1
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Xue Z, Quan S. Understanding the Stabilization Mechanism of a Thermostable Mutant of Hygromycin B Phosphotransferase by Protein Sector-Guided Dynamic Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25739-25748. [PMID: 37521677 PMCID: PMC10372938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Point mutations can exert beneficial effects on proteins, including stabilization. The stabilizing effects of mutations are typically attributed to changes in free energy and residue interactions. However, these explanations lack detail and physical insights, which hinder the mechanistic study of protein stabilization and prevent accurate computational prediction of stabilizing mutations. Here, we investigate the physical mechanism underlying the enhanced thermostability of a Hygromycin B phosphotransferase mutant, Hph5. We find that the unpredictable mutation A118V induces rotation of F199, allowing it to establish an aromatic-aromatic interaction with W235. In contrast, the predictable mutation T246A acts through static hydrophobic interactions within the protein core. These discoveries were accelerated by a residue-coevolution-based theory, which links mutational effects to stability-associated local structures, providing valuable guidance for mechanistic exploration. The established workflow will benefit the development of accurate stability prediction programs and can be used to mine a protein stability database for undiscovered physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation
Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shu Quan
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation
Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), East
China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Iliev P, Hanke D, Page BDG. STAT Protein Thermal Shift Assays to Monitor Protein-Inhibitor Interactions. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200039. [PMID: 35698729 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 protein is a sought-after drug target as it plays a key role in the progression of cancer. Many STAT3 inhibitors (STAT3i) have been reported, but accumulating evidence suggests many of these act as off-target/indirect inhibitors of STAT signaling. Herein, we describe the STAT protein thermal shift assay (PTSA) as a novel target engagement tool, which we used to test the binding of known STAT3i to STAT3 and STAT1. This revealed STATTIC, BP-1-102, and Cpd188 destabilized both STATs and produced unique migratory patterns on SDS-PAGE gels, suggesting covalent protein modifications. Mass spectrometry experiments confirmed these compounds are nonspecifically alkylating STATs, as well as an unrelated protein, NUDT5. These experiments have highlighted the benefits of PTSA to investigate interactions with STAT proteins and helped reveal novel reactivity of Cpd188. The described PTSA represents a promising chemical biology tool that could be applied to an array of other protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Iliev
- The University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CANADA
| | - Danielle Hanke
- The University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CANADA
| | - Brent D G Page
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, V6T1Z3, Vancouver, CANADA
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3
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Chigan JZ, Li JQ, Ding HH, Xu YS, Liu L, Chen C, Yang KW. Hydroxamates as a potent skeleton for the development of metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:362-372. [PMID: 34862744 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance caused by metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) has become an emerging public health threat, and the development of MβLs inhibitor is an effective way to overcome the resistance. In this study, thirteen novel O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates were constructed and assayed against MβLs. The obtained molecules specifically inhibited imipenemase-1 (IMP-1) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1, exhibiting an IC50 value in the range of 0.10-18.42 and 0.23-22.33 μM, respectively. The hydroxamate 5 was found to be the most potent inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.1 and 0.23 μM using meropenem and cefazolin as substrates. ICP-MS analysis showed that 5 did not coordinate to the Zn(II) ions at the active site of IMP-1, while the rapid dilution, thermal shift and MALDI-TOF assays revealed that the hydroxamate formed a covalent bond with the enzyme. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the hydroxamates have low toxicity in MCF-7 cells. This work provided a potent scaffold for the development of MβLs inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zhu Chigan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan-Huan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin-Sui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Zhou XQ, Mao XM, Fan R, Li SY, Shang J, Zhang T, Li RH, Li HQ, Hui Y, Chen WH, Wang ZX, Shen DY. Trilobolide-6-O-isobutyrate suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis through inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5741-5753. [PMID: 34355433 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Currently available therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with a high morbidity and high mortality, are only marginally effective and with sharp adverse side effects, which makes it compulsory to explore novel and more effective anticancer molecules. Chinese medicinal herbs exhibited prominent anticancer effects and were applied to supplement clinical cancer treatment. Here, we reported a compound, trilobolide-6-O-isobutyrate (TBB), isolated from the flowers of Wedelia trilobata with a markedly cytotoxic effect on HCC cells. We found that TBB time- and dose-dependently inhibited HCC cells' growth and colony formation in vitro. Moreover, TBB induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, mitochondrial caspase-dependent apoptosis, and suppressed migration and invasion, as well as the glycolysis of HCC cells. Mechanistically, our data indicated that TBB inhibited the STAT3 pathway activation by directly interacting with the TYR 640/657 sites of the STAT3 protein and decreasing the level of p-STAT3. TBB also regulated the expression of PCNA, Ki67, Cyclin B1, Cyclin E, Bax, Bcl2, MMP2/9, and PGK1 through the inhibition of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Lastly, we confirmed that TBB effectively eliminated tumor growth without causing overt toxicity to healthy tissues in the xenograft tumor model. The exploration of anticancer activity and the underlying mechanism of TBB suggested its usage as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Fan
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Si-Yang Li
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui-Han Li
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui-Qi Li
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhan-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dong-Yan Shen
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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5
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Kim MS, Gernapudi R, Cedeño YC, Polster BM, Martinez R, Shapiro P, Kesari S, Nurmemmedov E, Passaniti A. Targeting breast cancer metabolism with a novel inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3863-3885. [PMID: 33196708 PMCID: PMC7597410 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis may promote the selective killing of respiration-competent cancer cells that are critical for tumor progression. We previously reported that CADD522, a small molecule inhibitor of the RUNX2 transcription factor, has potential for breast cancer treatment. In the current study, we show that CADD522 inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by decreasing the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP production in human breast cancer cells in a RUNX2-independent manner. The enzyme activity of mitochondrial ATP synthase was inhibited by CADD522 treatment. Importantly, results from cellular thermal shift assays that detect drug-induced protein stabilization revealed that CADD522 interacts with both α and β subunits of the F1-ATP synthase complex. Differential scanning fluorimetry also demonstrated interaction of α subunits of the F1-ATP synthase to CADD522. These results suggest that CADD522 might target the enzymatic F1 subunits in the ATP synthase complex. CADD522 increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was prevented by MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, suggesting that cancer cells exposed to CADD522 may elevate ROS from mitochondria. CADD522-increased mitochondrial ROS levels were enhanced by exogenously added pro-oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Conversely, CADD522-mediated cell growth inhibition was blocked by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a general ROS scavenger. Therefore, CADD522 may exert its antitumor activity by increasing mitochondrial driven cellular ROS levels. Collectively, our data suggest in vitro proof-of-concept that supports inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase and ROS generation as contributors to the effectiveness of CADD522 in suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sook Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramkishore Gernapudi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian M. Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research Health Scientist, The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service (VAMHCS), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramon Martinez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- John Wayne Cancer Institute and Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Elmar Nurmemmedov
- John Wayne Cancer Institute and Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Antonino Passaniti
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research Health Scientist, The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service (VAMHCS), Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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ApoC1 promotes the metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via activation of STAT3. Oncogene 2020; 39:6203-6217. [PMID: 32826950 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal cancer and frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage. It is prone to develop unpredictable metastases even with proper treatment. Antiangiogenic therapy is the most effective medical treatment for metastatic ccRCC. Thus, exploration of novel approaches to inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis may potentially lead to a better therapeutic option for ccRCC. Among all the types of cancer, renal cancer samples exhibited the maximum upregulation of ApoC1 as referred to in the Oncomine database. The expression of ApoC1 was increased accompanied by ccRCC progression. A high level of ApoC1 was closely related to poor survival time in ccRCC patients. Furthermore, ApoC1 was over-expressed in the highly invasive ccRCC cells as compared to that in the low-invasive ccRCC cells. Besides, ApoC1 promoted metastasis of ccRCC cells via EMT pathway, whereas depletion of ApoC1 alleviated these effects. ApoC1 as a novel pro-metastatic factor facilitates the activation of STAT3 and enhances the metastasis of ccRCC cells. Meanwhile, ApoC1 in the exosomes were transferred from the ccRCC cells to the vascular endothelial cells and promoted metastasis of the ccRCC cells via activating STAT3. Finally, the metastatic potential of the ccRCC cells driven by ApoC1 was suppressed by DPP-4 inhibition. Our study not only identifies a novel ApoC1-STAT3 pathway in ccRCC metastasis but also provides direction for the exploration of novel strategies to predict and treat metastatic ccRCC in the future.
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7
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Garlick JM, Mapp AK. Selective Modulation of Dynamic Protein Complexes. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:986-997. [PMID: 32783965 PMCID: PMC7469457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic proteins perform critical roles in cellular machines, including those that control proteostasis, transcription, translation, and signaling. Thus, dynamic proteins are prime candidates for chemical probe and drug discovery but difficult targets because they do not conform to classical rules of design and screening. Selectivity is pivotal for candidate probe molecules due to the extensive interaction network of these dynamic hubs. Recognition that the traditional rules of probe discovery are not necessarily applicable to dynamic proteins and their complexes, as well as technological advances in screening, have produced remarkable results in the last 2-4 years. Particularly notable are the improvements in target selectivity for small-molecule modulators of dynamic proteins, especially with techniques that increase the discovery likelihood of allosteric regulatory mechanisms. We focus on approaches to small-molecule screening that appear to be more suitable for highly dynamic targets and have the potential to streamline identification of selective modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Garlick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna K Mapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Attarha S, Reithmeier A, Busker S, Desroses M, Page BDG. Validating Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Protein-Inhibitor Interactions Using Biochemical and Cellular Thermal Shift Assays. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1842-1851. [PMID: 32412740 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have important biological functions; however, deregulation of STAT signaling is a driving force behind the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases and cancer. While their biological roles suggest that STAT proteins would be valuable targets for developing therapeutic agents, STAT proteins are notoriously difficult to inhibit using small drug-like molecules, as they do not have a distinct inhibitor binding site. Despite this, a multitude of small-molecule STAT inhibitors have been proposed, primarily focusing on inhibiting STAT3 protein to generate novel cancer therapies. Demonstrating that inhibitors bind to their targets in cells has historically been a very challenging task. With the advent of modern target engagement techniques, such as the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), interactions between experimental compounds and their biological targets can be detected with relative ease. To investigate interactions between STAT proteins and inhibitors, we herein developed STAT CETSAs and evaluated known STAT3 inhibitors for their ability to engage STAT proteins in biological settings. While potent binding was detected between STAT proteins and peptidic STAT inhibitors, small-molecule inhibitors elicited variable responses, most of which failed to stabilize STAT3 proteins in cells and cell lysates. The described STAT thermal stability assays represent valuable tools for evaluating proposed STAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Attarha
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Karolinska vägen A2:07, Solna 171 64, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Alpha Floor 5, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Anja Reithmeier
- Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Alpha Floor 5, Solna 171 65, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum A3, Solna 171 65, Sweden
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Tomtebodavägen 23A, Alpha Floor 5, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Sander Busker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum A3, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Matthieu Desroses
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Karolinska vägen A2:07, Solna 171 64, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Alpha Floor 5, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Brent D. G. Page
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Karolinska vägen A2:07, Solna 171 64, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Alpha Floor 5, Solna 171 65, Sweden
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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9
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Busker S, Page B, Arnér ESJ. To inhibit TrxR1 is to inactivate STAT3-Inhibition of TrxR1 enzymatic function by STAT3 small molecule inhibitors. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101646. [PMID: 32863208 PMCID: PMC7378686 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT3 plays a key role in cancer and immunity, being widely explored as a potential drug target for the development of novel immunomodulatory or anticancer therapeutics. The mechanisms of small molecule-derived inhibition of STAT3 appear, however, to be more complex than initially perceived. Our recent discovery, that some novel STAT3 inhibitors were bona fide inhibitors of the cytosolic selenoprotein oxidoreductase TrxR1 (TXNRD1), led us to explore the effects of a wide array of previously described STAT3 inhibitors on TrxR1 function. We found that 17 out of 23 tested STAT3 small molecule inhibitors indeed inhibited purified TrxR1 at the reported concentrations yielding STAT3 inhibition. All tested compounds were electrophilic as shown by direct reactivities with GSH, and several were found to also be redox cycling substrates of TrxR1. Ten compounds previously shown to inhibit STAT3 were here found to irreversibly inhibit cellular TrxR1 activity (Auranofin, Stattic, 5,15-DPP, Galiellalactone, LLL12, Napabucasin, BP1-102, STA-21, S3I-201 and Degrasyn (WP1130)). Our findings suggest that targeting of TrxR1 may be a common feature for many small molecules that inhibit cellular STAT3 function. It is possible that prevention of STAT3 activation in cells by several small molecules classified as STAT3 inhibitors can be a downstream event following TrxR1 inhibition. Therefore, the relationship between TrxR1 and STAT3 should be considered when studying inhibition of either of these promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Busker
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brent Page
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Zemanova L, Vaskova M, Schmidt M, Roubalova J, Haleckova A, Benek O, Musilek K. RNase T1 Refolding Assay for Determining Mitochondrial Cyclophilin D Activity: A Novel In Vitro Method Applicable in Drug Research and Discovery. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1680-1687. [PMID: 32275395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cyclophilin D is a mitochondrial peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that plays a role in regulating the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. It is considered a viable and promising molecular target for the treatment of diseases for which disease development is associated with pore opening, e.g., Alzheimer's disease or ischemia/reperfusion injury. Currently available and widely used in vitro methods based on Kofron's assay for determining cyclophilin D activity suffer from serious drawbacks and limitations. In this study, a completely novel approach for an in vitro assay of cyclophilin D activity using RNase T1 refolding is introduced. The method is simple and is more in line with the presumed physiological role of cyclophilin D in protein folding than Kofron's assay, which relies on a peptide substrate. The method is applicable for identifying novel inhibitors of cyclophilin D as potential drugs for the treatment of the diseases mentioned above. Moreover, the description of CypD activity in the in vitro RNase T1 refolding assay reveals new possibilities for investigating the role of cyclophilin D in protein folding in cells and may lead to a better understanding of its pathological and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Zemanova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vaskova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roubalova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Annamaria Haleckova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Benek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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11
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Brown JI, Page BDG, Frankel A. The application of differential scanning fluorimetry in exploring bisubstrate binding to protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1. Methods 2020; 175:10-23. [PMID: 31726226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of 9 enzymes that catalyze mono- or di-methylation of arginine residues using S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). Arginine methylation is an important post-translational modification that can regulate the activity and structure of target proteins. Altered PRMT activity can lead to a variety of health issues including neurodevelopmental disease, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, developing a robust mechanistic understanding of PRMT function may provide insight into these various disease states and enable the development of potential therapeutic agents. Although PRMTs have been studied for nearly two decades, a consensus regarding the mechanism of action for this class of enzymes has remained noticeably elusive. To address this shortcoming, differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) was used to gain mechanistic insight into the order of PRMT substrate and cofactor binding. This methodology confirms that PRMT cofactor binding precedes target substrate binding and supports the use of DSF to study bisubstrate enzymatic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brent D G Page
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavagen 23A, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Adam Frankel
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada.
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12
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Busker S, Qian W, Haraldsson M, Espinosa B, Johansson L, Attarha S, Kolosenko I, Liu J, Dagnell M, Grandér D, Arnér ESJ, Tamm KP, Page BDG. Irreversible TrxR1 inhibitors block STAT3 activity and induce cancer cell death. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax7945. [PMID: 32219156 PMCID: PMC7083616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of its key role in cancer development and progression, STAT3 has become an attractive target for developing new cancer therapeutics. While several STAT3 inhibitors have progressed to advanced stages of development, their underlying biology and mechanisms of action are often more complex than would be expected from specific binding to STAT3. Here, we have identified and optimized a series of compounds that block STAT3-dependent luciferase expression with nanomolar potency. Unexpectedly, our lead compounds did not bind to cellular STAT3 but to another prominent anticancer drug target, TrxR1. We further identified that TrxR1 inhibition induced Prx2 and STAT3 oxidation, which subsequently blocked STAT3-dependent transcription. Moreover, previously identified inhibitors of STAT3 were also found to inhibit TrxR1, and likewise, established TrxR1 inhibitors block STAT3-dependent transcriptional activity. These results provide new insights into the complexities of STAT3 redox regulation while highlighting a novel mechanism to block aberrant STAT3 signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Busker
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W. Qian
- Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M. Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Espinosa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Johansson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Attarha
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Dagnell
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. Grandér
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. S. J. Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Pokrovskaja Tamm
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. D. G. Page
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Uchihara Y, Ohe T, Mashino T, Kidokoro T, Tago K, Tamura H, Funakoshi-Tago M. N-Acetyl cysteine prevents activities of STAT3 inhibitors, Stattic and BP-1-102 independently of its antioxidant properties. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1067-1078. [PMID: 31627175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Stattic, BP-1-102, and LLL12 significantly induce apoptosis in transformed Ba/F3 cells expressing an oncogenic fusion protein, nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) that induces the activation of STAT3. We found that the antioxidant reagent, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) prevented the abilities of Stattic and BP-1-102, but not LLL12 to induce apoptosis in transformed cells expressing NPM-ALK, providing a novel problem in use of STAT3 inhibitors. We herein investigated the mechanisms how NAC prevented the effects of Sttatic and BP-1-102. METHODS Ba/F3 cells expressing NPM-ALK and SUDHL-1 cells were treated with antioxidants such as NAC, Trolox or edaravone in combination with STAT3 inhibitors. Phosphorylation of STAT3, cell proliferation rate, cell viability, cell cycle, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated. The binding of STAT3 inhibitors and NAC was analyzed by LC-MS. RESULTS NAC but not Trolox and edaravone diminished the abilities of Stattic and BP-1-102 to induce apoptosis in cells expressing NPM-ALK. The ROS levels in cells expressing NPM-ALK were not markedly affected by the treatments with Stattic and BP-1-102 in combination with NAC, suggesting that NAC inhibited the activity of Stattic and BP-1-102 independent of its antioxidant activity. LC-MS analysis revealed that NAC directly bound to Stattic and BP-1-102. Furthermore, these NAC adducts exhibited no cytotoxicity, and failed to affect the activity of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS NAC antagonizes the activities of Stattic and BP-1-102, which inhibit STAT3 activation by interacting with cysteine residues in STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Uchihara
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Division of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Division of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kidokoro
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tago
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Tamura
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Funakoshi-Tago
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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