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Marney LC, Choi J, Alcazar Magana A, Yang L, Techen N, Alam MN, Brandes M, Soumyanath A, Stevens JF, Maier CS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of phytochemicals in Withania somnifera using data-dependent acquisition, multiple-reaction-monitoring, and parallel-reaction-monitoring with an inclusion list. Front Chem 2024; 12:1373535. [PMID: 39100918 PMCID: PMC11294917 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1373535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterization of botanical extracts by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis helps in determining the phytochemical composition that underlies their bioactivity and potential health benefits, while also supporting reproducibility of effects in clinical trials. The quantification of seven withanolides in Withania somnifera using three mass-spectrometry methods was evaluated using Deming regression. Two high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods were used, one operating in data-dependent acquisition mode and the other in parallel-reaction-monitoring mode with an inclusion list. The two high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods were compared to a multiple-reaction-monitoring method. We evaluated in-source fragmentation of steroidal glycosides and optimized the methods accordingly. A novel software approach to integrating parallel-reaction-monitoring data acquired with an inclusion list was developed. Combining and comparing quantitative results allowed for quantitative specificity, good precision, and adjustment of instrument source conditions for optimal quantification by multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry, an analytical method that is widely accessible in analytical and phytochemical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Marney
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Armando Alcazar Magana
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Natascha Techen
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Md Nure Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Mikah Brandes
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Gopalaiah SB, Jayaseelan K. Analytical Strategies to Investigate Molecular Signaling, Proteomics, Extraction and Quantification of Withanolides - A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38300174 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2307887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Withanolides are the class of steroidal molecules getting greater emphasis in recent years. Quality control throughout the manufacturing and storage period is often one of the key problems that have restricted their broad use in India's indigenous and Ayurvedic medical systems for thousands of years. Because of their diverse clinical potential, withanolides have received a great deal of scientific attention. Analytical techniques are being devised for the automated isolation, identification, and estimation of every single protein within the cell as well as in herbal extracts of withanolides, due to which now researchers are interested in determining the effects of metabolism as well as various stimuli on protein expression, which made the study easier. This study discusses the potential use of hyphenated analytical methods that are reliable in understanding the molecular signaling features, proteome evaluation and characterization of withanolides, in addition to examining existing methodological limitations. The choice of analytical techniques for the withanolides analysis, however, relies on the nature of the sample matrix, the aim of the analysis, and the sensitivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinchana B Gopalaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Kavitha Jayaseelan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Polumackanycz M, Petropoulos SA, Śledziński T, Goyke E, Konopacka A, Plenis A, Viapiana A. Withania somnifera L.: Phenolic Compounds Composition and Biological Activity of Commercial Samples and Its Aqueous and Hydromethanolic Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030550. [PMID: 36978798 PMCID: PMC10045402 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the chemical composition and bioactive properties of commercially available Withania somnifera samples were evaluated. The hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts of the tested samples were analyzed in terms of phenolic compound composition, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Polyphenols and ascorbic acid content, as well as the antioxidant activity, were higher in the aqueous extracts than in the hydromethanolic extracts. Generally, aqueous extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than the hydromethanolic ones, especially in the case of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Moreover, higher amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were found in the hydromethanolic extracts compared to the aqueous ones. Regarding the antibacterial properties, samples 4, 6, and 10 showed the best overall performance with growth-inhibitory activities against all the examined bacteria strains. Finally, the aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts were the most efficient extracts in terms of AChE and BChE inhibitory activities, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that W. somnifera possesses important bioactive properties which could be attributed to the high amounts of phenolic compounds. However, a great variability was recorded in commercially available products, suggesting significant differences in the origin of product and the processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Polumackanycz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Tomasz Śledziński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Goyke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Viapiana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (A.V.)
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Li ZY, Li XK, Lin Y, Feng N, Zhang XZ, Li QL, Li BQ. A comparative study of three chemometrics methods combined with excitation–emission matrix fluorescence for quantification of the bioactive compounds aesculin and aesculetin in Cortex Fraxini. Front Chem 2022; 10:984010. [PMID: 36157030 PMCID: PMC9490370 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.984010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortex Fraxini is an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine with various medical functions. Aesculin and aesculetin are the main effective components of Cortex Fraxini. The fluorescence signals of the two compounds have a high degree of overlap with each other, making quantitative analysis difficult with conventional analytical methods. In the present study, different chemometrics methods, including lasso regression (LAR), interval partial least squares (iPLS), and multidimensional partial least squares (N-PLS) methods, were employed and combined with excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence for the purpose of accurate quantification of aesculin and aesculetin in Cortex Fraxini samples. The most satisfactory results were obtained by using the N-PLS method based on the EEM spectra without scatterings, with correlation coefficient of calibration and prediction values higher than 0.9972 and 0.9962, respectively, root mean squared errors for calibration and prediction values lower than 0.0304 and 0.1165, respectively, and recovery values in the range of 83.32%–104.62%. The obtained credible models indicated that the N-PLS method combined with EEM spectra has the advantages of being green, low cost, and accurate and it is a good strategy for the determination of active compounds in complex samples. To further confirm the accuracy of the obtained results, the same samples were analyzed by the recognized ultra-performance liquid chromatography method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Ying Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xin Kang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Na Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Qing-Lin Li
- Agricultural Science Research Institute of Yiyang, Yiyang, China
| | - Bao Qiong Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Qiong Li,
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Tetali SD, Acharya S, Ankari AB, Nanakram V, Raghavendra AS. Metabolomics of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Advances and applications. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113469. [PMID: 33075439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is used in Ayurveda (Indian system of traditional medicine) for vitality, cardio-protection and treating other ailments, such as neurological disorders, gout, and skin diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW We present a critical overview of the information on the metabolomics of W. somnifera and highlight the significance of the technique for use in quality control of medicinal products. We have also pointed out the use of metabolomics to distinguish varieties and to identify best methods of cultivation, collection, as well as extraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS The relevant information on medicinal value, phytochemical studies, metabolomics of W. somnifera, and their applications were collected from a rigorous electronic search through scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Structures of selected metabolites were from the PubChem. RESULTS The pharmacological activities of W. somnifera were well documented. Roots are the most important parts of the plant used in Ayurvedic preparations. Stem and leaves also have a rich content of bioactive phytochemicals like steroidal lactones, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. Metabolomic studies revealed that metabolite profiles of W. somnifera depended on plant parts collected and the developmental stage of the plant, besides the season of sample collection and geographical location. The levels of withanolides were variable, depending on the morpho/chemotypes within the species of W. somnifera. Although studies on W. somnifera were initiated several years ago, the complexity of secondary metabolites was not realized due to the lack of adequate and fool-proof technology for phytochemical fingerprinting. Sophistications in chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry facilitated the discovery of several new metabolites. Mutually complementary techniques like LC-MS, GC-MS, HPTLC, and NMR were employed to obtain a comprehensive metabolomic profile. Subsequent data analyses and searches against spectral databases enabled the annotation of signals and dereplication of metabolites in several numbers without isolating them individually. CONCLUSIONS The present review provides a critical update of metabolomic data and the diverse application of the technique. The identification of parameters for standardization and quality control of herbal products is essential to facilitate mandatory checks for the purity of formulation. Such studies would enable us to identify the best geographical location of plants and the time of collection. We recommend the use of metabolomic analysis of herbal products based on W. somnifera for quality control as well as the discovery of novel bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada D Tetali
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India.
| | - Satyabrata Acharya
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Aditya B Ankari
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Vadthyavath Nanakram
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India.
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Girme A, Saste G, Pawar S, Balasubramaniam AK, Musande K, Darji B, Satti NK, Verma MK, Anand R, Singh R, Vishwakarma RA, Hingorani L. Investigating 11 Withanosides and Withanolides by UHPLC-PDA and Mass Fragmentation Studies from Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27933-27943. [PMID: 33163776 PMCID: PMC7643146 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (WS), also known as ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is known for its pharmacological significance in neurodegenerative diseases, stress, cancer, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activity. In this study, the WS extract (WSE) from the root was subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UHPLC-PDA) analysis to separate 11 withanoside and withanolide compounds. The quantification validation was carried out as per ICHQ2R1 guidelines in a single methodology. The calibration curves were linear (r 2 > 0.99) for all 11 compounds within the tested concentration ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.213-0.362 and 0.646-1.098 μg/mL, respectively. The results were precise (relative standard deviation, <5.0%) and accurate (relative error, 0.01-0.76). All compounds showed good recoveries of 84.77-100.11%. For the first time, withanoside VII, 27-hydroxywithanone, dihydrowithaferin A, and viscosalactone B were quantified and validated along with bioactive compounds withanoside IV, withanoside V, withaferin A, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, withanolide A, withanone, and withanolide B simultaneously in WS. This UHPLC-PDA method has practical adaptability for ashwagandha raw material, extract, and product manufacturers, along with basic and applied science researchers. The method has been developed on UHPLC for routine analysis. The 11 withanosides and withanolides were confirmed using the fragmentation pattern obtained by the combined use of electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation in triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (TQ-MS/MS) in the WSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- .
Phone: +91 7043534016, +91 9825063959
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandeep Pawar
- Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Bhaumik Darji
- Verdure
Sciences, Noblesville 46060, Indiana, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar Satti
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Verma
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
- . Phone +91 1912585006, ext 472
| | - Rajneesh Anand
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
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Tomar V, Beuerle T, Sircar D. A validated HPTLC method for the simultaneous quantifications of three phenolic acids and three withanolides from Withania somnifera plants and its herbal products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:154-160. [PMID: 31200247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of three withanolides (withaferin A, withanone and withanolide A) and three phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid) from different parts (root, stem and leaf) of Withania somnifera and its two commercially available polyherbal formulations. The extraction efficiency of withanolides and phenolic acids were tested using two solvents, chloroform and methanol, respectively. HPTLC separation was performed on silica coated aluminium plates Si 60F254; using toluene, ethyl acetate and acetic acid (60:40:4). The samples were quantitated at 231 nm. The purity and identity of peaks of all the six analytes were confirmed by matching Rf values and UV-spectrum with authentic standards. The identity of three withanolides was further confirmed by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) analyses. The developed method was validated for sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility, accuracy, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) following the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The method was found to be linear (r > 0.99) in the range of 50-2000 ng/band for benzoic acid and 50-1000 ng/band for the other five studied metabolites. This simple and accurate HPTLC method provided enhanced resolution of studied analytes as compared to other phytoconstituents present in W. somnifera extracts. It has also been successfully applied in the analysis and quantification of two polyherbal formulations containing W. somnifera plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Tomar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Wang F, Zhao J, Bai J, Gao K, Cui D, Chen Y, Song Y, Jia Y, Wen A. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of withaferin A in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1122-1123:90-95. [PMID: 31173997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a bioactive ingredient in the medicinal Indian herb Withania somnifera (WS). In this study, we developed a rapid and accurate Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of WA in rat plasma and tissue following intravenous (i.v., 4.5 mg/kg) and oral (i.g, 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg) administration. WA was isolated on a Hypurity C18 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column by isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase (35:65, v/v). The retention time was 4 min. Ethyl acetate containing 5% ascorbic acid was used as the extraction solvent through simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Withanolide A (WLD) was used as the internal standard (IS). Quantification was performed through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes of m/z 471.1 → 281 for WA and m/z 488.1 → 263 for IS in the positive-ion mode. This revealed no significant effects of the WA concentration or administration route on the T1/2. The distribution of WA in the various tissues was in the order: stomach > heart > lung > kidney > small intestinal > spleen > following i.g administration (4.5 mg/kg). These data provide valuable insight into the clinical parameters of WA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, China
| | - Jinyi Zhao
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Dongxiao Cui
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Shaanxi Administration for Market Regulation, Fuping, Shaanxi 711700, China
| | - Ying Song
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Aidong Wen
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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Singh SK, Valicherla GR, Joshi P, Shahi S, Syed AA, Gupta AP, Hossain Z, Italiya K, Makadia V, Singh SK, Wahajuddin M, Gayen JR. Determination of permeability, plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Withanolide A in rats: A neuroprotective steroidal lactone. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:339-351. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Guru R. Valicherla
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Pankaj Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sudhir Shahi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anees A. Syed
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anand P. Gupta
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kishan Italiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Raibareli Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vishal Makadia
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Raibareli Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Shio K. Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mohammad Wahajuddin
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Jiaur R. Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
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