An LC–MS/MS spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of Rosuvastatin and Irbesartan in rat plasma: Insight into pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies

Unveiling Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interaction of Linagliptin and Pioglitazone HCl in Rat Plasma Using LC-MS/MS

The linagliptin (LIN) and pioglitazone HCl (PIO) combination, currently undergoing phase III clinical trials for diabetes mellitus treatment, demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control. However, the absence of an analytical method for simultaneous determination in biological fluids highlights a crucial gap. This underscores the pressing need for sensitive bioanalytical methods, emphasizing the paramount importance of developing such tools to advance diabetes management strategies and enhance patient care. Herein, a sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of LIN and PIO in rat plasma using alogliptin as an internal standard. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) using an isocratic mobile phase system consisting of ammonium formate (pH 4.5) and methanol using an acetonitrile-induced protein precipitation technique for sample preparation. Multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode was used for quantitation of the precursor to production at m/z 473.2 → 419.9 for LIN, 357.1 → 134.2 for PIO, and 340.3 → 116.1 for ALO. The linearity range was 0.5 to 100 and 1 to 2000 ng/mL for LIN and PIO, respectively. The developed method was validated as per US-FDA guidelines and successfully applied to clinical pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies with a single oral administration of LIN and PIO in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters of LIN were significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of PIO and vice versa. Molecular modeling revealed the significant interaction of LIN and PIO with P-glycoprotein. Therefore, the drug-drug interaction between LIN and PIO deserves further study to improve drug therapy and prevent dangerous adverse effects.

An immunochromatographic strip sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of candesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, and irbesartan in herbal beverages

Sartans, as a class of antihypertensive drugs, pose a threat to human health when illegally added to herbal beverages. It is crucial to detect sartans in herbal beverages. We have developed a highly sensitive monoclonal antibody against candesartan (CAN), olmesartan medoxomil (OLM), and irbesartan (IRB), with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) that were obtained via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) as 0.178 ng mL-1, 0.185 ng mL-1, and 0.262 ng mL-1 against CAN, OLM, and IRB, respectively. Based on this monoclonal antibody, we developed a rapid screening method for CAN, OLM, and IRB in herbal beverage samples using an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) strip. Test for 15 minutes after simple and rapid sample pre-treatment and the results of this method can be obtained through naked eye observation. The detection limits (LODs) of the ICA strip for CAN, OLM, and IRB in herbal beverage samples are lower than 0.15 ng mL-1, and the results of the ICA strip and ic-ELISA are consistent in spiked samples and recovery experiments. Therefore, this method can quickly, efficiently, and reliably achieve high-throughput on-site rapid detection of illegally added CAN, OLM, and IRB in herbal beverages.

Drug-drug interaction between danshensu and irbesartan and its potential mechanism

To uncover the effect of danshensu on irbesartan pharmacokinetics and its underlying mechanisms.To investigate the effect of danshensu on the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were orally administered 30 mg/kg irbesartan alone (control group) or pre-treated with 160 mg/kg danshensu (experimental group). The effect of danshensu on the metabolic stability of irbesartan in RLMs was examined by LC-MS/MS method. The effect of danshensu on CYP2C9 activity was also determined.Danshensu markedly increased the AUC(0-t) (9573 ± 441 vs. 16157 ± 559 μg/L*h) and Cmax (821 ± 24 vs. 1231 ± 44 μg/L) of irbesartan. Danshensu prolonged the t1/2 (13.39 ± 0.98 vs. 16.04 ± 1.21 h) and decreased the clearance rate (2.27 ± 0.14 vs. 1.19 ± 0.10 L/h/kg) of irbesartan. Danshensu enhanced the metabolic stability of irbesartan in vitro with prolonged t1/2 (36.34 ± 11.68 vs. 48.62 ± 12.03 min) and reduced intrinsic clearance (38.14 ± 10.24 vs. 28.51 ± 9.06 μL/min/mg protein). Additionally, the IC50 value for CYP2C9 inhibition by danshensu was 35.74 μM.Danshensu enhanced systemic exposure of irbesartan by suppressing CYP2C9. The finding can also serve as a guidance for further investigation of danshensu-irbesartan interaction in clinical practice.

The simultaneous quantification of Sitagliptin and Irbesartan in rat plasma using the validated LC-MS/MS method is applied to a pharmacokinetic study

Irbesartan (IRB), an angiotensin II receptor AT1 blocker, is an antihypertensive agent commonly used with Sitagliptin (STG), a novel antidiabetic agent in diabetes. A finalised and validated LC-MS/MS method was used for the bioanalytical quantification of STG and IRB to be applicable to studies on the P.K drug-drug interactions between STG and IRB. Using a YMC triart C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 3 µm), both the drugs and the Tolbutamide were separated using a gradient mode with a flow rate of 1 ml/min with run time of 5 min. For analyte detection, an LC-MS/MS system with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used. The technique was validated across a concentration range of 5-1000 ng/ml, with the LLOQ for both analytes being 5 ng/ml. At all QC levels accuracies from spiked samples were > 83% for both drugs and internal standards. The accuracy for STG within-batch and between-batch was found within 98.4-107.2%, and for IRB was found within 92.4-102.5%. The precision for STG within batch and between batches was less than 12.3% CV, and for IRB was less than 10.2% CV at all concentration levels. The pharmacokinetic profiles of STG and IRB were successfully applied on simultaneous oral administration to rats. This method applies to pharmacokinetic multidrug interaction studies.

Comparison of the Determination of Some Antihypertensive Drugs in Clinical Human Plasma Samples by Solvent Front Position Extraction and Precipitation Modes

The determination of the selected antihypertensive drugs in human plasma samples with the novel solvent front position extraction (SFPE) technique is presented. The SFPE procedure combined with LC-MS/MS analysis was used for the first time to prepare a clinical sample containing the drugs mentioned above from different therapeutic groups. The effectiveness of our approach was compared with the precipitation method. The latter technique is usually used to prepare biological samples in routine laboratories. During the experiments, the substances of interest and the internal standard were separated from other matrix components using a prototype horizontal chamber for thin-layer chromatography/high-performance thin-layer chromatography (TLC/HPTLC) with a moving pipette powered by a 3D mechanism, which distributed the solvent on the adsorbent layer. Detection of the six antihypertensive drugs was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Results obtained by SFPE were very satisfactory (linearity R² ≥ 0.981; %RSD ≤ 6%; LOD and LOQ were in the range of 0.06-9.78 ng/mL and 0.17-29.64 ng/mL, respectively). The recovery was in the range of 79.88-120.36%. Intra-day and inter-day precision had a percentage coefficient of variation (CV) in the range of 1.10-9.74%. The procedure is simple and highly effective. It includes the automation of TLC chromatogram development, which significantly reduced the number of manual operations performed, the time of sample preparation and solvent consumption.

Role of angiotensin receptor blockers in the context of Alzheimer's disease

As the world's population ages, the prevalence of age-related neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing. There is currently no treatment for Alzheimer's disease, and the few approved medications have a low success rate in lowering symptoms. As a result, several attempts are underway worldwide to identify new targets for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. In preclinical studies of Alzheimer's disease, it was recently found that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and blocking of the angiotensin II receptors reduce symptoms of neurodegeneration, Aβ plaque development, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Angiotensin II type I (AT1) blockers, such as telmisartan, candesartan, valsartan, and others, have a wide safety margin and are commonly used to treat hypertension. Renal and cardiovascular failures are reduced due to their vascular protective actions. Inhibition of AT1 receptors in the brain has a neuroprotective impact in humans, reducing the risk of stroke, increasing cognition, and slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The review focuses on the mechanisms via which AT1 blockers may act beneficially in Alzheimer's disease. Although their effect is evident in preclinical studies, clinical trials, on the other hand, are in short supply to validate the strategy. More dose-response experiments with possible AT1 blockers and brain-targeted administration will be needed in the future.

New steps in acute coronary syndrome and antihyperlipidemic treatment: determination of statins and metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Our aim in this study was to develop a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and their major metabolites, furthermore to evaluate patients' adherence to statin therapy and to investigate the effect of statin therapy on various hematological and biochemical parameters. A simple protein precipitation was performed for the extraction of analytes and the extracted samples were injected directly. The levels of drugs and their metabolites were measured by the validated method in a total of 210 patients diagnosed with unstable angina pectoris, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Various biochemical and hematological parameters were measured. Linearity range for atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were 1.22-2500 ng/mL and 0.97-2000 ng/mL, respectively. The inter-assay CV% for all analytes is ≤ 6%. In patients diagnosed with USAP, STEMI, and NSTEMI, treatment compliance rates were 22.1%, 23.5%, 41.2% for atorvastatin and 36.1%, 40.2%, 67.1% for rosuvastatin, respectively. An economical, simple and reliable measurement method has been developed. Our findings supported the poor patient compliance with statin therapy in the included population. It was observed that 6 months of statin treatment caused slight changes in biochemical and hematological parameters.

Study of influence of Catha edulis (Khat) chewing on oral pharmacokinetics of Irbesartan in rats using a newly developed HPLC-UV method

Khat consumers might use a number of drugs for underlying conditions; however the potential drug-herb interaction between khat and other drugs including Irbesartan (IRB) is unknown. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of khat chewing on pharmacokinetic profile of IRB, a commonly available antihypertensive agent. The pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered IRB (15.5 mg/kg) with and without pre-administration of khat (12.4 mg/kg) were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats. IRB was estimated in rat plasma samples using a newly developed HPLC method. The chromatographic separation of the drug and internal standard (IS) was performed on a C-18 column (Raptor C-18, 100 mm × 4.6 mm id.; 5 µm) using a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile in a ratio 60:40 v/v. Acceptable linearity for IRB was recorded at 1 – 12 µg/mL concentration range (R² > 0.99). Intra-day and inter-day precision (%RSD = 0.44% − 3.27% and 0.39–1.98% respectively) and accuracy (% recovery = 98.3 – 104.3%) in rat plasma was within the acceptable limit according to USFDA guidelines. The AUC_0-t was found to be significantly increased in IRB-khat co-administered rats as compared to rats receiving IRB only; whereas, the T_max (0.5 h) value remained unchanged. Results of this study revealed that the IRB level considerably increased in rat plasma upon co-administration of khat. This might be due to the inhibition of CYP2D9 by khat which is the principal cytochrome P450 isoform responsible for IRB metabolism.

Pharmacokinetic study on the interaction between succinic acid and irbesartan in rats and its potential mechanism

CONTEXT

Succinic acid and irbesartan are commonly used drugs in cardiovascular disease treatment. The interaction might occur during their co-administration, which was still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To reveal the effect of succinic acid on the metabolism of irbesartan and its potential mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were treated with a single dose of 30 mg/kg irbesartan (control) or the co-administration with the pre-treatment of 200 mg/kg succinic acid for 7 d. The effect of succinic acid on the metabolic stability and the activity of CYP2C9 was evaluated in rat liver microsomes.

RESULTS

Succinic acid increased the AUC (5328.71 ± 959.31 μg/L × h vs. 3340.23 ± 737.75 μg/L × h) and prolonged the half-life of irbesartan (from 12.79 ± 0.73 h to 20.59 ± 6.35 h). The T_max (2.83 ± 0.75 h vs. 3.83 ± 1.10 h) and clearance rate (3.46 ± 1.13 L/h/kg vs. 6.91 ± 1.65 L/h/kg) of irbesartan was reduced by succinic acid. Consistently, succinic acid improved the metabolic stability (half-life from 23.32 ± 3.46 to 27.35 ± 2.15 min, intrinsic clearance rate from 59.43 ± 6.12 to 50.68 ± 5.64 μL/min/mg protein). Succinic acid was also found to inhibit the activity of CYP2C9 with the IC₅₀ value of 13.87 μM.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Succinic acid increased the system exposure of irbesartan via inhibiting CYP2C9. The experiment design of this study also provides a reference for the further validation of this interaction in humans.

A rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of berberine and irbesartan in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study after oral administration in rats

A sensitive, reproducible, and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine the concentration of berberine (BBR) and irbesartan in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma, and applied to study the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) between BBR and irbesartan in rats. In this method, diphenhydramine was used as the internal standard, and the liquid-liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate as the extraction agent was used for sample preparation. After extraction, the prepared samples were run on an Agilent Welchrom C₁₈ column with the mobile phase consisting of methanol-acetonitrile-water solution with 0.5% formic acid (45:50:5, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min^-1 . The analytes BBR, irbesartan, and diphenhydramine (IS) were detected using multiple reactions monitoring mode, with the ion transitions being m/z 336.1 → m/z 320.0, m/z 429.1 → m/z 206.9, and m/z 256.2 → m/z 167.0, respectively. In the rats' plasma, BBR had good linearity in the range of 0.5-100 ng·mL^-1 with the lower limit of quantitation of 0.5 ng·mL^-1 , and the accuracy, intra-day, and inter-day precision were less than 12.33%. Irbesartan had good linearity in the range of 20-1200 ng·mL^-1 with the lower limit of quantification of 20 ng·mL^-1 , and the accuracy, intra-day, and inter-day precision were less than 13.55%. The validated method was verified to meet the determination requirements of biological samples. It was the first time to study the pharmacokinetics of DDI between BBR and irbesartan successfully, which would be necessary and beneficial to explore the clinical safety and efficacy of the combination of BBR and irbesartan in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

An LC-MS/MS analytical method for the determination of uremic toxins in patients with end-stage renal disease

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of chronic kidney disease, characterized by the progressive accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs). Hemodialysis is the standard approach to remove UTs from the body. Creatinine and urea levels are important indices of hemodialysis effectiveness, but the utility of those markers to estimate the removal of UTs, especially protein-binding UTs is limited. We developed an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of UTs and to provide markers for evaluating hemodialysis effectiveness. These substances were extracted from serum samples after acetonitrile precipitation of protein and then separated on a HILIC column. The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min with a run time of 8.0 min for the negative ion mode and positive ion mode each. In this study 26 UTs were determined in normal subjects and in patients with ESRD before and after hemodialysis; serum levels were significantly higher in patients with ESRD than in subjects with normal renal function. A significant decrease in a variety of serum UTs were observed in patients after dialysis treatment, but no change in the levels of orotic acid, CMPF, kynurenic acid, p-cresol sulfate, phenyl-β-d-glucuronide, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate and 3-indolyl-β-d-glucopyranoside was found. These results show that some UTs could not be completely removed by hemodialysis. In addition, some biomarkers of different types of UTs are proposed for evaluating hemodialysis effectiveness.

Irbesartan (a comprehensive profile)

Irbesartan, (2-butyl-3-({4-[2-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl}methyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-4-one), is a member of non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists used worldwide in the treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. Irbesartan can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide). These combination products are indicated for hypertension in patients with uncontrolled hypertension with monotherapy or first line in patients not expected to be well controlled with monotherapy. Irbesartan is also indicated for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, an elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. Irbesartan exerts its action mainly via a selective blockade action on AT1 receptors and the consequent reduced pressor effect of angiotensin II. This article discusses, by a critical comprehensive review of the literature on irbesartan in terms of its description, names, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, and therapeutic uses. The article also discusses the methods for preparation of irbesartan, its physical-chemical properties, analytical methods for its determination, pharmacological-toxicological properties, and dosing information.

Simultaneous quantification of candesartan and irbesartan in rabbit eye tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of vision loss in adults. Novel eye-drop formulations of candesartan and irbesartan are being developed for its cure or treatment. To support a preclinical trial in rabbits, it was critical to develop and validate a new LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of candesartan and irbesartan in rabbit eye tissues (cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous body and retina/choroid). Eye tissue samples were first homogenized in H₂ O-diluted rabbit plasma. The candesartan and irbesartan in the supernatants together with their respective internal standards (candesartan-d₄ and irbesartan-d₄ ) were extracted by solid-phase extraction. The extracted samples were injected onto a C₁₈ column for gradient separation. The MS detection was in the positive electrospray ionization mode using the multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 441 → 263, 445 → 267, 429 → 207, and 433 → 211 for candesartan, candesartan-d₄ , irbesartan and irbesartan-d₄ , respectively. For the validated concentration ranges (2-2000 and 5-5000 ng/g for candesartan and irbesartan, respectively), the within-run and between-run accuracies (% bias) were within the range of -8.0-10.0. The percentage CV ranged from 0.6 to 7.3. There was no significant matrix interference nor matrix effect from different eye tissues and different rabbits. The validated method was successfully used in the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) study of rabbits.