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Shi M, Jiang Q, Lu D, Zheng X, Duan X, Xu X, Liu Y, Xue H, Yin L. Quantitative analysis of polypropylene glycol polymers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based on collision induced dissociation technique. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463214. [PMID: 35709604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene glycol (PPG) is a commonly used synthetic polymer in many fields. Investigating the toxicity and pharmacokinetic behavior of PPG polymers is necessary and important for evaluating their safety in medicine and daily cosmetics. In this study, PPG425, PPG1K and PPG2K were selected as the target polymers for cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacokinetics study of PPG polymers. Structural diversity and polydisperse molecular weights (MWs) are significant challenges for quantification of PPG polymers by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Collision induced dissociation in source or collision cell generated a series of PPG-related product ions at m/z 59.0, 117.1, 175.1, 233.2, 291.2, 349.3, 407.2, 465.3 and 523.5 corresponding to fragments containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 repeating propylene oxide subunits. PPG425 was determined by the sum of the MRM acquisitions used the transitions [M+H]+1 precursor ions → product ions. PPG1K and PPG2K were determined by the MRM acquisitions used the transitions [M+H]+1 precursor ions → product ions at m/z 233.2(four subunits)→59.0(one subunit). Based on the collision induced disassociation technique and structural specific product ions, pharmacokinetic studies of PEG425, PPG1K and PPG2K were successfully conducted in McF-7 cells. The experimental results revealed that PPG polymers are not biologically inert and they can enter into McF-7 cells. The safety of PPG polymers should be considered when they are used as pharmaceutical or cosmetic excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Shi
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China; Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co. LTD, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Di Lu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Xujian Duan
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Hongyu Xue
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, PR China; JenKem Technology Co. LTD, Tianjin, 300450, PR China.
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Yang X, Seol H, Lin W, Xu X, Shen B, Qiu H, Li N. Site-Specific Quantitation of Drug Conjugations on Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Using a Protease-Assisted Drug Deconjugation and Linker-like Labeling (PADDLL) Method. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9549-9558. [PMID: 34196532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceuticals for the targeted delivery of antitumor agents. ADCs can be highly heterogeneous with various drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, conjugation sites, and occupancy levels. The conjugation site can modulate the ADC stability and efficacy and therefore can be considered to be a critical quality attribute (CQA) during development. Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based peptide mapping methods cannot accurately quantify site-specific conjugations due to a significant ionization discrepancy between unconjugated native peptides and conjugated peptides. Here, we developed a novel protease-assisted drug deconjugation and linker-like labeling (PADDLL) method to quantify the levels of linker payload at specific conjugation sites. We utilized optimized papain digestion to deconjugate the drug payload and labeled unoccupied conjugation sites with a linker-like structure to provide comparable ionization efficiency for MS-based quantitation. This method was successfully applied on two cysteine-linked, protease-cleavable ADCs, and the method demonstrated good linearity and reliability, reaching a limit of quantitation of below 1%. The calculated DARs were comparable with the results from intact mass analysis. The lot-to-lot variation in conjugation distribution and inferior conjugation stability at HC Cys225 to other interchain cysteines were observed. This method provides a valuable tool for ADC design and product development. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical method developed to accurately quantify site-specific linker-drug payload conjugations for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Haeri Seol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Biao Shen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
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Ziegler CE, Graf M, Beck S, Goepferich AM. A novel anhydrous preparation of PEG hydrogels enables high drug loading with biologics for controlled release applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yang SH, Chen B, Wang J, Zhang K. Characterization of High Molecular Weight Multi-Arm Functionalized PEG–Maleimide for Protein Conjugation by Charge-Reduction Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8584-8590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bifan Chen
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jenny Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Krämer W, Grapentin C, Bouvain P, Temme S, Flögel U, Schubert R. Rational manufacturing of functionalized, long-term stable perfluorocarbon-nanoemulsions for site-specific 19F magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:114-122. [PMID: 31220572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorocarbon (PFC)-nanoemulsions (NE) are a convenient tool for 19F magnetic resonance imaging in cell and animal experiments. Typical preparation methods, like high-pressure homogenization or microfluidization, produce nanoemulsions in mL-scale. However, experiments usually require only miniscule amounts of PFC-NE, several 100 µL. For site-specific imaging tissue-specific ligands, e.g. peptides or antibodies, are covalently bound to the NE surface. This requires the use of expensive functionalized phospholipids containing reactive groups (e.g. maleimide), which often deteriorate quickly in liquid storage, rendering the manufacturing process highly cost-inefficient. A technique to manufacture storage stable NE that maintain their functionality for coupling of various ligands is desired. METHODS AND RESULTS Different PFC-NE formulations and preparation techniques were compared and the most suitable of these was tested in short-, as well as long-term stability tests. Droplet size stability was investigated by dynamic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy over 1.5 a. Surface modifiability was assessed by a fluorescence assay. The utility of these NE was proven in an in vitro model. CONCLUSION The established PFC-NE platform offers a cost-efficient way to produce larger amounts of long-term storable imaging agents, which can be surface-modified on demand for application in targeted 19F MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Krämer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - C Grapentin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Bouvain
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Temme
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - U Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Schubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Patil NA, Karas JA, Turner BJ, Shabanpoor F. Thiol-Cyanobenzothiazole Ligation for the Efficient Preparation of Peptide-PNA Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:793-799. [PMID: 30645945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-based drugs are emerging with great potential as therapeutic compounds for diseases with unmet medical needs. However, for ASOs to be effective as clinical entities, they should reach their intracellular RNA and DNA targets at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Over the past decades, various covalently attached delivery vehicles have been utilized for intracellular delivery of ASOs. One such approach is the use of biocompatible cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) covalently conjugated to ASOs. The stability of the linkage is of paramount importance for maximal intracellular delivery to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. In this study, we have investigated the efficiency and stability of four different bioorthogonal and nonreductive linkages including triazole, thioether, thiosuccinimide thioether and thiazole moieties. Here we have shown that thiazole and thiosuccinimide are the two most efficient and facile approaches for the preparation of peptide-ASO conjugates. The thiazole linkage had a higher stability compared to the thiosuccinimide thioether at physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C) in the presence of a biologically relevant concentration of glutathione. We have also shown that the peptide-ASO conjugate with a thiosuccinimide linkage has a significantly lower antisense activity compared to the peptide-ASO with the thiazole linkage, which maintains its antisense activity after 24 h of exposure to glutathione. In summary, we have demonstrated that the bioorthogonal thiazole linkage offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, fast reaction kinetics, absence of any byproducts, and higher stability compared to other conjugation approaches. This facile ligation can be used for the synthesis of a variety of bioconjugates where a stable linkage is required.
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