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Wang Q, Wang Q, Qi Z, Moeller W, Wysocki VH, Sun L. Native Proteomics by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590970. [PMID: 38712154 PMCID: PMC11071496 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Native proteomics measures endogenous proteoforms and protein complexes under a near physiological condition using native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with liquid-phase separations. Native proteomics should provide the most accurate bird's-eye view of proteome dynamics within cells, which is fundamental for understanding almost all biological processes. nMS has been widely employed to characterize well-purified protein complexes. However, there are only very few trials of utilizing nMS to measure proteoforms and protein complexes in a complex sample (i.e., a whole cell lysate). Here, we pioneer the native proteomics measurement of large proteoforms or protein complexes up to 400 kDa from a complex proteome via online coupling of native capillary zone electrophoresis (nCZE) to an ultra-high mass range (UHMR) Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The nCZE-MS technique enabled the measurement of a 115-kDa standard protein complex while consuming only about 0.1 ng of protein material. nCZE-MS analysis of an E . coli cell lysate detected 72 proteoforms or protein complexes in a mass range of 30-400 kDa in a single run while consuming only 50-ng protein material. The mass distribution of detected proteoforms or protein complexes agreed well with that from mass photometry measurement. This work represents a technical breakthrough in native proteomics for measuring complex proteomes.
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Yan Y, Xing T, Huang X, Peng W, Wang S, Li N. Affinity-Resolved Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Tool to Study the Attribute-and-Function Relationship in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11716-11724. [PMID: 38986034 PMCID: PMC11270518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important aspect during the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Attributes that affect either the target binding or Fc receptor engagement may have direct impacts on the drug safety and efficacy and thus are considered as CQAs. Native size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based competitive binding assay has recently been reported and demonstrated significant benefits compared to conventional approaches for CQA identification, owing to its faster turn-around and higher multiplexity. Expanding on the similar concept, we report the development of a novel affinity-resolved size exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (AR-SEC-MS) method for rapid CQA evaluation in therapeutic mAbs. This method features wide applicability, fast turn-around, high multiplexity, and easy implementation. Using the well-studied Fc gamma receptor III-A (FcγRIIIa) and Fc interaction as a model system, the effectiveness of this method in studying the attribute-and-function relationship was demonstrated. Further, two case studies were detailed to showcase the application of this method in assessing CQAs related to antibody target binding, which included unusual N-linked glycosylation in a bispecific antibody and Met oxidation in a monospecific antibody, both occurring within the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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3
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Fischer MS, Rogers HT, Chapman EA, Chan HJ, Krichel B, Gao Z, Larson EJ, Ge Y. Online Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange Chromatography for Native Top-Down Proteomics of Complex Mixtures. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2315-2322. [PMID: 38913967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Native top-down mass spectrometry (nTDMS) allows characterization of protein structure and noncovalent interactions with simultaneous sequence mapping and proteoform characterization. The majority of nTDMS studies utilize purified recombinant proteins, with significant challenges hindering application to endogenous systems. To perform native top-down proteomics (nTDP), where endogenous proteins from complex biological systems are analyzed by nTDMS, it is essential to separate proteins under nondenaturing conditions. However, it remains difficult to achieve high resolution with MS-compatible online chromatography while preserving protein tertiary structure and noncovalent interactions. Herein, we report the use of online mixed-bed ion exchange chromatography (IEC) to enable separation of endogenous proteins from complex mixtures under nondenaturing conditions, preserving noncovalent interactions for nTDP analysis. We have successfully detected large proteins (>146 kDa) and identified endogenous metal-binding and oligomeric protein complexes in human heart tissue lysate. The use of a mixed-bed stationary phase allowed retention and elution of proteins over a wide range of isoelectric points without altering the sample or mobile phase pH. Overall, our method provides a simple online IEC-MS platform that can effectively separate proteins from complex mixtures under nondenaturing conditions and preserve higher-order structure for nTDP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Holden T Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Emily A Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hsin-Ju Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Boris Krichel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2a, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Yang Y, Rao R, Valliere-Douglass J, Tremintin G. Automated high-throughput buffer exchange platform enhances rapid flow analysis of antibody drug conjugates by high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124007. [PMID: 38387340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are an increasingly important therapeutic class of molecules for the treatment of cancer. Average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug-load distribution are critical quality attributes of ADCs with the potential to impact efficacy and toxicity of the molecule and need to be analytically characterized and understood. Several platform methods including hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) have been developed for that purpose; however, each presents some limitations. In this work, we assessed a new sample preparation and buffer exchange platform coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry for characterizing the drug-load and distribution of several cysteine-linked ADCs conjugated with a variety of chemotypes. Several criteria were evaluated during the optimization of the buffer exchange-mass spectrometry system performance and the data generated with the system were compared with results from nSEC-MS and HIC. The results indicated that the platform enables automated and high throughput quantitative DAR characterization for antibody-drug conjugates with high reproducibility and offers several key advantages over existing approaches that are used for chemotype-agnostic ADC characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Bruker Scientific, LLC., 101 Daggett Drive, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Romesh Rao
- Analytical Sciences, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive S.E., Bothell, WA, USA.
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Liu S, Yan Y, Secor CM, Oberholtzer ZR, Skow DJ, Sheikh M, Moon Y, Fu Y, Sandu C, Wang S, Li N, Nguyen JB, Rosconi MP, Pyles EA. Enrichment strategy and initial characterization of heterodimers enriched from a co-formulated cocktail of therapeutic antibodies against SARS-COV-2. MAbs 2024; 16:2338301. [PMID: 38591617 PMCID: PMC11005800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2338301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-formulation of multiple drug products is an efficient and convenient approach to simultaneously deliver multiple biotherapeutics with the potentially added benefit of a synergistic therapeutic effect. However, co-formulation also increases the risk of heteromeric interactions, giving rise to unique impurities with unknown efficacy and immunogenicity. Therefore, it is critical to develop methods to evaluate the risk of heteromers as an impurity that could affect potency, efficacy, and/or immunogenicity. The most direct strategy to evaluate antibody heteromers is via specific enrichment. However, the fact that antibody heterodimers generated from the co-formulated cocktail share highly similar molar mass and size properties as homodimers natively present in each individual antibody drug product poses a unique purification challenge. Here, we report the path to successful enrichment of heterodimers from co-formulated REGEN-COVⓇ and discuss its potential impacts on drug quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Liu
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Cody M. Secor
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Donna J. Skow
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Mushhood Sheikh
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Youmi Moon
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Yue Fu
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Cristinel Sandu
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Nguyen
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. Rosconi
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Erica A. Pyles
- Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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6
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Kaltashov IA, Ivanov DG, Yang Y. Mass spectrometry-based methods to characterize highly heterogeneous biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, and nonbiological complex drugs at the intact-mass level. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:139-165. [PMID: 36582075 PMCID: PMC10307928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The intact-mass MS measurements are becoming increasingly popular in characterization of a range of biopolymers, especially those of interest to biopharmaceutical industry. However, as the complexity of protein therapeutics and other macromolecular medicines increases, the new challenges arise, one of which is the high levels of structural heterogeneity that are frequently exhibited by such products. The very notion of the molecular mass measurement loses its clear and intuitive meaning when applied to an extremely heterogenous system that cannot be characterized by a unique mass, but instead requires that a mass distribution be considered. Furthermore, convoluted mass distributions frequently give rise to unresolved ionic signal in mass spectra, from which little-to-none meaningful information can be extracted using standard approaches that work well for homogeneous systems. However, a range of technological advances made in the last decade, such as the hyphenation of intact-mass MS measurements with front-end separations, better integration of ion mobility in MS workflows, development of an impressive arsenal of gas-phase ion chemistry tools to supplement MS methods, as well as the revival of the charge detection MS and its triumphant entry into the field of bioanalysis already made impressive contributions towards addressing the structural heterogeneity challenge. An overview of these techniques is accompanied by critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, and a brief overview of their applications to specific classes of biopharmaceutical products, vaccines, and nonbiological complex drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01003
| | - Daniil G. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01003
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Füssl F, Millán-Martín S, Bones J, Carillo S. Cation exchange chromatography on a monodisperse 3 µm particle enables extensive analytical similarity assessment of biosimilars. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115534. [PMID: 37343453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Biosimilarity assessment requires extensive characterization and comparability exercises to investigate product quality attributes of an originator product and its potential biosimilar(s) and to highlight any differences between them. Performing a thorough comparison allows a shortened approval path, which also eliminates lengthy and expensive clinical trials, ensuring comparable product quality and efficacy but at lower drug prices. The wide variety of analytical methods available for biosimilar assessment ranges from biological to analytical assays, each providing orthogonal information to fully characterize biosimilar candidates. Intact native mass spectrometry (MS) has been shown to be an excellent tool for detection and monitoring of important quality attributes such as N-glycosylation, deamidation, sequence truncation and higher order structures. When combined with efficient upfront separation methods, simplification of the proteoform heterogeneity and associated complexity prior to MS analysis can be achieved. Native mass spectrometry can provide robust and accurate results within short analysis times and requires minimal sample preparation. In this study we report the use of a monodisperse strong cation exchange chromatography phase hyphenated with Orbitrap mass spectrometry (SCX-MS) to compare the best-selling biopharmaceutical product Humira® with 7 commercially approved biosimilar products. SCX-MS analysis allowed for the identification of previously described as well as so far unreported proteoforms and their relative quantitation across all samples, revealing differences in N-glycosylation and lysine truncation, as well as unique features for some products such as sialylation and N-terminal clipping. SCX-MS analysis, powered by a highly efficient separation column, enabled deep and efficient analytical comparison of biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millán-Martín
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Dai J, Ji C. In-depth size and charge variants characterization of monoclonal antibody with native mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1265:341360. [PMID: 37230578 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the most used separation front for mass spectrometry, many other separation modes are critical for enabling characterization of the protein therapeutics. Specifically, chromatographic separations under native conditions, such as those based on size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEX), are used for characterizing important biophysical properties of protein variants in drug substance and drug product. Because most native state separation modes use non-volatile buffers with high salt concentration, optical detection has been traditionally used. However, there is an increasing need to understand and identify the optical underlying peaks by mass spectrometry for structure elucidation. For size variant separation by SEC, the native MS helps to understand the nature of the high molecular weight species, as well as clipping sites for low molecular weight fragments. For charge variant separation by IEX, native MS can reveal the post-translational modifications or other important factors contributing to charge heterogeneity at the intact level. Here, we demonstrate the power of native MS by direct coupling of SEC and IEX eluent to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to characterize bevacizumab and NISTmAb. Our studies exemplify the effectiveness of native SEC-MS for characterizing bevacizumab's high molecular weight species at less than 0.3% (based on SEC/UV peak area%) and analyzing the fragment pathway with single amino acid difference for its low molecular weight species at less than 0.05%. Good IEX charge variant separation was obtained with consistent UV and MS profiles. The identity of separated acidic and basic variants were elucidated by native MS at intact level. We successfully differentiated several charge variants including glycoform variants that have not been reported before. In addition, native MS allowed identification of higher molecular weight species as late eluted variants. Overall, the SEC and IEX separation combined with high resolution and high sensitivity native MS, which is significantly different from the traditional RPLC-MS workflows, can be an effective tool that offers valuable insights for us to understand protein therapeutics at native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- NovaBioAssays LLC, 52 Dragon Ct, Suite 3B, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA.
| | - Chengjie Ji
- NovaBioAssays LLC, 52 Dragon Ct, Suite 3B, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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Cotham VC, Liu AP, Wang S, Li N. A generic platform to couple affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry for the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115337. [PMID: 36933319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography coupled with native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Exploiting the specific interactions between mAbs and their ligands, these methods not only provide orthogonal means to study the highly complex mAb attributes, but also offer insights on their biological relevance. Despite the great promise, application of affinity chromatography - native mass spectrometry in routine mAb characterization has been limited, largely due to the complicated experimental set up. In this study, we introduced a generic platform to facilitate the online coupling of different affinity separation modes with native mass spectrometry. Built upon a recently introduced native LC-MS platform, this new strategy can accommodate a wide range of chromatographic conditions, and therefore, allow greatly simplified experimental set up and facile swapping of affinity separation modes. The utility of this platform was demonstrated by successful online coupling of three affinity chromatography methods (protein A, FcγRIIIa, and FcRn) with native mass spectrometry. The developed protein A-MS method was tested both in a "bind-and-elute" mode for rapid mAb screening and in a high-resolution resolving mode to study mAb species with altered protein A affinity. The FcγRIIIa-MS method was applied to achieve glycoform-resolved analyses of both IgG1 and IgG4 subclass molecules. The FcRn-MS method was demonstrated in two case studies, where specific post-translational modifications and Fc mutations were known to alter FcRn affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Cotham
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Barrientos RC, Losacco GL, Azizi M, Wang H, Nguyen AN, Shchurik V, Singh A, Richardson D, Mangion I, Guillarme D, Regalado EL, Haidar Ahmad IA. Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Screening Combined with In Silico Optimization as a Framework for Nondenaturing Analysis and Purification of Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17131-17141. [PMID: 36441925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mounting complexity of new modalities in the biopharmaceutical industry entails a commensurate level of analytical innovations to enable the rapid discovery and development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) has become one of the widely preferred separation techniques for the analysis and purification of biopharmaceuticals under nondenaturing conditions. Inarguably, HIC method development remains very challenging and labor-intensive owing to the numerous factors that are typically optimized by a "hit-or-miss" strategy (e.g., the nature of the salt, stationary phase chemistry, temperature, mobile phase additive, and ionic strength). Herein, we introduce a new HIC method development framework composed of a fully automated multicolumn and multieluent platform coupled with in silico multifactorial simulation and integrated fraction collection for streamlined method screening, optimization, and analytical-scale purification of biopharmaceutical targets. The power and versatility of this workflow are showcased by a wide range of applications including trivial proteins, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), oxidation variants, and denatured proteins. We also illustrate convenient and rapid HIC method development outcomes from the effective combination of this screening setup with computer-assisted simulations. HIC retention models were built using readily available LC simulator software outlining less than a 5% difference between experimental and simulated retention times with a correlation coefficient of >0.99 for pharmaceutically relevant multicomponent mixtures. In addition, we demonstrate how this approach paves the path for a straightforward identification of first-dimension HIC conditions that are combined with mass spectrometry (MS)-friendly reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) detection in the second dimension (heart-cutting two-dimensional (2D)-HIC-RPLC-diode array detector (DAD)-MS), enabling the analysis and purification of biopharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mohammadmehdi Azizi
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anh Nguyet Nguyen
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 11 Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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11
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Saikusa K, Kinumi T, Kato M. Development of native mass spectrometry with nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to size exclusion chromatography for proteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9395. [PMID: 36068720 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Native mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass of protein complexes without cross-linking. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with native MS using conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) has been reported to allow online buffer exchange. To detect a wide variety of protein complexes without a collapse in the ionization process, it is important to build an online system that enables robust analysis with a low flow rate. METHODS We created an online native MS system equipped with nanoESI connected to the SEC component (online SEC/nanoESI system) and optimized several parameters for SEC separation and ionization. The constructed system was used to measure a solution consisting of a protein mixture of various molecular masses (10-300 kDa) to verify characteristics such as the measurable molecular mass range, reproducibility, and online buffer exchange. RESULTS The optimal flow rates for SEC separation and nanoESI analysis using this system were 200 and 1 μL/min, respectively. This system was able to analyze proteins in the ranges of 10-300 and 20-300 kDa for protein samples in ammonium acetate and nonvolatile buffer, respectively. Furthermore, the results of consecutive measurements showed that the relative standard deviations of the retention times and observed masses for each protein were sufficiently small. CONCLUSIONS We created an online SEC/nanoESI system and evaluated its utility for the analysis of various proteins in conventional measurement solvent and nonvolatile buffer. As a result, the structural stability and resolution of the proteins were found to be sufficient when using online buffer exchange. Therefore, this online SEC/nanoESI system would be a useful technique for obtaining mass spectra of various proteins automatically with good resolution, simply by loading samples into an autosampler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Saikusa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kinumi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Torrente-López A, Hermosilla J, Pérez-Robles R, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza J, Navas N. Combined use of UV and MS data for ICH Stability-Indication Method: Quantification and isoforms identification of intact nivolumab. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using 2D HIC-WCX-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15018-15026. [PMID: 36260865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA) depending on its impact on the safety and efficacy profile of the product. Hence, manufacturers are expected to perform a comprehensive characterization of the charge heterogeneity to ensure that the manufactured product meets its specifications. Further, monitoring is also expected during the product lifecycle to demonstrate consistency in product quality. However, conventional analytical methods for characterization of hydrophobic and charge variants are nonvolatile salt-based and require manual fraction collection and desalting steps before analysis through mass spectrometry can be performed. In the present study, a workflow of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method using mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible buffers coupled with native mass spectrometry was performed to characterize hydrophobic variants in the first dimension and charge variants in the second dimension without any need for manual fractionation. This novel two-dimensional (2D) hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)-weak cation-exchange chromatography (WCX)-MS workflow identified 10 variants in mAb A, out of which 2 variants are exclusive to the 2D orthogonal method. Similarly, for mAb B, a total of 11 variants are identified, including 5 variants exclusive to the 2D orthogonal workflow. When compared to stand-alone, HIC resolved only 4 variants for both mAbs and WCX resolved 7 variants for mAb A and 6 variants for mAb B. In addition, the proposed method allows direct characterization of hydrophobic/charge variant peaks through native mass spectrometry in a single-run workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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14
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Blevins MS, Juetten KJ, James VK, Butalewicz JP, Escobar EE, Lanzillotti MB, Sanders JD, Fort KL, Brodbelt JS. Nanohydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Coupled to Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Intact Proteins in Low Charge States. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2493-2503. [PMID: 36043517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct correlation between proteoforms and biological phenotype necessitates the exploration of mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods more suitable for proteoform detection and characterization. Here, we couple nano-hydrophobic interaction chromatography (nano-HIC) to ultraviolet photodissociation MS (UVPD-MS) for separation and characterization of intact proteins and proteoforms. High linearity, sensitivity, and sequence coverage are obtained with this method for a variety of proteins. Investigation of collisional cross sections of intact proteins during nano-HIC indicates semifolded conformations in low charge states, enabling a different dimension of separation in comparison to traditional, fully denaturing reversed-phase separations. This method is demonstrated for a mixture of intact proteins from Escherichia coli ribosomes; high sequence coverage is obtained for a variety of modified and unmodified proteoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kyle J Juetten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Virginia K James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jamie P Butalewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Edwin E Escobar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael B Lanzillotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James D Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kyle L Fort
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen 28199, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Jin Y, Edalatian Zakeri S, Bahal R, Wiemer AJ. New Technologies Bloom Together for Bettering Cancer Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:680-711. [PMID: 35710136 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug conjugates, including antibody-drug conjugates, are a step toward realizing Paul Ehrlich's idea from over 100 years ago of a "magic bullet" for cancer treatment. Through balancing selective targeting molecules with highly potent payloads, drug conjugates can target specific tumor microenvironments and kill tumor cells. A drug conjugate consists of three parts: a targeting agent, a linker, and a payload. In some conjugates, monoclonal antibodies act as the targeting agent, but new strategies for targeting include antibody derivatives, peptides, and even small molecules. Linkers are responsible for connecting the payload to the targeting agent. Payloads impact vital cellular processes to kill tumor cells. At present, there are 12 antibody-drug conjugates on the market for different types of cancers. Research on drug conjugates is increasing year by year to solve problems encountered in conjugate design, such as tumor heterogeneity, poor circulation, low drug loading, low tumor uptake, and heterogenous expression of target antigens. This review highlights some important preclinical research on drug conjugates in recent years. We focus on three significant areas: improvement of antibody-drug conjugates, identification of new conjugate targets, and development of new types of drug conjugates, including nanotechnology. We close by highlighting the critical barriers to clinical translation and the open questions going forward. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The development of anticancer drug conjugates is now focused in three broad areas: improvements to existing antibody drug conjugates, identification of new targets, and development of new conjugate forms. This article focuses on the exciting preclinical studies in these three areas and advances in the technology that improves preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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16
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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18
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Jakes C, Füssl F, Zaborowska I, Bones J. Rapid Analysis of Biotherapeutics Using Protein A Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13505-13512. [PMID: 34585915 PMCID: PMC8515350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) and related products undergo a wide
range of modifications, many of which can often be directly associated
to culture conditions during upstream processing. Ideally, such conditions
should be monitored and fine-tuned based on real-time or close to
real-time information obtained by the assessment of the product quality
attribute (PQA) profile of the biopharmaceutical produced, which is
the fundamental idea of process analytical technology. Therefore,
methods that are simple, quick and robust, but sufficiently powerful,
to allow for the generation of a comprehensive picture of the PQA
profile of the protein of interest are required. A major obstacle
for the analysis of proteins directly from cultures is the presence
of impurities such as cell debris, host cell DNA, proteins and small-molecule
compounds, which usually requires a series of capture and polishing
steps using affinity and ion-exchange chromatography before characterization
can be attempted. In the current study, we demonstrate direct coupling
of protein A affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry
(ProA-MS) for development of a robust method that can be used to generate
information on the PQA profile of mAbs and related products in as
little as 5 min. The developed method was applied to several samples
ranging in complexity and stability, such as simple and more complex
monoclonal antibodies, as well as cysteine-conjugated antibody–drug
conjugate mimics. Moreover, the method demonstrated suitability for
the analysis of protein amounts of <1 μg, which suggests
applicability during early-stage development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Jakes
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Izabela Zaborowska
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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19
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States.,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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20
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Abstract
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Native mass spectrometry
(MS) involves the analysis and characterization
of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes,
whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the
analytes are retained. As such, native MS enables the study of secondary,
tertiary, and even quaternary structure of proteins and other biomolecules.
Native MS represents a relatively recent addition to the analytical
toolbox of mass spectrometry and has over the past decade experienced
immense growth, especially in enhancing sensitivity and resolving
power but also in ease of use. With the advent of dedicated mass analyzers,
sample preparation and separation approaches, targeted fragmentation
techniques, and software solutions, the number of practitioners and
novel applications has risen in both academia and industry. This review
focuses on recent developments, particularly in high-resolution native
MS, describing applications in the structural analysis of protein
assemblies, proteoform profiling of—among others—biopharmaceuticals
and plasma proteins, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of
protein–ligand interactions, with the latter covering lipid,
drug, and carbohydrate molecules, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Yang X, Seol H, Lin W, Xu X, Shen B, Qiu H, Li N. Site-Specific Quantitation of Drug Conjugations on Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Using a Protease-Assisted Drug Deconjugation and Linker-like Labeling (PADDLL) Method. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9549-9558. [PMID: 34196532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceuticals for the targeted delivery of antitumor agents. ADCs can be highly heterogeneous with various drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, conjugation sites, and occupancy levels. The conjugation site can modulate the ADC stability and efficacy and therefore can be considered to be a critical quality attribute (CQA) during development. Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based peptide mapping methods cannot accurately quantify site-specific conjugations due to a significant ionization discrepancy between unconjugated native peptides and conjugated peptides. Here, we developed a novel protease-assisted drug deconjugation and linker-like labeling (PADDLL) method to quantify the levels of linker payload at specific conjugation sites. We utilized optimized papain digestion to deconjugate the drug payload and labeled unoccupied conjugation sites with a linker-like structure to provide comparable ionization efficiency for MS-based quantitation. This method was successfully applied on two cysteine-linked, protease-cleavable ADCs, and the method demonstrated good linearity and reliability, reaching a limit of quantitation of below 1%. The calculated DARs were comparable with the results from intact mass analysis. The lot-to-lot variation in conjugation distribution and inferior conjugation stability at HC Cys225 to other interchain cysteines were observed. This method provides a valuable tool for ADC design and product development. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical method developed to accurately quantify site-specific linker-drug payload conjugations for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Haeri Seol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Biao Shen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
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22
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Füssl F, Strasser L, Cari S, Bones J. Native LC-MS for capturing quality attributes of biopharmaceuticals on the intact protein level. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:32-40. [PMID: 34157600 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intact protein analysis by means of mass spectrometry has become a well-established method for the characterization of biotherapeutics. However, due to the highly complex nature of recombinant proteins, prior chromatographic separation is inevitable for a comprehensive analysis. In recent years, progress in coupling a variety of liquid chromatography-based native separation modes such as size exclusion, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography to mass spectrometry (native LC-MS) has been reported, therefore allowing for rapid assessment of molecular mass and deep characterization of the heterogeneity of complex, recombinantly produced therapeutic proteins. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the development and application of native LC-MS for biopharmaceutical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Lisa Strasser
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Sara Cari
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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23
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Alpert AJ. Online Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HIC–MS) Analysis of Proteins. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2021. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.bi6281a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is widely used for protein analysis. Its use of nonvolatile salts has precluded direct flow to mass spectrometers. Recent advances in stationary phases have overcome that obstacle and permit HIC–MS analysis of intact antibodies and other proteins.
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24
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Yan Y, Xing T, Wang S, Li N. Versatile, Sensitive, and Robust Native LC-MS Platform for Intact Mass Analysis of Protein Drugs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2171-2179. [PMID: 32865416 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, hyphenation of native (nondenaturing) liquid chromatography (nLC) methods, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEX), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) with mass spectrometry (MS) have become increasingly popular to study the size, charge, and structural heterogeneity of protein drug products. Despite the availability of a wide variety of nLC-MS methods, an integrated platform that can accommodate different applications is still lacking. In this study, we described the development of a versatile, sensitive, and robust nLC-MS platform that can support various nLC-MS applications. In particular, the developed platform can tolerate a wide range of LC flow rates and high salt concentrations, which are critical for accommodating different nLC methods. In addition, a dopant-modified desolvation gas can be readily applied on this platform to achieve online charge-reduction native MS, which improves the characterization of both heterogeneous and labile biomolecules. Finally, we demonstrated that this nLC-MS platform is highly sensitive and robust and can be routinely applied in protein drug characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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