Al-Ghobashy MA, Fathalla FA, Abbas SS. Stability assessment of antibody-drug conjugate Trastuzumab emtansine in comparison to parent monoclonal antibody using orthogonal testing protocol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:268-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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LC–MS Challenges in Characterizing and Quantifying Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) and Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) in Biological Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Bobály B, Fleury-Souverain S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Current possibilities of liquid chromatography for the characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:493-505. [PMID: 28688616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are innovative biopharmaceuticals gaining increasing attention over the last two decades. The concept of ADCs lead to new therapy approaches in numerous oncological indications as well in infectious diseases. Currently, around 60 CECs are in clinical trials indicating the expanding importance of this class of protein therapeutics. ADCs show unprecedented intrinsic heterogeneity and address new quality attributes which have to be assessed. Liquid chromatography is one of the most frequently used analytical method for the characterization of ADCs. This review summarizes recent results in the chromatographic characterization of ADCs and supposed to provide a general overview on the possibilities and limitations of current approaches for the evaluation of drug load distribution, determination of average drug to antibody ratio (DARav), and for the analysis of process/storage related impurities. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and multidimensional separations are discussed focusing on the analysis of marketed ADCs. Fundamentals and aspects of method development are illustrated with applications for each technique. Future perspectives in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), HIC, SEC and ion exchange chromatography (IEX) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Bobály
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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15
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Moein MM, El Beqqali A, Abdel-Rehim M. Bioanalytical method development and validation: Critical concepts and strategies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of Lys-MCC-DM1, MCC-DM1 and DM1 as potential intracellular catabolites of the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:170-177. [PMID: 28131055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-MCC-DM1, MCC-DM1 and DM1 are potential catabolites of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). A convenient liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to detect these catabolites simultaneously in in vitro investigations for the first time. Protein precipitation was utilized to prepare the samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100×2.1mm, 2.6μm) with mobile-phase gradient elution. The calibration curves of each analyte ranging from 1 to 100nM showed good linearity (r2>0.995). The method was validated successfully and applied to the intracellular catabolism and regulation of T-DM1.
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17
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Loos G, Van Schepdael A, Cabooter D. Quantitative mass spectrometry methods for pharmaceutical analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150366. [PMID: 27644982 PMCID: PMC5031633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative pharmaceutical analysis is nowadays frequently executed using mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization coupled to a (hybrid) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is generally used in combination with solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. Furthermore, isotopically labelled standards are often used to correct for ion suppression. The challenges in producing sensitive but reliable quantitative data depend on the instrumentation, sample preparation and hyphenated techniques. In this contribution, different approaches to enhance the ionization efficiencies using modified source geometries and improved ion guidance are provided. Furthermore, possibilities to minimize, assess and correct for matrix interferences caused by co-eluting substances are described. With the focus on pharmaceuticals in the environment and bioanalysis, different separation techniques, trends in liquid chromatography and sample preparation methods to minimize matrix effects and increase sensitivity are discussed. Although highly sensitive methods are generally aimed for to provide automated multi-residue analysis, (less sensitive) miniaturized set-ups have a great potential due to their ability for in-field usage.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Loos
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Liu B, Guo H, Zhang J, Xue J, Yang Y, Qin T, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang D, Qian W, Li B, Hou S, Dai J, Guo Y, Wang H. In-Depth Characterization of a Pro-Antibody-Drug Conjugate by LC-MS. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2702-10. [PMID: 27377124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pro-antibody-drug conjugate (PDC) is a hybrid structural format of immunoconjugate, where the structural complexity of pro-antibody and intrinsic heterogeneity of ADCs impose a prominent analytical challenge to the in-depth characterization of PDCs. In the present study, we successfully prepared and characterized PanP-DM1 as a model of PDCs, which is an anti-EGFR pro-antibody following conjugation with DM1 at lysine residues. The drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of PanP-DM1 was determined by LC-MS after deglycosylation, and verified by UV/vis spectroscopy. Following reduction or IdeS digestion, the pro-antibody fragments linked with DM1 were investigated by middle-down mass spectrometry. Furthermore, more than 20 modified lysine conjugation sites were determined by peptide mapping after trypsin digestion. Additionally, more than ten glycoforms of PanP-DM1 were also identified and quantified. In summary, critical quality attributes (CQAs) of PDCs including DAR, drug load distribution, and conjugation sites were fully characterized, which would contribute to the development of other PDCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.,International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.,International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingya Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Basic Medical Sciences, Xin Xiang Medical University , 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ting Qin
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.,International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bohua Li
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sheng Hou
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianxin Dai
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University , 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering , 99 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University , 1 Hunan Road, Liaocheng 252000, China
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19
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Antibody-drug conjugate characterization by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:39-50. [PMID: 27451254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the inherent structure complexity and component heterogeneity of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), separation technologies play a critical role in their characterization. In this review, we focus on chromatographic and electrophoretic approaches used to characterize ADCs with respect to drug-to-antibody ratio, drug distribution and conjugation sites, free small molecule drugs, charge variants, aggregates and fragments, etc. Chromatographic techniques including reversed-phase, ion exchange, size exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography as well as capillary electrophoretic techniques including capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate, capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing are reviewed for their applications in the characterization of ADCs.
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20
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Chen L, Wang L, Shion H, Yu C, Yu YQ, Zhu L, Li M, Chen W, Gao K. In-depth structural characterization of Kadcyla® (ado-trastuzumab emtansine) and its biosimilar candidate. MAbs 2016; 8:1210-1223. [PMID: 27380163 PMCID: PMC5058630 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1204502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry has become increasingly focused on developing biosimilars as less expensive therapeutic products. As a consequence, the regulatory approval of 2 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), Kadcyla® and Adcetris® has led to the development of biosimilar versions by companies located worldwide. Because of the increased complexity of ADC samples that results from the heterogeneity of conjugation, it is imperative that close attention be paid to the critical quality attributes (CQAs) that stem from the conjugation process during ADC biosimilar development process. A combination of physicochemical, immunological, and biological methods are warranted in order to demonstrate the identity, purity, concentration, and activity (potency or strength) of ADC samples. As described here, we performed extensive characterization of a lysine conjugated ADC, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, and compared its CQAs between the reference product (Kadcyla®) and a candidate biosimilar. Primary amino acid sequences, drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs), conjugation sites and site occupancy data were acquired and compared by LC/MS methods. Furthermore, thermal stability, free drug content, and impurities were analyzed to further determine the comparability of the 2 ADCs. Finally, biological activities were compared between Kadcyla® and biosimilar ADCs using a cytotoxic activity assay and a HER2 binding assay. The in-depth characterization helps to establish product CQAs, and is vital for ADC biosimilars development to ensure their comparability with the reference product, as well as product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxi Chen
- a Waters Corporation , Milford , MA , USA
| | - Lan Wang
- b National Institutes of Food and Drug Control , Tiantan Xili, Beijing , P.R. China
| | | | - Chuanfei Yu
- b National Institutes of Food and Drug Control , Tiantan Xili, Beijing , P.R. China
| | | | - Lei Zhu
- c Second Military Medical University, International Joint Cancer Institute , Shanghai , China
| | - Meng Li
- b National Institutes of Food and Drug Control , Tiantan Xili, Beijing , P.R. China
| | | | - Kai Gao
- b National Institutes of Food and Drug Control , Tiantan Xili, Beijing , P.R. China
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21
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Antibody–drug conjugate bioanalysis using LB-LC–MS/MS hybrid assays: strategies, methodology and correlation to ligand-binding assays. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1383-401. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are complex drug constructs with multiple species in the heterogeneous mixture that contribute to their efficacy and toxicity. The bioanalysis of ADCs involves multiple assays and analytical platforms. Methods: A series of ligand binding and LC–MS/MS (LB-LC–MS/MS) hybrid assays, through different combinations of anti-idiotype (anti-Id), anti-payload, or generic capture reagents, and cathepsin-B or trypsin enzyme digestion, were developed and evaluated for the analysis of conjugated-payload as well as for species traditionally measured by ligand-binding assays, total-antibody and conjugated-antibody. Results & conclusion: Hybrid assays are complementary or viable alternatives to ligand-binding assay for ADC bioanalysis and PK/PD modeling. The fit-for-purpose choice of analytes, assays and platforms and an integrated strategy from Discovery to Development for ADC PK and bioanalysis are recommended.
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22
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Stoll D, Danforth J, Zhang K, Beck A. Characterization of therapeutic antibodies and related products by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with UV absorbance and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:51-60. [PMID: 27267072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of analytical tools for the characterization of large biomolecules is an emerging and rapidly evolving area. This development activity is motivated largely by the current trend involving the increase in development and use of large biomolecules for therapeutic uses. Given the inherent complexity of these biomolecules, which arises from their sheer size and possibilities for chemical modification as well as changes over time (e.g., through modification in solution, aggregation), two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has attracted considerable interest as an analytical tool to address the challenges faced in characterizing these materials. The immediate potential benefits of 2D-LC over conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography in this context include: (1) higher overall resolving power; (2) complementary information gained from two dimensions of separation in a single analysis; and (3) enabling indirect coupling of separation modes that are inherently incompatible with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (e.g., ion-exchange, because of high-salt eluents) to MS through a more compatible second dimension separation such as reversed-phase LC. In this review we summarize the work in this area, most of which has occurred in the past five years. Although the future is bright for further development in this area, some challenges have already been addressed through new 2D-LC methods. These include: (1) deep characterization of monoclonal antibodies to understand charge heterogeneity, glycosylation patterns, and other modifications; (2) characterization of antibody-drug conjugates to understand the extent and localization of small molecule conjugation; (3) detailed study of excipients in protein drug formulations; and (4) detection of host-cell proteins on biotherapeutic molecule preparations. We fully expect that in the near future we will see this list expanded, and that continued development will lead to methods with further improved performance metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA.
| | - John Danforth
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
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