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Gong Y, Fu Y, Lou D. A Eu-MOF-Based Fluorescent Sensing Probe for the Detection of Tryptophan and Cu 2+ in Aqueous Solutions. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03633-9. [PMID: 38416282 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal tryptophan (Trp) metabolism can be used as an important indicator of chronic hepatitis, paranoia, Parkinson's disease and other diseases. Deficiency or excessive accumulation of Cu2+ can cause diseases such as Wilson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Eu-based metal-organic framework (Eu-MOF) was successfully prepared for fluorescence sensing of Trp and Cu2+ in an aqueous solution (pH = 7.4). Eu-MOF showed high selectivity and sensitivity for Trp and Cu2+ with detection limits of 0.22 µM and 0.09 µM and Ksv of 6.17 × 103 M- 1 and 2.37 × 104 M- 1 respectively. Trp and Cu2+ had overlapped UV absorption spectra with that of Eu-MOF and competed for the excitation light source. Trp also attenuated the antennae effect of organic ligands on Eu-MOF, thus quenching the red fluorescence of Eu-MOF. This study provides insights into the application of MOFs in bioanalysis and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Gong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, P.R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Lou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, P.R. China.
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2
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Shi P, Xia B, Qin Y, Zhou Y. Removal of multiple lipids from human plasma using a hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic framework aerogel as a new sorbent. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:222. [PMID: 37184589 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic framework aerogel COFTHB-TAPB-aerogel was designed and prepared as an adsorbent for the removal of multiple lipids from human plasma. The applications of 1,3,5-tris(4'-hydroxy-5'-formylphenyl)benzene (THB) and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) as monomers, DMSO/mesitylene (v/v, 4/1) as reaction solvent, and n-propylamine as reaction regulator endow COFTHB-TAPB-aerogel with good adsorption performance for multiple lipids. The morphology, phase purity, specific surface area, pore size, surface charge, and stability of COFTHB-TAPB-aerogel were characterized. Adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption kinetics studies showed that COFTHB-TAPB-aerogel had high equilibrium adsorption capacities (> 15913 mg g-1) and fast adsorption equilibrium (≤ 10 s) for the four model lipids tested. COFTHB-TAPB-aerogel had good reusability with the removal of the model lipids being still more than 91% after 10 use cycles. The sample pretreatment conditions and adsorbent amounts used in lipids removal experiments were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) using COFTHB-TAPB-aerogel as solid-phase extraction sorbent was validated with negligible matrix effects (0.4-3.0%) and good accuracy (86.7-110%) and was applied to determine 20 amino acids in human plasma samples from healthy individuals and gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) patients. The established method has been proved to have good application potential for the removal of multiple lipids in human plasma to reduce the matrix effects and improve the accuracy of clinical LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection, Chengdu, 611135, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongping Qin
- Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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3
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Pseudophase-aided in-line sample concentration for capillary electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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4
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Yu YL, Shi MZ, Zhu SC, Cao J. Rapid stacking of amino acids in soybean and Dendrobium officinale by on-capillary sandwich derivatization in capillary electrophoresis. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Liu C, Wei L, Zhang L, Li Z, Jia X, Geng X. Preparation of Carbon‐Based Nanodemulsifiers Derived from ZIF‐8 and their Demulsification Performance for Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University) Ministry of Education Daqing 163318 China E-mail: Wei
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology Daqing Normal University Daqing 163712 China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University) Ministry of Education Daqing 163318 China E-mail: Wei
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University) Ministry of Education Daqing 163318 China E-mail: Wei
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University) Ministry of Education Daqing 163318 China E-mail: Wei
| | - Xinlei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University) Ministry of Education Daqing 163318 China E-mail: Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou 256603 China
| | - Xiaoheng Geng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety Binzhou University Binzhou 256603 China
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6
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Liu QR, Liu B, Qiu MM, Miao WN, Xu L. A Europium MOF-based turn-off fluorescent sensor for tryptophan detection in human serum, urine and lake water. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Piestansky J, Olesova D, Matuskova M, Cizmarova I, Chalova P, Galba J, Majerova P, Mikus P, Kovac A. Amino acids in inflammatory bowel diseases: Modern diagnostic tools and methodologies. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 107:139-213. [PMID: 35337602 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are crucial building blocks of living organisms. Together with their derivatives, they participate in many intracellular processes to act as hormones, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. For several decades amino acids have been studied for their potential as markers of various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Subsequent improvements in sample pretreatment, separation, and detection methods have enabled the specific and very sensitive determination of these molecules in multicomponent matrices-biological fluids and tissues. The information obtained from targeted amino acid analysis (biomarker-based analytical strategy) can be further used for early diagnostics, to monitor the course of the disease or compliance of the patients. This review will provide an insight into current knowledge about inflammatory bowel diseases, the role of proteinogenic amino acids in intestinal inflammation and modern analytical techniques used in its diagnosis and disease activity monitoring. Current advances in the analysis of amino acids focused on sample pretreatment, separation strategy, or detection methods are highlighted, and their potential in clinical laboratories is discussed. In addition, the latest clinical data obtained from the metabolomic profiling of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases are summarized with a focus on proteinogenic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Piestansky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Olesova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Matuskova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Cizmarova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Chalova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Galba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Zhao XY, Wang J, Yang QS, Fu DL, Jiang DK. A hydrostable samarium(III)-MOF sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of tryptophan based on a "dual antenna effect". ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3994-4000. [PMID: 34528942 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01050f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is one of the essential amino acids, which plays important roles in biological systems and the normal growth of human beings, and it is of great significance to be able to detect Trp in a rapid, efficient, and sensitive way. Herein, a 3D network metal-organic framework ([Sm2(BTEC)1.5(H2O)8]·6H2O) with excellent thermal and water stability was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Interestingly, it could discriminate Trp from other natural amino acids in aqueous solution through a significant fluorescence enhancement effect, and showed high detection sensitivity (LOD = 330 nM) and outstanding anti-interference ability. The sensor system was successfully applied to the detection of Trp in practical samples, so it was expected to be a sensitive and efficient Trp sensor. In addition, the sensing mechanism was explained in detail by a series of characterization methods combined with density functional theory (DFT). There were many coordination water molecules in the crystal structure of the complex. Based on the small steric hindrance and molecular structure of water molecules, it provided the possibility for coordination interaction between Trp and Sm3+. On the other hand, the triplet energy level (T1) of Trp matched with the 4G5/2 vibrational energy level of Sm3+, so Trp could be used as the second "antenna molecule" besides 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (H4BTEC). Therefore, it effectively broadened the way for Sm-MOF to absorb excitation light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014000, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014000, China.
| | - Qi-Shan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014000, China.
| | - Dong-Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014000, China.
| | - Dao-Kuan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014000, China.
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De Silva M, Opallage PM, Dunn RC. Direct detection of inorganic ions and underivatized amino acids in seconds using high-speed capillary electrophoresis coupled with back-scatter interferometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1340-1348. [PMID: 33491683 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) combined with refractive index (RI) detection is developed for the rapid separation and detection of inorganic ions and amino acids. A mixture of three inorganic ions (K+, Na+, Li+) and eight amino acids (Lys, Arg, Ala, Gly, Val, Thr, Trp, Asp) are detected using back scatter interferometry (BSI), without the need for chemical modifications or contrast. A thin-walled separation capillary (50 μm i.d. by 80 μm o.d.) helps mitigate Joule heating at the high field strengths required for rapid separations. This, combined with a short 8 cm length-to-detector (10 cm total length), enables separations on the seconds time scale. Using a background electrolyte (BGE) of 4 M acetic acid (pH 1.6) and a field strength of 900 V cm-1, all 11 analytes are separated in less than 40 s. Moreover, peaks in the BSI signal arising from the sample injection and EOF, enable electrophoretic mobilities to readily be obtained from apparent mobilities. This leads to excellent repeatability, with analyte electrophoretic mobilities varying from 0.39 to 1.56 % RSD over eight consecutive separations. The universal detection of inorganic ions and amino acids without prior chemical modification or additives in the BGE is an advantage of refractive index detection. A disadvantage arises from modest detection limits. Here, however, we show that submicromolar detection is possible with careful thermostatting of the thin separation capillary. A series of electropherograms are used to quantify arginine concentrations from 700 nM to 500 μM, using 50 μM Li+ as an internal standard. The resulting calibration curve leads to a calculated LOD of 376 nM and a LOQ of 1.76 μM. Diagnostically relevant amino acid panels are also separated, illustrating the potential for future applications in neurodegenerative and metabolic disease diagnostics. HSCE combined with BSI detection, therefore, is shown to be a rapid, sensitive, and universal approach for analyzing sample mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuru De Silva
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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10
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Li JS, Qiu HM, Jiang QS, Liu YH, Zhang J, Gong T, Jiang XH. The variation in the levels of 18 amino acids in the cortex and plasma of cerebral ischemia C57BL/6 mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5084. [PMID: 33559223 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that amino acid (AA) neurotransmitters play important roles in the pathophysiological processes of cerebral ischemia. In this work, an HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLR) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 18 AAs in the cortex and plasma after cerebral ischemia in mice. The ischemia model was prepared by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, and then the cortex and plasma of the sham, ischemia, and naringenin groups were collected. Based on the protein precipitation method, a simple and effective sample preparation method was developed. The treated sample contained minimal proteins and lipids. The analysis of the sample was performed by the proposed HPLC-FLR method in combination with o-phthalaldehyde. The results showed a statistically significant increase in excitatory AAs (aspartic acid and glutamic acid), inhibitory AAs (glycine and 4-aminobutyric acid), phenylalanine, citrulline, isoleucine, and leucine levels, and a decrease of glutathione and phenylalanine levels when compared with the sham group in the cortex. Besides, the administration of naringenin had significant effects on excitatory AAs, inhibitory AA (glycine), glutamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and leucine levels when compared with the sham group in the cortex. These findings could be utilized in studying and clarifying the mechanisms of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sha Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Qiu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Song Jiang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Jiang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Li H, Li T, Shi X, Xu G. Recent development of nanoparticle-assisted metabolites analysis with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461785. [PMID: 33340742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics systematically studies the changes of metabolites in biological systems in the temporal or spatial dimensions. It is a challenging task for comprehensive analysis of metabolomics because of diverse physicochemical properties and wide concentration distribution of metabolites. Used as enrichment sorbents, chemoselective probes, chromatographic stationary phases, MS ionization matrix, nanomaterials play excellent roles in improving the selectivity, separation performance, detection sensitivity and identification efficiency of metabolites when mass spectrometry is employed as the detection technique. This review summarized the recent development of nanoparticle-assisted metabolites analysis in terms of assisting the pretreatment of biological samples, improving the separation performance and enhancing the MALDI-MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- SUSTech Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Ting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xianzhe Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Huo F, Wan T, Wang Y, Liu Y, Karmaker PG, Yang X. Enhanced light-emitting diode induced fluorescence detection system with capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460935. [PMID: 32067761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An enhanced fluorescence detection system of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was equipped with a concave silver mirror, by which the detection sensitivity of light-emitting diode induced fluorescence (LEDIF) can be increased greatly. The silver concave mirror and the cathode window in photomultiplier tube (PMT) were accurately set face to face at the same axis. When the two labeled tumor markers exactly moved to the center of detection window, the emission from analytes are excitated by LED source. Currently, the analytes may be regarded as a luminescent source point. When the source point exactly moves to the focus of the concave mirror, the emission of the labeled sample was collected effectively, enhanced by convergence and reflected by the concave mirror. Then it was sensitively detected by the PMT. The optical mechanism of enhancing detection sensitivity was explored. A simple comparative test on sensitivity was carried out, which aimed to compare sensitivity of the new detection system with concave mirror to that without concave mirror but the other conditions were kept the same. Two tumor markers labeled with FITC were selected for the test, using the simple LEDIF detect system. The results (LOD, 150 nM for L-Leu and L-Val) showed that the detection sensitivity matched with concave mirror reached more 16 times than the detection method without concave mirror.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro&Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, PR China; Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Ting Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro&Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, PR China; Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro&Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, PR China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro&Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, PR China; Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Pran Gopal Karmaker
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro&Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, PR China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China.
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