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Patil SD, Chalikwar SS. A brief review on application of design of experiment for the analysis of pharmaceuticals using HPLC. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:203-228. [PMID: 38159721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The quality pioneer Dr. Joseph M. Juran first proposed the idea of quality by design. According to him, pharmaceutical quality by design is an organised approach to product development that starts with predetermined goals and places an emphasis on product, process understanding, control based on reliable science and quality risk management. The quality of a product or process can typically be affected by a number of input elements. Design of experiments has been employed widely recently to understand the impacts of multidimensional and interactions of input parameters on the output responses of analytical procedures and pharmaceutical goods. Depending on the design of experiments objectives, screening, characterization, or optimization of the process and formulation, a variety of designs, such as factorial or mixture, can be used. The most popular designs used in the stage of screening or factor selection are the 2-Level Factorial and Plackett-Burman designs, both of which have two levels for each factor (k), both economical and effective, and in optimization widely used designs in this step are full factorial at three levels, central composite, Box-Behnken design. The analysis of variance, regression significance, and lack of fit of the regression model were some of the key topics covered in the discussion of the main components of multiple regression model adjustment. Design of experiments is thus the primary element of the formulation and analytical quality by design. The details about design of experiments used for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation using HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Shailesh S Chalikwar
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy and Quality Assurance, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra State, India.
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Gkountanas K, Malenović A, Dotsikas Y. Determination of Bupropion and Its Impurities via a Chaotropic Chromatography Method Following Analytical Quality-by-Design Principles for Method Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101196. [PMID: 36297308 PMCID: PMC9608554 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel chaotropic chromatography method for the quantitative determination of bupropion and its impurities, following analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) principles, is presented. The analytical target profile (ATP) was defined on the basis of the efficient separation and reliable determination of bupropion and its five impurities in tablets. Preliminary experiments revealed the need for the addition of a gradient elution part. A screening fractional factorial experimental design was employed to select the critical method parameters (CMPs) and a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to investigate their influence on predefined critical method attributes (CMAs). In order to compute the design space (DS), where CMPs meet predefined acceptance limits with a high level of probability (π ≥ 85%), Monte Carlo simulations were performed. The working point selected from the DS corresponded to the following conditions: 37.5% acetonitrile at the start of the gradient program (up to 70% at the end of the gradient program), 45 mM of potassium hexafluorophosphate in the water phase, and the start of the linear gradient step in the gradient program at 10 min. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and applied to the analysis of Wellbutrin® tablets containing bupropion hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Gkountanas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, GR-157 71 Athens, Greece
- Greek Military Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Pireos 174, Tavros, GR-117 78 Athens, Greece
| | - Anđelija Malenović
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yannis Dotsikas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, GR-157 71 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-7274696
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Jahani M, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Akaberi M, Rajabi O, Hadizadeh F. Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1094-1115. [PMID: 35108132 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang S, Wu L, Wang X, Gong X, Qu H. Development of an HPLC-MS method for the determination of four terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract via quality by design. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5170. [PMID: 33982313 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously reported HPLC-evaporative light scattering detection methods for terpene trilactone determination in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGBL) have complicated sample preparation steps and are time-consuming. Thus, in this work, an HPLC-MS method for the determination of terpene trilactones in EGBL was developed with a novel analytical quality by design approach to provide robust and simple measurements. For this purpose, analytical target profiles and systematic risk analyses were performed to identify potential critical method attributes and critical method parameters. After screening experiments, a Box-Behnken design approach was utilized to investigate the relationships between critical method attributes and critical method parameters. A hypercube design space obtained by a Monte Carlo method was used for choosing the analytical control strategy. Then, verification experiments were performed within the design space, and the models were found to be accurate. After that, the optimized method was verified and successfully used for quality control analysis of EGBL from different manufacturers, and the results were almost the same as those determined by HPLC-evaporative light scattering detection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a robust HPLC-MS method for determination of terpene trilactones in EGBL based on a novel analytical quality by design concept, which can improve the quality control of commercial EGBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zaman MA, Abbas RZ, Qamar W, Qamar MF, Mehreen U, Shahid Z, Kamran M. Role of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants against Ascaridia galli. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1782801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arfan Zaman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Mehreen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Shahid
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Vlachou M, Siamidi A, Dotsikas Y. Desirability Based Optimization of New Mesalazine Modified Release Formulations: Compression Coated Tablets and Mini Tablets in Capsules. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190110125812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) is a drug substance with an antiinflammatory
activity, which is mainly used in the symptomatic treatment of diseases, such as
Ulcerative Colitis, the Crohn's disease and the idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Mesalazine
exerts its effect locally in the inflamed area of the intestine and not through systematic absorption,
therefore the investigation of its release characteristics from solid pharmaceutical formulations is of
great importance.
Objective:
The development of novel mesalazine modified release formulations with improved
properties, regarding drug release in the gastrointestinal tract, by utilisation of the Design of
Experiments (DoE) approach.
Methods:
D-optimal experimental design was applied. A Simplex Lattice mixture design was used
for the development of suitable capsules containing 4 mini tablets and a D-optimal mixture design
was used for compression-coated tablets, with the following characteristics: ≤10% release in 2 h, to
minimize its degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract, 20-40% release in 5 h for mesalazine
administration in the small intestine, and quantitative release in 12 h for colonic delivery. The
dissolution experiments were conducted in gastrointestinal-like fluids and pectinases to simulate the
pectinolytic enzymes present in the colon.
Results:
The optimal compositions were reached via the desirability function, as a compromise to the
different responses. The optimal solutions for both formulations led to colon-specific delivery of the
active substance with minimal 5-ASA release in the upper gastrointestinal tract and appeared to
conform with the pre-determined characteristics. Hard gelatin capsules, when filled with mini-tablets
led to the aimed modified release profile, having sigmoidal characteristics and compression coated
tablets led to colonic delivery.
Conclusion:
Two novel mesalazine formulations were developed with the desirable colonic release,
by conducting a minimal number of experiments, as suggested by DoE experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Vlachou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Yannis Dotsikas
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
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Pasquini B, Orlandini S, Furlanetto S, Gotti R, Del Bubba M, Boscaro F, Bertaccini B, Douša M, Pieraccini G. Quality by Design as a risk-based strategy in pharmaceutical analysis: Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of nintedanib and its impurities. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shelke M, Deshpande SS, Sharma S. Quinquennial Review of Progress in Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling: An Instrumental Perspective Statistics. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:226-253. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1615863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Shelke
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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Multi-Steps Fragmentation-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Liquid Chromatography Diode Array System for Investigation of Olaparib Related Substances. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24050843. [PMID: 30818845 PMCID: PMC6429096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array-mass spectrometric (LC-DAD-MS) method was developed and validated to investigate the related substances of olaparib (OLA) in bulk form. OLA was exposed to acid–base hydrolysis, boiling, oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, and UV light followed by LC-DAD-MS analysis. OLA and OLA-related substances were simultaneously and quantitatively monitored by DAD at 278 nm and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QQQ-MS). The investigated compounds were auto-scanned by an ion trap MS which applied positive and negative modes separately. The fragmentation pathway was confirmed by applying multi-steps fragmentation to identify the resulted cleaved ions and their parent ion. OLA was found to be sensitive to the alkaline hydrolysis and less sensitive to UV light. Two major hydrolytic degradation products, including the protonated molar ions m/z 299 and m/z 367, were identified. Three potential impurities were also characterized. The LC-MS limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 and 0.05 ng/µL, respectively. The quantitative results obtained by LC-DAD was comparable with that of LC-QQQ-MS. The proposed method shows good intra-day and inter-day precision with relative standard deviation (RSD) <2%.
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Robust Optimization of Chaotropic Chromatography Assay for Lamotrigine and its Two Impurities in Tablets. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yenugu VMR, Ambavaram VBR, Moniruzzaman M, Madhavi G. A simple, sensitive, and straightforward LC-MS approach for rapid analysis of three potential genotoxic impurities in rabeprazole formulations. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3966-3973. [PMID: 30138541 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a sensitive and fully validated liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of three potential genotoxic impurities in rabeprazole drug substance. The separation was achieved on Symmetry C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B in gradient elution mode at 0.5 mL/min flow rate. Triple quadrupole mass detection with electrospray ionization was operated in selected ion recording mode for the quantification of impurities. The calibration curves were demonstrated good linearity over the concentration range of 1.0-4.5 ppm for O-phenylenediamine, 1.8-4.5 ppm for 4-nitrolutidine-N-oxide and 1.0-4.5 ppm for benzyltriethylammonium chloride with respect to 10 mg/mL of rabeprazole. The correlation coefficient obtained in each case was >0.998. The recoveries were found satisfactory over the range between 94.22 and 106.84% for all selected impurities. The method validation was carried out following International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, from which the developed method was able to quantitate the impurities at 1.0 ppm for O-phenylenediamine, 1.8 ppm for 4-nitrolutidine-N-oxide and 1.0 ppm for benzyltriethylammonium chloride. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully evaluated for the determination of selected impurities from bulk drug and formulation samples of rabeprazole within the acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Manohara Reddy Yenugu
- Electrochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Muhammad Moniruzzaman
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Gajulapalle Madhavi
- Electrochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Quality by design compliant strategy for the development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of selected polyphenols in Diospyros kaki. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Deidda R, Orlandini S, Hubert P, Hubert C. Risk-based approach for method development in pharmaceutical quality control context: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:110-121. [PMID: 30145448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical regulatory bodies increasingly require the implementation of systematic approaches in pharmaceutical product development. Quality control methods play a key role in the control strategy of drugs manufacturing to assure their quality. A risk-based approach in the analytical method development is strongly recommended to ensure that the method performances fit the purpose of the method during its entire life-cycle. In the last decade, analytical quality by design (AQbD), as risk management oriented methodology, has been progressively integrated with method development for fulfilling this objective. This approach has successfully allowed the quality to be designed into the analytical processes by obtaining a deep understanding of the procedures. In this paper the AQbD workflow and its application in the development of methods to be used for pharmaceutical quality control have been treated and discussed. Recent publications regarding how AQbD has been applied in separation techniques were reviewed. The different development strategies have been also showcased, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, in order to give a useful overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Deidda
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Serena Orlandini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Hubert
- University of Liège (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
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