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Li S, Hu Z, Shao Y, Zhang G, Wang Z, Guo Y, Wang Y, Cui W, Wang Y, Ren L. Influence of Drugs and Toxins on Decomposition Dynamics: Forensic Implications. Molecules 2024; 29:5221. [PMID: 39598612 PMCID: PMC11596977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29225221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug and toxin-related deaths are common worldwide, making it essential to detect the postmortem concentration of various toxic substances at different stages of decomposition in a corpse. Indeed, determining the postmortem interval (PMI) and cause of death in an advanced stage of decomposed corpses has been a significant challenge in forensic investigations. Notably, the presence of drugs or toxins can have a significant impact on the microbial profile, potentially altering the succession of microbial communities and subsequent production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which, in turn, affect insect colonization patterns. This review aims to highlight the importance of investigating the interactions between drugs or toxins, microbial succession, VOC profiles, and insect behavior, which can provide valuable insights into forensic investigations as well as the ecological consequences of toxins occurring in decomposition. Overall, the detection of drugs and other toxins at different stages of decomposition can yield more precise forensic evidence, thereby enhancing the accuracy of PMI estimation and determination of the cause of death in decomposed remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (G.Z.); (W.C.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Zhonghao Hu
- Center of Forensic Science Research, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China;
| | - Yuming Shao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (G.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Guoan Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (G.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Wen Cui
- School of Forensic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (G.Z.); (W.C.)
- Precision Medicine Laboratory for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases of Shandong Province, Jining 272067, China
| | - Yequan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (G.Z.); (W.C.)
- Precision Medicine Laboratory for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases of Shandong Province, Jining 272067, China
| | - Lipin Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (G.Z.); (W.C.)
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Turkmen Z, Arslan Z, Oka M, Yayla M, Bavunoglu I. LC-MS/MS quantification of olanzapine in hair after alkaline digestion. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38840461 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLZ), a second-generation antipsychotic drug, is effective in the treatment of acute psychosis, schizophrenia, agitation, bipolar mania, and other psychiatric problems. Antipsychotics are prescribed drugs, which lead the drug abuser to illegal methods of access. This behavior also demonstrates the association of OLZ with criminal involvement, commonly observed at forensic crime scenes. The acute toxicity and even death resulting from OLZ exposure have been highlighted in numerous studies. Therefore, developing analytical techniques to detect OLZ is essential for forensic toxicology. This study aimed to develop a specific and reliable LC-MS/MS method for OLZ detection and quantification in hair samples. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), trueness, precision, and uncertainty. The range of linearity was between 0.1-100 ng/mg, with LOD and LOQ values established at 0.036 ng/mg and 0.1 ng/mg, respectively. All validation results are within acceptable parameters. The validated method has been applied to authentic hair samples. The variation of OLZ concentrations in 12 hair segments (2 from Case 1 and 10 from Case 2) from two drug-positive patients, ranging from 0.131 to 0.460 ng/mg, is presented in this study. Although several studies have been conducted to determine OLZ in hair samples using segmental analysis via hair solubilization, this study is the first to determine OLZ in hair samples after "digestion" with comparative parameters prior to chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Turkmen
- Department of Science, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Arslan
- Department of Science, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Oka
- Department of Science, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Yayla
- Department of Science, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isil Bavunoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Yang H, Liu C, Zhu C, Zheng Y, Li J, Zhu Q, Wang H, Fang X, Liu Q, Liang M, Liu Z. Determination of ten antipsychotics in blood, hair and nails: Validation of a LC-MS/MS method and forensic application of keratinized matrix analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115557. [PMID: 37406464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of antipsychotics from biological samples is meaningful in the field of clinical and forensic medicine. Compared to blood, keratinized matrices such as hair and nails have attracted increasing attention in drug analysis for wider detection window. Nevertheless, the distribution and stability of antipsychotics in keratinized matrices are not clarified yet. Therefore, we developed a LC-MS/MS based method for simultaneous determination of 10 antipsychotics from blood, hair and nails, with high recovery (78.1-107.4%, 71.3-93.5% and 75.2-90.5%), low LOD (5-10 pg/mL, 5-10 pg/mg and 5 pg/mg) and high accuracy (96.0%-101.6%, 97.5%-102.5% and 97.6-101.7%). The method was applied to sets of blood, hair, and nail samples of 54 patients who received long-term therapy, and significant correlations between drug concentrations in blood and hair was found, while the correlation between nails and other matrices varied depending on the drug. Except for olanzapine, the concentrations of antipsychotics in segmental hair samples were consistent with drug exposure. Besides, the hair and nail samples of suspects in two forensic cases were analyzed and provided supporting evidence for the suspects' psychiatric state. Our research offered a deeper understanding of keratinized matrix as stable and retrospective bio-samples for antipsychotics detection in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhong Zhu
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Hao Wang
- Wuhan YouFu Hospital, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Quan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Man Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
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Longman K, Frampas C, Lewis H, Costa C, Nilforooshan R, Chambers M, Bailey M. Noninvasive drug adherence monitoring of antipsychotic patients via finger sweat testing. Front Chem 2023; 11:1245089. [PMID: 37720721 PMCID: PMC10500062 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1245089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Collection of finger sweat is explored here as a rapid and convenient way of monitoring patient adherence to antipsychotic drugs. Finger sweat samples (n = 426) collected from patients receiving treatment with clozapine, quetiapine and olanzapine were analysed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, including a subgroup of patients with paired plasma samples. Finger sweat samples were also analysed from a negative control group and patients who had handled antipsychotic medication only. The finger sweat test (based on the detection of parent drug in one donated sample) was 100% effective in monitoring adherence within commonly prescribed dosing ranges. In comparison to participants who handled the medication only, the test could distinguish between contact and administration through monitoring of the drug metabolite, or the level of parent drug. Additionally, in a subgroup of patients prescribed clozapine, a statistically significant correlation was observed between the mass of parent drug in finger sweat and plasma concentration. The finger sweat technology shows promise as a dignified, noninvasive method to monitor treatment adherence in patients taking antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Longman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - C. Frampas
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - H. Lewis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - C. Costa
- Surrey Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - R. Nilforooshan
- Abraham Cowley Unit, St Peter’s Hospital, Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Chambers
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Bailey
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Xu D, Ji J, Xiang P, Yan H, Zhang W, Shen M. Determination of 5 synthetic cannabinoids in hair by Segmental analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS and its application to eight polydrug abuse cases. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 346:111611. [PMID: 36931106 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of new synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have appeared in the drug trade market. A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously identify five synthetic cannabinoids in 1 cm segment hair samples. The method was fully validated and confirmed to have good selectivity, accuracy, and precision, as well as satisfactory linearity within the calibrated range. The limit of quantification (LOD) was 0.5 pg/mg, and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 1 pg/mg, with intraday and interday accuracies (bias) ranging from - 9.6-13.7%. The validated method was successfully used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of five SCs in authentic hair samples of eight SC abusers. SCs were detected in 8 cases at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 632.9 pg/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China; Department of Forensic Medicine of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Medical College Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Forensic Science Service of Beijing Public Security Bureau. Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China.
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Scholz C, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Binz TM. Single sample preparation for the simultaneous extraction of drugs, pharmaceuticals, cannabinoids and endogenous steroids in hair. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4583-4591. [PMID: 36317647 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we published a multi-analyte method for the simultaneous analysis of 116 drugs and pharmaceuticals including different substance groups like opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, z-drugs, antidepressants and neuroleptics based on a single sample workup followed by a single analytical measurement with LC-MS/MS. However, in some cases, additional analysis of further substance groups, such as cannabinoids and endogenous steroids, is required, which are analyzed in our laboratory using separate sample preparation and separate analytical methods. The goal of this study was to use the knowledge from the different sample preparations and combine them into a single sample preparation and extraction workflow for the simultaneous extraction of drugs, pharmaceuticals, cannabinoids, and endogenous steroids to be analyzed with the appropriate analytical methods. A partial validation of selected parameters such as selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and robustness for the different analytical methods was carried out and revalidated. In addition, comparative measurements of quality controls and authentic pools were performed and statistically evaluated using the unpaired t-test or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The results using the newly established sample preparation and extraction were in good agreement with the original data. In conclusion, the newly established sample preparation is suitable for the combined extraction of drugs, pharmaceuticals, cannabinoids and endogenous steroids, and gives reliable results for quantification of various substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Scholz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Kurvenstrasse, 17 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Kurvenstrasse, 17 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina M Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Kurvenstrasse, 17 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Minhas MU, Khan KU, Sarfraz M, Badshah SF, Munir A, Barkat K, Basit A, Arafat M. Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30-Based Crosslinked Fast Swelling Nanogels: An Impeccable Approach for Drug's Solubility Improvement. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5883239. [PMID: 36060130 PMCID: PMC9439932 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5883239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poor solubility is a global issue of copious pharmaceutical industries as large number of drugs in development stage as well as already marketed products are poorly soluble which results in low dissolution and ultimately dosage increase. Current study is aimed at developing a polyvinylpyrrolidone- (PVP-K30-) based nanogel delivery system for solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drug olanzapine (OLP), as solubilization enhancement is the most noteworthy application of nanosystems. Crosslinking polymerization with subsequent condensation technique was used for the synthesis of nanogels, a highly responsive polymeric networks in drug's solubility. Developed nanogels were characterized by percent entrapment efficiency, sol-gel, percent swelling, percent drug loaded content (%DLC), percent porosity, stability, solubility, in vitro dissolution studies, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Furthermore, cytotoxicity study was conducted on rabbits to check the biocompatibility of the system. Particle size of nanogels was found with 178.99 ± 15.32 nm, and in vitro dissolution study exhibited that drug release properties were considerably enhanced as compared to the marketed formulation OLANZIA. The solubility studies indicated that solubility of OLP was noticeably improved up to 36.7-fold in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8. In vivo cytotoxicity study indicated that prepared PVP-K30-based formulation was biocompatible. On the basis of results obtained, the developed PVP-K30-co-poly (AMPS) nanogel delivery system is expected to be safe, effective, and cost-effective for solubility improvement of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | - Abubakar Munir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Barkat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Quaid-e-Azam College of Pharmacy, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mosab Arafat
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, Al Ain, UAE
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Xu D, Ji J, Xiang P, Yan H, Shen M. Two DFSA cases involving midazolam clarified by the micro-segmental hair analyses. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:374-382. [PMID: 36454413 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, an analytical procedure to identify trace amounts of drug in hair based on micro-segmental hair analysis was presented. The method also can be used to estimate the time of drug ingestion at daily precision by cutting a single hair into sub-millimeter segments which correspond to daily hair growth. METHODS A method was established for efficient extraction of midazolam, one of the most frequently detected compound in drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases, from each 0.4-mm hair segment and validated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Moreover, two DFSA cases were used to compare the micro-segmental hair analysis with the 1- cm segmental analysis method. RESULTS The validation showed a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 pg/mm for midazolam, with intraday and interday accuracies (bias) from - 5.2 to 0.9%. The micro-segmental hair analysis method was applied to proximal 1-cm hair segment including hair bulbs in two DFSA cases. The micro-segmental hair analysis results in case 1 showed midazolam in the S15-S17 (5.6-6.8 mm from hair bulb) in a concentration range from 0.5 to 0.9 pg/mm, and the concentrations of midazolam in all hair micro-segments (0-1 cm from the scalp) in case 2 were from 0.5 to 2.0 pg/mm. CONCLUSIONS Comparison with the conventional method revealed that micro-segmental hair analysis may enhance the utility of hair drug testing and strengthen probative force in DFSA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, China.,Department of Forensic Medicine of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Medical College Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, 200063, China.
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Rygaard K, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K, Banner J, Johansen SS. Concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem hair segments. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 336:111349. [PMID: 35660811 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis can provide information regarding previous drug intake and use patterns, as the drugs consumed are incorporated into the hair. Therefore, reference values for drugs in hair are valuable in forensic investigations, especially when evaluating drug intake and assessing drug tolerance. The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of citalopram, escitalopram, and their primary metabolites in hair segments from deceased individuals with mental illness. Concentrations in up to six months prior to death were evaluated and compared with the estimated daily doses. Hair samples collected from 47 deceased individuals, were segmented in one to six 1 cm segments, and extracted overnight in medium. The concentrations in hair were quantified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Following this quantification, the extracts were reanalyzed qualitatively using a chiral method to distinguish between citalopram and escitalopram intake. We found hair concentrations (10-90 percentile (perc.)) of citalopram from 0.12 to 67 ng/mg with a median of 8.2 ng/mg (N = 40 individuals, n = 182 segments) and of escitalopram from 0.027 to 7.0 ng/mg with a median of 3.9 ng/mg (N = 4, n = 23). The metabolite-to-drug ratios in hair (10-90 perc.) of citalopram were 0.091-0.57 with a median of 0.30 (N = 39) and of escitalopram were 0.053-0.63 with a median of 0.41 (N = 3). No correlations were found between concentrations in the hair and the estimated daily dose. However, our results indicate higher concentrations in dark hair compared to light hair, given the estimated doses, and thus an influence of hair color on the results. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of citalopram in the proximal segment and the blood concentrations. The median R/S-ratio of citalopram in hair was 1.5 and was similar to previously reported ratios in blood. In the present study, we report concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem hair and their relation to an estimated daily dose and thus contribute valuable information in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
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β-cyclodextrin modification by cross-linking polymerization as highly porous nanomatrices for olanzapine solubility improvement; synthesis, characterization and bio-compatibility evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rygaard K, Linnet K, Johansen SS. A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites 2021; 11:686. [PMID: 34677401 PMCID: PMC8539361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.L.); (S.S.J.)
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