1
|
Xue H, Mei C, Wang F, Tang X. Relationship among Chinese herb polysaccharide (CHP), gut microbiota, and chronic diarrhea and impact of CHP on chronic diarrhea. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5837-5855. [PMID: 37823142 PMCID: PMC10563694 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diarrhea, including diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), osmotic diarrhea, bile acid diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is a common problem which is highly associated with disorders of the gut microbiota composition such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and so on. A growing number of studies have supported the view that Chinese herbal formula alleviates the symptoms of diarrhea by modulating the fecal microbiota. Chinese herbal polysaccharides (CHPs) are natural polymers composed of monosaccharides that are widely found in Chinese herbs and function as important active ingredients. Commensal gut microbiota has an extensive capacity to utilize CHPs and play a vital role in degrading polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Many CHPs, as prebiotics, have an antidiarrheal role to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. This review systematically summarizes the relationship among gut microbiota, chronic diarrhea, and CHPs as well as recent progress on the impacts of CHPs on the gut microbiota and recent advances on the possible role of CHPs in chronic diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xue
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach DiseasesXiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chun‐Feng Mei
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach DiseasesXiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Feng‐Yun Wang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach DiseasesXiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xu‐Dong Tang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach DiseasesXiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Sun Y, Fan M, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Gao X, He X, Li X, Zhao D, Sagratini G, Su H, Qi W. Prevention effect of total ginsenosides and ginseng extract from Panax ginseng on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3583-3601. [PMID: 37070654 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Oral decoction is widely applied in traditional Chinese medicines. The polysaccharides of decoction promote the exposure of small molecules and increase their bioavailability. This study mainly compared the component and activities of total ginsenosides (TGS) and ginseng extract (GE) on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into control, model, TGS, and GE groups. The mice were orally administered for 28 days and then injected with cyclophosphamide on the last four days. The results of component analysis showed the total content of 12 ginsenosides in TGS (67.21%) was higher than GE (2.04%); the total content of 17 amino acids in TGS (1.41%) was lower than GE (5.36%); the total content of 10 monosaccharides was similar in TGS (74.12%) and GE (76.36%). The animal results showed that both TGS and GE protected the hematopoietic function of bone marrow by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and recovering the normal cell cycle of BM; maintained the dynamic balance between the Th1 and Th2 cells; also protected the spleen, thymus, and liver. Meanwhile, TGS and GE protected the intestinal bacteria of immunosuppressed mice by increasing the abundance of lactobacillus and decreasing the abundance of the odoribacter and clostridia_UCG-014. The prevention effect of GE was superior to TGS in some parameters. In conclusion, TGS and GE protected the immune function of immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Meanwhile, GE showed higher bioavailability and bioactivity compared with TGS, because the synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides plays an important role in protecting the immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Meiling Fan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lancao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xinzhu He
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | | | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Sun Y, Fan M, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Gao X, He X, Li X, Zhao D, Sagratini G, Su H, Qi W. Prevention effect of total ginsenosides and ginseng extract from Panax ginseng on cyclophosphamide‐induced immunosuppression in mice. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3583-3601. [DOI: doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
AbstractOral decoction is widely applied in traditional Chinese medicines. The polysaccharides of decoction promote the exposure of small molecules and increase their bioavailability. This study mainly compared the component and activities of total ginsenosides (TGS) and ginseng extract (GE) on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Thirty‐two mice were randomly divided into control, model, TGS, and GE groups. The mice were orally administered for 28 days and then injected with cyclophosphamide on the last four days. The results of component analysis showed the total content of 12 ginsenosides in TGS (67.21%) was higher than GE (2.04%); the total content of 17 amino acids in TGS (1.41%) was lower than GE (5.36%); the total content of 10 monosaccharides was similar in TGS (74.12%) and GE (76.36%). The animal results showed that both TGS and GE protected the hematopoietic function of bone marrow by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and recovering the normal cell cycle of BM; maintained the dynamic balance between the Th1 and Th2 cells; also protected the spleen, thymus, and liver. Meanwhile, TGS and GE protected the intestinal bacteria of immunosuppressed mice by increasing the abundance of lactobacillus and decreasing the abundance of the odoribacter and clostridia_UCG‐014. The prevention effect of GE was superior to TGS in some parameters. In conclusion, TGS and GE protected the immune function of immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Meanwhile, GE showed higher bioavailability and bioactivity compared with TGS, because the synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides plays an important role in protecting the immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Camerino Italy
| | - Meiling Fan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of Pharmacy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Lancao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Pharmacy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xinzhu He
- College of Pharmacy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | | | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma J, Li K, Shi S, Li J, Tang S, Liu L. The Application of UHPLC-HRMS for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922488. [PMID: 35721122 PMCID: PMC9201421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UHPLC-HRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry) is a new technique that unifies the application of UHPLC with HRMS. Because of the high sensitivity and good separation ability of UHPLC and the sensitivity of HRMS, this technique has been widely used for structure identification, quantitative determination, fingerprint analysis, and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in recent years. This review mainly outlines the advantages of using UHPLC-HRMS and provides a survey of the research advances on UHPLC-HRMS for the quality control of TCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Silin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sunv Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - LiangHong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Yao L, Tang C, Jiang J, Ye Y, Liu J. Qualitatively and quantitatively investigating the metabolism of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides by gut microbiota of different species. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5219. [PMID: 34327712 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3 and Rc, four major protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, can be metabolized by gut microbiota. The composition of gut microbiota varies in different species. Existing publications have reported the metabolite fates of ginsenosides by gut microbiota from single species. However, their microbiota-related metabolic species differences have not been evaluated yet. In current study, in vitro anaerobic incubations of PPD-type ginsenosides with gut microbiota from humans, rabbits and rats were conducted. The metabolites of each ginsenoside were then identified by LC-MS. A total of 15 metabolites from the four ginsenosides were identified. The major metabolic pathways were stepwise removals of the C-20 and C-3 sugar moieties to obtain aglycone PPD. The results showed that the hydrolysis rate of C-20 terminal β-D-glucopyranosyl was significantly higher than those of α-L-arabinopyranosyl, β-D-xylopyranosyl and α-L-arabinofuranosyl in different species. The activity of β-glucosidase, the metabolic rates of parent compounds and the formation rates of their metabolites were significantly higher in gut microbiota from rabbits than from humans and rats. Our research draws researchers' attention to the species differences of microbiota-related drug metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianlan Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dai B, Wang ZZ, Zhang H, Han MX, Zhang GX, Chen JW. Antihypertensive properties of a traditional Chinese medicine GAO-ZI-YAO in elderly spontaneous hypertensive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110739. [PMID: 32932045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study aims to investigate the antihypertensive effect and the underlying mechanism of GAO-ZI-YAO, one of the traditional Chinese medicines, in elderly spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS 12-month-old male SHRs were randomly divided into five groups on the basis of treatment with different doses of GAO-ZI-YAO or angiotensin II receptor-1 blocker (ARB, Irbesartan) for four weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), and serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (Ang II), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α were measured. The pathological changes of ventricular muscle and thoracic aorta were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E). RESULTS GAO-ZI-YAO treatment reduced SBP in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by the inhibition of the development of cardiovascular remodeling. Although GAO-ZI-YAO treatment markedly increased serum levels of NO and suppressed serum levels of Ang II, this medicine did not affect the serum levels of ET-1 and VEGF. In addition, GAO-ZI-YAO also inhibited inflammatory response parameters (inflammatory cell infiltration in cardiac tissues and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION GAO-ZI-YAO exerts antihypertensive and anti-cardiovascular-remodeling effects in elderly SHR, which may be through regulation of NO, Ang II production, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 18 Yang-Su Road, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Zi-Zhang Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 18 Yang-Su Road, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 18 Yang-Su Road, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Guo-Xing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Dushu Lake Campus, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jing-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 18 Yang-Su Road, Suzhou, 215003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu L, Xu J, Shi G, Xiao S, Dai R, Wu S, Sun B, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Optimization of flash extraction, separation of ginsenosides, identification by HPLC-FT-ICR-MS and determination of rare ginsenosides in mountain cultivated ginseng. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44050-44057. [PMID: 35517153 PMCID: PMC9058395 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we used the flash extraction method (FEM) to extract ginsenosides from mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG), optimized the FEM process by response surface methodology (RSM), and separated 23 kinds of ginsenosides from MCG, including rare ginsenoside Rg3, 20(R/S)-Rg2, Rk3, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh1, F1 and Rg6. Among them, notoginsenoside R1 was isolated from MCG for the first time. Additionally, we established an HPLC-FT-ICR-MS method to accurately identify 20 ginsenosides in MCG, and quantitatively analyzed the differences in the content of rare ginsenosides in MCG and Garden-Cultivated Ginseng (CG) by HPLC-UV. The results showed that the chemical components of MCG and CG were similar, but the ginsenoside content of MCG was double that of CG. Notably, the content of ginsenoside 20 (S)-Rh2 and 20 (R)-Rh1 had the largest difference, and the content in MCG was 33 and 24 times higher than that in CG, respectively. Through quantitative analysis, we clarified the reason why the activity of MCG is stronger than that of CG, which provided a theoretical basis for clinical application and further research of MCG. 23 ginsenosides, including rare ginsenosides, were separated from MCG by flash extraction technique. Through quantitative analysis, we found that the content of rare ginsenosides in MCG was higher than that in CG.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Guohui Shi
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Shengnan Xiao
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Rongke Dai
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Shao Wu
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Baoshan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery
| |
Collapse
|