Comparative study on metabolic profiling and excretion in rat bile between combination of notoginseng total saponins and safflower total flavonoids and its individual extracts by LC-MS/MS

Borneol acts as an adjuvant agent to enhance the oral absorption of Panax notoginseng saponins in rats: Effect of optical configuration and compatibility ratios

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), as the main active component of Panax notoginseng, shows broad pharmacological effects but with low oral bioavailability. Borneol (BO) is commonly used as an adjuvant drug in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proven to facilitate the absorption of ginsenosides such as Rg1 and Rb1 in vivo. The presence of chiral carbons has resulted in three optical isomers of BO commercially available in the market, all of which are documented by national standards.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the role of BO in promoting the oral absorption of PNS from the perspective of optical configuration and compatibility ratios.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) method was validated and applied to determine the concentrations of five main saponins in PNS in rat plasma. The kinetic characteristics of PNS were compared when co-administered with BO based on optical isomerism and different compatibility ratios.

RESULTS

The results showed that BO promoted the exposure of PNS in rats. Three forms of BO, namely d-borneol (DB), l-borneol (LB), and synthetic borneol (SB), exhibited different promotion strengths. SB elevated PNS exposure in rats more than DB or LB. It is also interesting to note that under different compatibility ratios, SB can exert a strong promoting effect only when PNS and BO were combined in a 1:1 ratio (PNS 75 mg/kg; BO 75 mg/kg). As a pharmacokinetic booster, the dosage of BO is worthy of consideration and should follow the traditional medication principles of Chinese medicine.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shed new light on the compatible use of PNS and BO from the perspective of "configuration-dose-influence" of BO. The results provide important basis for the clinical application and selection of BO.

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine on metabolism disturbance in ischemic heart diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ischemic heart diseases (IHD), characterized by metabolic dysregulation, contributes majorly to the global morbidity and mortality. Glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism are critical energy production for cardiomyocytes, and disturbances of these metabolism lead to the cardiac injury. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), widely used for treating IHD, have been demonstrated to effectively and safely regulate the cardiac metabolism reprogramming.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This study discussed and analyzed the disturbed cardiac metabolism induced by IHD and development of formulas, extracts, single herb, bioactive compounds of TCM ameliorating IHD injury via metabolism regulation, with the aim of providing a basis for the development of clinical application of therapeutic strategies for TCM in IHD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

With "ischemic heart disease", "myocardial infarction", "myocardial ischemia", "metabolomics", "Chinese medicine", "herb", "extracts" "medicinal plants", "glucose", "lipid metabolism", "amino acid" as the main keywords, PubMed, Web of Science, and other online search engines were used for literature retrieval.

RESULTS

IHD exhibits a close association with metabolism disorders, including but not limited to glycolysis, the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, branched-chain amino acids, fatty acid β-oxidation, ketone body metabolism, sphingolipid and glycerol-phospholipid metabolism. The therapeutic potential of TCM lies in its ability to regulate these disturbed cardiac metabolisms. Additionally, the active ingredients of TCM have depicted wonderful effects in cardiac metabolism reprogramming in IHD.

CONCLUSION

Drawing from the principles of TCM, we have pinpointed specific herbal remedies for the treatment of IHD, and leveraged advanced metabolomics technologies to uncover the effect of these TCMs on metabolomics alteration. In the future, further clinical experimental studies should be included to explore whether more TCM medicines can play a therapeutic role in IHD by reversing cardiac metabolism disorders; multi-omics would be conducted to explore more pathways and genes targeting such metabolism reprogramming by TCMs, and to seek more TCM therapies for IHD.

Network pharmacology-guided and TCM theory-supported in vitro and in vivo component identification of Naoluoxintong

Naoluoxintong (NLXT) has been used to treat ischemic stroke (IS) in China for more than two hundred years. However, the pharmacodynamic material basis of NLXT has not been fully studied. Under the guidance of the former network pharmacological analysis, a rapid and reliable method combining UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE with the novel informatics UNIFI™ platform was established which was used to study the composition of NLXT and its prototype components and metabolites in vivo. A total of 102 compounds were identified. 13 compounds were sourced from "Monarch herb", mainly involving flavonoids and their glycosides. 54 compounds were sourced from "Minister herb", mainly involving triterpenoid saponins, organic acids and lactones. 11 compounds were from the "Assistant herb", mostly containing citric acid and esters of citric acid. 24 compounds were from the "Guide herb", mostly including flavonoids and their glycosides, organic acids and lactones. Moreover, 24 prototype components and 30 metabolites were detected, and in vivo transformation pathways for different types of chemical components were provided. This is a comprehensive report on the identification of major chemical components in NLXT and metabolic components in rats by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with UNIFI platform under the guidance of network pharmacology, which is helpful for the quality control of NLXT and the study of quality markers.

Target profiling of flavonol glycosides in the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf and their pharmacokinetics in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

The extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf is a popular herbal product or dietary supplement in the world to treat various diseases, and flavonol glycosides are considered as the main bioactive constituents. In this study, 37 flavonol glycosides were rapidly screened out by precursor ion scanning in positive ion mode with production ions at m/z 287.05, 303.05, and 317.06. Subsequently, a reliable and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry approach was established and validated to quantify the 20 prototype flavonol glycosides in rat plasma. Calibration curves showed good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9894) over the corresponding concentration range. The precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were also satisfactory. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of prototype flavonol glycosides in rat after oral administration of the extract of G. biloba leaf. As a result, the T_max of flavonol glycosides was short at 0.11-0.60 h. Quercetin-3-O-(2",6″-di-O-rhamnosyl)-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-(2'',6''-di-O-rhamnosyl)-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin- 3-O-glucosyl-(1-2)-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside presented relatively high systemic exposure levels with AUC_0-∞  > 500 μg h/L and C_max  > 100 μg/L. This study would provide the valuable information for further scientific research and clinical application of the extract of G. biloba leaf.

The synergistic mechanism of total saponins and flavonoids in Notoginseng-Safflower pair against myocardial ischemia uncovered by an integrated metabolomics strategy

The Notoginseng-Safflower pair composed of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen and Carthamus tinctorius L. has remarkable clinical efficacy for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases in China. Notoginseng total saponins (NS) and Safflower total flavonoids (SF) are the major effective ingredients in Notoginseng and Safflower, respectively. Though our previous study showed that the combination of NS and SF (NS-SF) exhibits significant cardioprotective effects for myocardial ischemia (MI), there might be difference in their action mechanisms. However, the anti-MI characteristics of individual NS and SF remains unclear. Herein, an integrated metabolomics strategy coupled with multiple biological methods were employed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of NS and SF alone or in combination against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI and to further explore the synergistic relationship between NS and SF. Our results demonstrated that pretreatments with NS, SF, and NS-SF all showed cardioprotective effects against MI injury and NS-SF exhibited to be the best. Interestingly, the results demonstrated that NS and SF exhibited differentiated metabolic targets and mediators in the glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, administration of NS alone exhibited greater effects on reversing the elevated the proinflammatory metabolites and mediators in MI rats compared to SF alone. However, individual SF showed greater amelioration of MI-disturbed antioxidant and prooxidative metabolites and better inhibition of the oxidative stress than NS alone. Collectively, our study demonstrated that the capability of NS-SF to regulate both metabolic targets of NS and SF might be the basis of NS-SF to produce a cooperative effect greater than their individual effects that enhance the anti-MI efficacy and provided valuable information for the clinical application of Notoginseng-Safflower pair.