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Sikorski J, Matczuk M, Stępień M, Ogórek K, Ruzik L, Jarosz M. Fe 3O 4SPIONs in cancer theranostics-structure versus interactions with proteins and methods of their investigation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:212001. [PMID: 38387086 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2c54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
As the second leading cause of death worldwide, neoplastic diseases are one of the biggest challenges for public health care. Contemporary medicine seeks potential tools for fighting cancer within nanomedicine, as various nanomaterials can be used for both diagnostics and therapies. Among those of particular interest are superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), due to their unique magnetic properties,. However, while the number of new SPIONs, suitably modified and functionalized, designed for medical purposes, has been gradually increasing, it has not yet been translated into the number of approved clinical solutions. The presented review covers various issues related to SPIONs of potential theranostic applications. It refers to structural considerations (the nanoparticle core, most often used modifications and functionalizations) and the ways of characterizing newly designed nanoparticles. The discussion about the phenomenon of protein corona formation leads to the conclusion that the scarcity of proper tools to investigate the interactions between SPIONs and human serum proteins is the reason for difficulties in introducing them into clinical applications. The review emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanism behind the protein corona formation, as it has a crucial impact on the effectiveness of designed SPIONs in the physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Sikorski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Matczuk
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Stępień
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Ogórek
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lena Ruzik
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jarosz
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Nowak-Jary J, Machnicka B. In vivo Biodistribution and Clearance of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4067-4100. [PMID: 37525695 PMCID: PMC10387276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s415063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite and maghemite) are intensively studied due to their broad potential applications in medical and biological sciences. Their unique properties, such as nanometric size, large specific surface area, and superparamagnetism, allow them to be used in targeted drug delivery and internal radiotherapy by targeting an external magnetic field. In addition, they are successfully used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, and radiolabelling. The appropriate design of nanoparticles allows them to be delivered to the desired tissues and organs. The desired biodistribution of nanoparticles, eg, cancerous tumors, is increased using an external magnetic field. Thus, knowledge of the biodistribution of these nanoparticles is essential for medical applications. It allows for determining whether nanoparticles are captured by the desired organs or accumulated in other tissues, which may lead to potential toxicity. This review article presents the main organs where nanoparticles accumulate. The sites of their first uptake are usually the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, but with the appropriate design of nanoparticles, they can also be accumulated in organs such as the lungs, heart, or brain. In addition, the review describes the factors affecting the biodistribution of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, surface charge, coating molecules, and route of administration. Modern techniques for determining nanoparticle accumulation sites and concentration in isolated tissues or the body in vivo are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowak-Jary
- University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland
| | - Beata Machnicka
- University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland
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Fuentes-Cervantes A, Ruiz Allica J, Calderón Celis F, Costa-Fernández JM, Ruiz Encinar J. The Potential of ICP-MS as a Complementary Tool in Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Analysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1132. [PMID: 36986026 PMCID: PMC10058595 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The prolific applicability of nanomaterials has made them a common citizen in biological systems, where they interact with proteins forming a biological corona complex. These complexes drive the interaction of nanomaterials with and within the cells, bringing forward numerous potential applications in nanobiomedicine, but also arising toxicological issues and concerns. Proper characterization of the protein corona complex is a great challenge typically handled with the combination of several techniques. Surprisingly, despite inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) being a powerful quantitative technique whose application in nanomaterials characterization and quantification has been consolidated in the last decade, its application to nanoparticle-protein corona studies is scarce. Furthermore, in the last decades, ICP-MS has experienced a turning point in its capabilities for protein quantification through sulfur detection, hence becoming a generic quantitative detector. In this regard, we would like to introduce the potential of ICP-MS in the nanoparticle protein corona complex characterization and quantification complementary to current methods and protocols.
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Sikorski J, Drozd M, Matczuk M. Red Flags and Adversities on the Way to the Robust CE-ICP-MS/MS Quantitative Monitoring of Self-Synthesized Magnetic Iron Oxide(II, III)-Based Nanoparticle Interactions with Human Serum Proteins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238442. [PMID: 36500533 PMCID: PMC9739417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as potential theranostic agents is related to their unique properties and the broad range of possibilities for their surface functionalization. However, despite the rapidly expanding list of novel SPIONs with potential biomedical applications, there is still a lack of methodologies that would allow in-depth investigation of the interactions of those nanoparticles with biological compounds in human serum. Herein, we present attempts to employ capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS/MS) for this purpose and various obstacles and limitations noticed during the research. The CE and ICP-MS/MS parameters were optimized, and the developed method was used to study the interactions of two different proteins (albumin and transferrin) with various synthesized SPIONs. While the satisfactory resolution between proteins was obtained and the method was applied to examine individual reagents, it was revealed that the conjugates formed during the incubation of the proteins with SPIONs were not stable under the conditions of electrophoretic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Sikorski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki St. 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Matczuk
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(22)-2347719
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Detection of magnetic iron nanoparticles by single-particle ICP-TOFMS: case study for a magnetic filtration medical device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6743-6751. [PMID: 35864268 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are increasingly used in medical products and devices. Their properties are critical for such applications, as particle characteristics determine their interaction with the biological system, and, therefore, the performance and safety of the final product. Among the most important nanoparticle characteristics and parameters are particle mass distribution, composition, total particle mass, and number concentration. In this study, we utilize single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (spICP-TOFMS) for the characterization of inorganic nanoparticles in complex biological fluids. We report online microdroplet calibration for reference-nanomaterial-free and matrix-matched calibration of carbon-coated iron carbide nanoparticles (C/Fe3C NPs). As a case study, we analyze C/Fe3C NPs designed for targeted blood purification. Through the analysis of NP mass distributions, we study the effect of the NP surface modification on aggregation of C/Fe3C NPs in whole blood. We also demonstrate the efficiency of removal of coated C/Fe3C NP from saline by magnetically enhanced filters. Magnetic filtering is shown to reduce the mass concentration of detectable C/Fe3C NPs by 99.99 ± 0.01% in water.
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Nowak-Jary J, Machnicka B. Pharmacokinetics of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for medical applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:305. [PMID: 35761279 PMCID: PMC9235206 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been under intense investigation for at least the last five decades as they show enormous potential for many biomedical applications, such as biomolecule separation, MRI imaging and hyperthermia. Moreover, a large area of research on these nanostructures is concerned with their use as carriers of drugs, nucleic acids, peptides and other biologically active compounds, often leading to the development of targeted therapies. The uniqueness of MNPs is due to their nanometric size and unique magnetic properties. In addition, iron ions, which, along with oxygen, are a part of the MNPs, belong to the trace elements in the body. Therefore, after digesting MNPs in lysosomes, iron ions are incorporated into the natural circulation of this element in the body, which reduces the risk of excessive storage of nanoparticles. Still, one of the key issues for the therapeutic applications of magnetic nanoparticles is their pharmacokinetics which is reflected in the circulation time of MNPs in the bloodstream. These characteristics depend on many factors, such as the size and charge of MNPs, the nature of the polymers and any molecules attached to their surface, and other. Since the pharmacokinetics depends on the resultant of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, research should be carried out individually for all the nanostructures designed. Almost every year there are new reports on the results of studies on the pharmacokinetics of specific magnetic nanoparticles, thus it is very important to follow the achievements on this matter. This paper reviews the latest findings in this field. The mechanism of action of the mononuclear phagocytic system and the half-lives of a wide range of nanostructures are presented. Moreover, factors affecting clearance such as hydrodynamic and core size, core morphology and coatings molecules, surface charge and technical aspects have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowak-Jary
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Beata Machnicka
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Timerbaev AR. Analytical methodology for developing nanomaterials designed for magnetically-guided delivery of platinum anticancer drugs. Talanta 2022; 243:123371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sikorski J, Matczuk M, Kamińska A, Kruszewska J, Trzaskowski M, Timerbaev AR, Jarosz M. Protein-Mediated Transformations of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Evidenced by Single-Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Disaggregation Phenomenon. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031088. [PMID: 35163012 PMCID: PMC8835430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress toward translating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with specific diagnostic and therapeutic properties for clinical applications depends on developing and implementing appropriate methodologies that would allow in-depth characterizations of their behavior in a real biological environment. Herein, we report a versatile approach for studying interactions between SPIONs and proteins using single-particle inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. By monitoring the changes in the size distribution upon exposure to human serum, the formation of stable protein corona is revealed, accompanied by particle disaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Sikorski
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Magdalena Matczuk
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(22)-2347719
| | - Agnieszka Kamińska
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Joanna Kruszewska
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT PW, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki St. 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maciej Jarosz
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
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Magnetic nanoparticles for highly robust, facile and efficient loading of metal-based drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111685. [PMID: 34902764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct interaction between iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs), modified with polyethylene glycol and an ionic liquid, and activated cisplatin drug resulted in a fast and high drug loading (up to 0.17 mol of platinum per gram of iron), and the payload does not strongly affect the magnetic properties of IONs and resists protein adsorption in human serum environment. For another, developmental metal-based drug, tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III), binding to the IONs allowed for overcoming the disadvantages of low solubility and incompatibility with intravenous administration. The potential of IONs as a magnetic nanoformulation for smart drug delivery has been confirmed by the release of both metallodrugs under conditions relevant to cancer cytosol.
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Kuznetsova OV, Jarosz M, Keppler BK, Timerbaev AR. Toward a deeper and simpler understanding of serum protein-mediated transformations of magnetic nanoparticles by ICP-MS. Talanta 2021; 229:122287. [PMID: 33838780 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A great variety of magnetic nanomaterials are entering preclinical investigations with the objective to select the most promising candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. For an analytical approach to be used as a high-throughput screening tool, simple and cost-efficient sample preparation protocol is a basiс prerequisite. Here, we demonstrate how the application of continuous magnetic field allows for quantitatively separating iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles from a mixture with human serum to facilitate monitoring of their biomolecular interactions with high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. By measuring the signals of sulfur and metal isotopes, it is possible to monitor the formation of the protein corona and alterations in the concentrations of relevant metals due to binding of specific metalloproteins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kuznetsova
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maciej Jarosz
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Kuznetsova OV, Rubio GMDM, Keppler BK, Chin JM, Reithofer MR, Timerbaev AR. An ICP-MS-based assay for characterization of gold nanoparticles with potential biomedical use. Anal Biochem 2020; 611:114003. [PMID: 33159847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Most of potential diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticles fail to reach clinical trials because assessment of their 'drug-like' properties is often overlooked during the discovery stage. This compromises the results of cell culture and animal experiments, making them insufficient to evaluate the lead candidates for testing on patients. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as a nanoparticle qualification tool. Using novel gold nanoparticles stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbenes as test nanoparticles, it was shown that important prerequisites for biomedical applications, such as resistance to the action of human serum milieu or reactivity toward serum biomolecules, can be reliably assessed by recording the signals of gold or sulfur isotopes. Implemented during the screening stage, the method would provide benefits in shortening timelines and reducing cost for selection and initial testing of medicinal nanoparticle candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kuznetsova
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jia Min Chin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael R Reithofer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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