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Bouzaiene A, Mansour RB, Jemaa-Guirat MB, Hammami I, Trabelsi D, Msaada K, Labidi N. Exploring the bioactive potential of dried fruit by-products: a focus on hazelnut, peanut, and almond teguments and shells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38944750 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2373174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Dried fruits are renowned for their nutritional value, particularly their seeds. However, their skins, shells, and hulls also hold significant nutritional and commercial potential, yet remain largely unexplored for their bioactive compounds. This study examines the teguments and shells of three types of dried fruits - hazelnut, peanut, and two almond varieties. Ethanol extracts from these by-products reveal a variety of phytochemicals with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, confirmed through in vitro and in vivo assays. Teguments contain higher polyphenol levels compared to shells, with 24 compounds identified via HPLC analysis. The Achak almond tegument extract demonstrates strong antiradical activity, significant antimicrobial effects, and notable antiviral properties at a low concentration. Moreover, extracts from Achak almond tegument and hazelnut shells exhibit notable anti-inflammatory properties. This underscores the potential of utilizing dried fruit by-products to create innovative, value-added products, supporting environmental sustainability and boosting the competitiveness of the dried fruit industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arij Bouzaiene
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rim Ben Mansour
- Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben Jemaa-Guirat
- Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Imran Hammami
- LR: Bioressources, Environment and Biotechnology - ISSBAT, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Darine Trabelsi
- Laboratoire des Légumineuses, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Msaada
- Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Nehla Labidi
- Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria (CBBC), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Ingegneri M, Smeriglio A, Rando R, Gervasi T, Tamburello MP, Ginestra G, La Camera E, Pennisi R, Sciortino MT, Mandalari G, Trombetta D. Composition and Biological Properties of Blanched Skin and Blanch Water Belonging to Three Sicilian Almond Cultivars. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061545. [PMID: 36986275 PMCID: PMC10058606 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The almond industry produces, by bleaching and stripping, two by-products: blanched skin (BS) and blanch water (BW). The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional and polyphenolic profile, as well as the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and potential prebiotic effects of BS and BW from three different Sicilian cultivars. The total phenols and flavonoids contents were ≥1.72 and ≥0.56 g gallic acid equivalents and ≥0.52 and ≥0.18 g rutin equivalents/100 g dry extract (DE) in BS and BW, respectively. The antioxidant activity, evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, was ≥3.07 and ≥0.83 g trolox equivalent/100 g DE in BS and BW, respectively. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant flavonoid detected in both by-products. No antimicrobial effect was recorded, whereas BS samples exerted antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (EC50 160.96 μg/mL). BS also showed high fibre (≥52.67%) and protein (≥10.99) contents and low fat (≤15.35%) and sugars (≤5.55%), making it nutritionally interesting. The present study proved that the cultivar is not a discriminating factor in determining the chemical and biological properties of BS and BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Ingegneri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Rando
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ginestra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Erminia La Camera
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Sottile F, Napolitano A, Badalamenti N, Bruno M, Tundis R, Loizzo MR, Piacente S. A New Bloody Pulp Selection of Myrobalan ( Prunus cerasifera L.): Pomological Traits, Chemical Composition, and Nutraceutical Properties. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051107. [PMID: 36900625 PMCID: PMC10001106 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new accession of myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera L.) from Sicily (Italy) was studied for the first time for its chemical and nutraceutical properties. A description of the main morphological and pomological traits was created as a tool for characterization for consumers. For this purpose, three different extracts of fresh myrobalan fruits were subjected to different analyses, including the evaluation of total phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and anthocyanin (TAC) contents. The extracts exhibited a TPC in the range 34.52-97.63 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW), a TFC of 0.23-0.96 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g FW, and a TAC of 20.24-55.33 cyanidine-3-O-glucoside/100 g FW. LC-HRMS analysis evidenced that the compounds mainly belong to the flavonols, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and organic acids classes. A multitarget approach was used to assess the antioxidant properties by using FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and β-carotene bleaching tests. Moreover, the myrobalan fruit extracts were tested as inhibitors of the key enzymes related to obesity and metabolic syndrome (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and lipase). All extracts exhibited an ABTS radical scavenging activity that was higher than the positive control BHT (IC50 value in the range 1.19-2.97 μg/mL). Moreover, all extracts showed iron-reducing activity, with a potency similar to that of BHT (53.01-64.90 vs 3.26 μM Fe(II)/g). The PF extract exhibited a promising lipase inhibitory effect (IC50 value of 29.61 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sottile
- Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Bio-Based Reuse of Waste from Agri-Food Matrices” (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Assunta Napolitano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Natale Badalamenti
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Bio-Based Reuse of Waste from Agri-Food Matrices” (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, PA, Italy
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-984-493071
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Zhang G, Liu M, Ma Z, Wang M, Sun L, Liu Y, Ren X. Analysis of Bitter Almonds and Processed Products Based on HPLC-Fingerprints and Chemometry. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200989. [PMID: 36747377 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the processing field, there is a saying that "seed drugs be stir-fried". Bitter almond (BA) is a kind of seed Chinese medicine. BA need be used after being fried. To distinguish raw bitter almonds (RBA) from processed products and prove the rationality of "seed drugs be stir-fried", we analyzed the RBA and five processed products (scalded bitter almonds, fried bitter almonds, honey fried bitter almonds, bran fried bitter almonds, bitter almonds cream) using RP-HPLC fingerprints and chemometric methods. The similarity between RBA and processed products was 0.733∼0.995. Hierarchically clustered heatmap was used to evaluate the changes in components. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for classification, and all samples are distinguished according to RBA and five processing methods. Six chemical markers were obtained by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The content and degradation rate of amygdalin and β-glucosidase activity were determined. Compared with RBA, the content and degradation rate of amygdalin, and β-glucosidase activity were increased in bitter almonds cream. The content and degradation rate were decreased, and β-glucosidase was inactivated in other processed products. The above results showed that stir-frying had the best effect. The results showed that processing can ensure the stability of RBA quality, and the saying "seed drugs be stir-fried" is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Meiqi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zicheng Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lili Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
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Timón M, Andrés AI, Sorrentino L, Cardenia V, Petrón MJ. Effect of Phenolic Compounds from Almond Skins Obtained by Water Extraction on Pork Patty Shelf Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2175. [PMID: 36358547 PMCID: PMC9686502 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraction of phenols from almond skin using water has not been applied before. The purpose of this study was to obtain aqueous extracts from almond skin to be added to pork patties to prolong their shelf life. Four different varieties of almonds were studied and aqueous extracts were obtained. The antioxidant capacity and composition of phenol compounds of the extracts were determined. Results showed that the use of water produces extracts with phenol compounds and antioxidant capacity, with the Antoñeta variety presenting the best performance in terms of antioxidant behavior. The most abundant phenolic compounds identified were isorhamentin-3-O-rutinoside, catechin and protocatechuic acid, all of them had a hydrophilic character due to the -OH groups in their molecules. The effect of almond skin extracts (ALMOND) on the shelf life of pork patties was compared with the effects of a control without extract (CONTROL NEG) and a control with sodium ascorbate (CONTROL POS). Throughout storage, values of pH, weight loss, headspace composition, color, TBARs and psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria were studied. CONTROL POS samples showed the lowest lipid oxidation values in comparison to CONTROL NEG or ALMOND extract samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Timón
- Food Technology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Andrés
- Food Technology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ludovico Sorrentino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - María Jesús Petrón
- Food Technology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
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6
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Adsorption of Polyphenols from Almond Blanching Water by Macroporous Resin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:7847276. [PMID: 35847429 PMCID: PMC9277471 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7847276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The almond processing industry generates large volumes of effluent after the blanching process. Blanching water is one of the main by-products with a potential source of polyphenols. However, before being used or discharged, this by-product requires pretreatment. This work was aimed at paving the way toward using adsorption on XAD-7 HP macroporous resin for wastewater treatment. This promising technique could be easily scaled up and integrated into existing production lines. Adsorption was carried out with a fixed bed in counterflow, while desorption was performed by acetone in downflow. With this approach, it was possible to concentrate up to five times the phenolic content of the initial blanching water. The resulting extract was analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), identifying more than 89% procyanidins, in addition to catechin, epicatechin, and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside. Applications such as spray-drying and prilling techniques were suggested to improve the efficiency of polyphenols by preserving their stability, bioactivity, and bioavailability.
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7
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Garcinia mangostana L. fruits and derived food supplements: identification and quantitative determination of bioactive xanthones by NMR analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 218:114835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Cerulli A, Masullo M, Piacente S. Metabolite Profiling of Helichrysum italicum Derived Food Supplements by 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216619. [PMID: 34771028 PMCID: PMC8588389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helichrysum italicum is a medicinal plant from the Mediterranean area, widely used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties and for its preventive effects on microcirculation diseases. Due to these properties, it finds large applications in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical fields. Additionally, hydroalcoholic extracts and mother tinctures based on H. italicum represent products with a high commercial value, widely distributed not only in drug stores but also on on-line markets. The different extraction procedures used can greatly affect the fingerprints of the extracts, resulting in a different qualitative or quantitative profile of the chemical constituents responsible for biological activity. The aim of the present study was to characterize the composition of bioactive compounds present in water-ethanol and glycerol extracts of H. italicum derived food supplements. Metabolite profiles of the extracts were obtained by 1H NMR experiments and data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis to highlight differences in the extracts and to evidence the extracts with the highest concentrations of bioactive metabolites. In detail, this work highlights how derived food supplements of H. italicum obtained using ethanol-water mixtures ranging from 45% to 20% of ethanol represent the products with the highest amount of both primary (amino acids) and secondary metabolites including 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (9), chlorogenic acid (10), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (11), and kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside (12). Moreover, it is evident that the use of an ethanol-water mixture 20:80 is the most suitable method to afford the highest number of phenolic compounds, while food-derived supplements obtained by glycerol extraction are characterized by a high amount of β-glucose and α-glucose and a low content of phenolic compounds.
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An Epidemiological Study Report on the Antioxidant and Phenolic Content of Selected Mediterranean Functional Foods, Their Consumption Association with the Body Mass Index, and Consumers Purchasing Behavior in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional food consumption is shown to have a positive effect on anthropometric parameters and human health promotion. In addition, consumers seem to be more interested in food choices, that may have a positive effect on their health. The current study aimed to identify the antioxidant and phenolic content of naturally functional foods from the Mediterranean diet and to investigate consumer behavior towards their consumption in terms of their weight control, as well as their purchasing behavior and knowledge of functional foods. For this purpose, blueberries, cranberries, pomegranate, grapefruit, red peppers, almonds and mountain tea were analyzed for their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, using the Folin-Ciocalteau and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays, respectively. Furthermore, nine hundred forty-nine healthy Greek adults participated in an epidemiological study, by completing a validated food frequency questionnaire, for the consumption of the above investigated functional foods. Five hundred and fifty participants also completed an online questionnaire investigating factors that consumers evaluate when purchasing functional foods. Study results showed that the analyzed functional foods were high in antioxidants and phenolic compounds, especially the mountain tea. The increased consumption of cranberries, pomegranate, grapefruit, red peppers and mountain tea was significantly correlated with a decreased Body Mass Index, suggesting a possible positive role, in weight control. Participants seemed to be aware of the beneficial role of these specific investigated Mediterranean functional foods to human health. They evaluated the price, taste and nutritional value, as critical factors to buy these food products. A combination of factors seems to lead them to purchase and consume these functional foods. Future epidemiological and clinical studies should be conducted in order to further evaluate consumer preferences and bioactivity mechanisms related to Mediterranean functional food consumption.
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Revalorization of Almond By-Products for the Design of Novel Functional Foods: An Updated Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081823. [PMID: 34441599 PMCID: PMC8391475 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for waste minimization and the valorization of by-products are key to good management and improved sustainability in the food industry. The great production of almonds, based on their high nutritional value as food, especially almond kernels, generates tons of waste yearly. The remaining parts (skin, shell, hulls, etc.) are still little explored, even though they have been used as fuel by burning or as livestock feed. The interest in these by-products has been increasing, as they possess beneficial properties, caused by the presence of different bioactive compounds, and can be used as promising sources of new ingredients for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, the use of almond by-products is being increasingly applied for the fortification of already-existing food products, but there are some limitations, including the presence of allergens and mycotoxins that harden their applicability. This review focuses on the extraction technologies applied to the valorization of almond by-products for the development of new value-added products that would contribute to the reduction of environmental impact and an improvement in the sustainability and competitiveness of the almond industry.
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Barral-Martinez M, Fraga-Corral M, Garcia-Perez P, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Almond By-Products: Valorization for Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Industry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081793. [PMID: 34441570 PMCID: PMC8394390 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for waste minimization and the valorization of by-products are key practices for good management and improved sustainability in the food industry. The production of almonds generates a large amount of waste, most of which is not used. Until now, almonds have been used for their high nutritional value as food, especially almond meat. The other remaining parts (skin, shell, hulls, etc.) are still little explored, even though they have been used as fuel by burning or as livestock feed. However, interest in these by-products has been increasing as they possess beneficial properties (caused mainly by polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids) and can be used as new ingredients for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, it is important to explore almond’s valorization of by-products for the development of new added-value products that would contribute to the reduction of environmental impact and an improvement in the sustainability and competitiveness of the almond industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barral-Martinez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
| | - Maria Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.-G.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.S.-G.); (M.A.P.)
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12
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Caltagirone C, Peano C, Sottile F. Post-harvest Industrial Processes of Almond ( Prunus dulcis L. Mill) in Sicily Influence the Nutraceutical Properties of By-Products at Harvest and During Storage. Front Nutr 2021; 8:659378. [PMID: 34150827 PMCID: PMC8206266 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.659378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Almond cultivation in Sicily is experiencing a phase of great interest which is mainly concentrated in the development of specialized orchards, with irrigation and by adopting cultivars with high qualitative and quantitative performances. These are mostly Mediterranean genotypes with high fat content and hard or semi-hard shell, extremely different from the varieties of Californian diffusion. The development of the sector comprises the primary production of almonds but also a series of secondary products which often represent a burden for the company. From these considerations several researches have been developed with the aim of giving a value to these by-products through circular economy paths. One of the by-products widely produced, besides the shell, is the skin which covers the seed and is produced during the peeling phase. It is well-known that tegument is an important component of almond because it contains important bioactive substances (phenols and aromas) which are usually dispersed during peeling. This paper examined three different Italian cultivars widely spread in Sicily, two of Apulian origin, (Genco and Tuono), and one locally cultivated variety (Vinci a tutti). These three cultivars occupy an increasingly large area and are very popular with consumers and industry. The production of secondary products, therefore, evidences significant quantities and the possibility to give them an added value becomes a need for the sector. Therefore, the content of phenols and proanthocyanins in the skin at harvest and during storage was analyzed, adopting two different separation methods, with and without water. During the analysis it was possible to observe the different behavior of the three cultivars due to genetic and industrial factors. Skin separated without using hot water showed a higher total phenolic presence with average increases of about 20%, and with even higher increases, between 28 and 32%, for proanthocyanins. Vinci a tutti evidenced the highest total phenolic content after 8 months of storing while roasting has revealed to be a more effective skin separation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Caltagirone
- Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center in Bio-Based Reutilization of Waste from Agri-Food Matrices (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristiana Peano
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Sottile
- Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center in Bio-Based Reutilization of Waste from Agri-Food Matrices (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Variability of Chemical Profile in Almonds ( Prunus dulcis) of Different Cultivars and Origins. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010153. [PMID: 33450909 PMCID: PMC7828311 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almonds show a great variability in their chemical composition. This variability is a result of the existence of a diverse range of almond cultivars, the self-incompatibility of most almond cultivars, and the heterogeneous harvesting conditions found around the different locations where almons are grown. In the last years, the discrimination among almond cultivars has been the focal point of some research studies to avoid fraud in protected geographical indications in almond products and also for selecting the best cultivars for a specific food application or the most interesting ones from a nutritional point of view. In this work, a revision of the recent research works related to the chemical characterization and classification of almond cultivars from different geographical origins has been carried out. The content of macronutrients, tocopherols, phytosterols, polyphenols, minerals, amino acids, and volatile compounds together with DNA fingerprint have been reported as possible cultivar and origin markers. The analysis of the results showed that no individual almond compound could be considered a universal biomarker to find differences among different almond cultivars. Hence, an adequate selection of variables or the employment of metabolomics and the application of multivariate statistical techniques is necessary when classification studies are carried out to obtain valuable results. Meanwhile, DNA fingerprinting is the perfect tool for compared cultivars based on their genetic origin.
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