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Velagacherla V, Nayak Y, Bhaskar KV, Nayak UY. A stability indicating method development and validation of a rapid and sensitive RP-HPLC method for Nintedanib and its application in quantification of nanostructured lipid carriers. F1000Res 2024; 12:1389. [PMID: 38948504 PMCID: PMC11214665 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.138786.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nintedanib (NTB) is a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, been investigated for many disease conditions like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NTB is available as oral capsule formulation, but its ability to detect degradants formed through oxidative, photolytic and hydrolytic processes makes it difficult to quantify. In the current work, a novel reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated. Methods The developed method is simple, precise, reproducible, stable and accurate. The inherent stability of NTB was evaluated using the proposed analytical method approach and force degradation studies were carried out. NTB was separated chromatographically on the Shimadzu C 18 column as stationary phase (250 ×4.6 mm, 5 µm) using an isocratic elution method with 0.1% v/v triethyl amine (TEA) in HPLC grade water and acetonitrile (ACN) in the ratio 35:65% v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a constant flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and the eluent was detected at 390 nm wavelength. Results NTB was eluted at 6.77±0.00 min of retention time (t R) with a correlation coefficient of 0.999, the developed method was linear in the concentration range of 0.5 µg/ml to 4.5 µg/ml. The recovery rate was found to be in the range of 99.391±0.468% for 1.5 µg/ml concentration. Six replicate standards were determined to have an % RSD of 0.04. Conclusion The formulation excipients didn't interfere with the determination of NTB, demonstrating the specificity of the developed method. The proposed approach of the analytical method developed can be used to quantify the amount of NTB present in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalakshmi Velagacherla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - K Vijaya Bhaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Usha Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Chakkar A, Chaturvedi S, Rajput N, Sengupta P, Sharma N. LC/Q-TOF-MS-based structural characterization of enasidenib degradation products and establishment of a stability-indicating assay method: Insights into chemical stability. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9696. [PMID: 38355880 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Enasidenib (EDB) is an orally active selective mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 enzyme inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat acute myeloid leukemia. It lacks a reported forced degradation study and a stability-indicating assay method (SIAM). This study addresses this gap by establishing a degradation profile in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation Q1A and Q1B (R2) guidelines and developing a validated SIAM for EDB. METHODS EDB was exposed to forced degradation under various conditions (hydrolytic, photolytic, oxidative, and thermal stress). Degradation samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in Milli-Q water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection at 270 nm. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF HRMS) was used for the identification and characterization of degradation products. Nitrosamine risk assessment was conducted using a modified nitrosation assay procedure (NAP) test due to the presence of a secondary amine group in the drug, which is liable to forming nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRI). RESULTS The drug exhibited significant degradation under acidic, basic, photolytic, and oxidative conditions in the solution state. A total of nine degradation products (DP) were formed (DP-I, DP-III, and DP-IV: acidic conditions; DP-I and DP-III: basic conditions; DP-II, DP-V, DP-VI, and DP-VII: oxidative stress; and DP-VII, DP-VIII, and DP-IX: photolytic conditions), which were separated and identified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mechanism behind the formation of EDB degradation products has been discussed, and this study was the first to develop a degradation pathway for EDB. In addition, the possibilities of NDSRI formation for EDB were studied using a modified NAP test, which can contribute to the risk assessment of the drug. CONCLUSIONS Forced degradation studies were conducted by establishing a SIAM for EDB. All the degradation products were characterized by mass spectral data obtained using LC/Q-TOF-HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sachin Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, India
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Singh S, Wairkar S. Long-circulating thiolated chitosan nanoparticles of nintedanib with N-acetyl cysteine for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: In vitro assessment of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antifibrotic potential. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123322. [PMID: 37591474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nintedanib (NIN) is one of the FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study aimed to formulate a long-circulating injection of Nintedanib to treat bedridden patients with IPF. Nintedanib was incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (NIN-NP) via the ionic gelation method, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a known antioxidant and mucolytic agent, was added to the NIN-NP (NAC-NIN-NP). The lyophilized formulation had a particle size of 174 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.511, and a zeta potential of 18.6 mV. The spherical nanoparticles were observed in transmission electron microscopy, whereas field emission scanning electron microscopy showed irregular clusters of NP. The thiolation of the chitosan in NAC-NIN-NP was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and NMR, which improved drug release profiles showing >90 % drug release that was 2.42-folds greater than NIN-NP lasting for five days. The DPPH assay showed that adding NAC increased the % inhibition of oxidation in blank-NP (from 54.59 % to 87.17 %) and NIN-NP (58.65 %-89.19 %). The MTT assay on A549 cells showed 67.57 % cell viability by NAC-NIN-NP with an IC50 value of 28 μg/mL. The NAC formulation reduced hydroxyproline content (56.77 μg/mL) compared to NIN-NP (69.48 μg/mL) in WI-38 cell lines. Meanwhile, the healthy cells count with NAC-NIN-NP was higher (5.104 × 103) than with NIN-NP (4.878 × 103). In Hoechst staining, no significant damage to DNA was observed by the drug or formulation. Therefore, NAC-NIN-NP could be a promising treatment option for IPF patients and can be studied further clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskriti Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India.
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Mahajan R, Kumar S, Parupalli R, Khemchandani R, Kanchupalli V, Nanduri S, Samanthula G, Asthana A. Structural characterization and in silico toxicity prediction of degradation impurities of roxadustat. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115517. [PMID: 37320975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Roxadustat is the first drug approved for anemia due to chronic kidney disease. Drug degradation profile is very crucial for assessing the quality and safety of the drug substances and their formulations. Forced degradation studies are conducted for quick prediction of drug degradation products. Forced degradation of roxadustat was carried out as per ICH guidelines, and nine degradation products (DPs) were observed. These DPs (DP-1 to DP-9) were separated using the reverse phase HPLC gradient method with an XBridge column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The chemical structures of all the DPs were proposed by using LC-Q-TOF/MS. DP-4 and DP-5, the two major degradation impurities, were isolated, and NMR was used to confirm their chemical structures. Based on our experiments, the roxadustat was found stable to thermal degradation in solid state and oxidative conditions. However, it was unstable in acidic, basic, and photolytic conditions. A very remarkable observation was made about DP-4 impurity. DP-4 was generated as a common degradation impurity in alkaline hydrolysis, neutral hydrolysis as well as photolysis conditions. DP-4 has a similar molecular mass to roxadustat but is structurally different. DP-4 is chemically, (1a-methyl-6-oxo-3-phenoxy-1,1a,6,6a-tetrahydroindeno [1,2-b] aziridine-6a-carbonyl) glycine. In silico toxicity study was conducted using Dereck software to gain the best knowledge of the drug and its degradation products towards carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and skin sensitivity. A further study using molecular docking confirmed the potential interaction of DPs with proteins responsible for toxicity. DP-4 shows a toxicity alert due to the presence of aziridine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramulu Parupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Khemchandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinaykumar Kanchupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
| | - Amit Asthana
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Dhiman V, Chavan BB, Ramarapu N, Samanthula G. Insight into in silico prediction and chemical degradation study of osimertinib mesylate by LC-HRMS and NMR: Investigation of a typical case of alkaline pH-mediated oxidative degradation product. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:123-131. [PMID: 36895152 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231162345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Osimertinib mesylate is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat nonsmall-cell lung cancer. The objective was to understand in silico prediction and chemical-based stress testing of the osimertinib mesylate. A total of eight degradation products (DPs) were formed under chemical stress testing. An in silico tool viz., Zeneth predicted a higher percentage of DPs. The separation of all the DPs was achieved using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, employing X-Bridge C18 column with ammonium acetate (pH adjusted to 7.50 with ammonia) and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The overall results showed it underwent significant degradation in acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions. In rest of the conditions, osimertinib mesylate was found to be stable or slight degradation was observed in photolytic condition. The structure of DPs was elucidated with a comparison of data generated from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) of osimertinib mesylate and its degradation products. To confirm the unambiguous regioisomers, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimentional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance studies were performed. Furthermore, the N-oxide position was assigned for the first time using the Meisenheimer rearrangement reaction in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode. Interestingly, an unusual reaction of DP2 formation was observed at alkaline conditions. In silico tools such as DEREK and Sarah predicted osimertinib mesylate and most of the DPs found to be structural alert for mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Balasaheb B Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Niharika Ramarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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A comprehensive forced degradation studies of Cariprazine hydrochloride using LC-HRMS/MS and in silico toxicity predictions of its degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen G, Liu F, Zhang X, Zhang R, Cheng A, Shi D, Dong J, Liao H. Dissipation rates, residue distribution, degradation products, and degradation pathway of sulfoxaflor in broccoli. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:59592-59605. [PMID: 35391643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broccoli was selected as the research object in this paper to reveal the dissipation, distribution, and degradation pathway of sulfoxaflor under greenhouse and open-field cultivation conditions for the ecological risk assessment of sulfoxaflor. Results showed that the dissipation of sulfoxaflor in broccoli leaves, flowers, stems, roots, and the whole broccoli was in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation. The sulfoxaflor concentration in broccoli roots reached the maximum value after 1 day of application and then gradually decreased. The degradation half-lives of sulfoxaflor in the roots, leaves, flowers, stems, and whole broccoli were between 2.3 and 19.8 days. The longest degradation half-life of sulfoxaflor was in Heilongjiang under greenhouse cultivation. The terminal residue of sulfoxaflor in broccoli was in the range of 0.005-0.029 mg/kg, and the proportion of sulfoxaflor residue in broccoli leaves was the largest. Thirteen transformation products were separated and identified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and their kinetic evolution was studied. The cleavage of the N = S bond, C-S bond, C-O bond, and cyanide, as well as glucosylation, hydroxylation, SO extrusion, elimination, sulfhydrylation, ketonization, defluorination, and rearrangement, was inferred as the mechanism. Overall, these results can provide guidance for the supervision of the safe application of sulfoxaflor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Chen
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Aihua Cheng
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jiannan Dong
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
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Jahani M, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Akaberi M, Rajabi O, Hadizadeh F. Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1094-1115. [PMID: 35108132 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Stress degradation study on entrectinib and characterization of its degradation products using HRMS and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114459. [PMID: 34768159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Entrectinib is a potent inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. It is designated as an orphan drug. There exists no report of comprehensive degradation profiling of the drug in the literature. Therefore, the present study focused on establishment of its stress degradation chemistry under hydrolytic (acidic, alkaline, neutral), oxidative (H2O2), photolytic and thermal conditions. For the purpose, the stressed solutions were subjected to HPLC studies on a C8 column by employing a gradient elution method, in which acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate were used as the mobile phase components. The results showed that entrectinib was labile to alkaline, H2O2, and photoneutral conditions in the solution state. The drug proved to be stable under acidic, solid-state photolytic, and thermal conditions. A total of sixteen degradation products were formed, which were characterized with the help of high resolution mass spectrometry, and in one case additional help was taken of 1D and -2D NMR data. The knowledge of the structures of the degradation products helped in establishment of degradation pathway of the drug and the involved mechanisms. Also, the toxicity profile of the drug and its degradation products was predicted using ADMET Predictor™ software, which indicated mutagenic potential of atleast five degradation products.
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Dhiman V, Patil K, Velip L, Talluri MVNK, Gananadhamu S. Comprehensive degradation profiling and influence of different oxidizing reagents on tinoridine hydrochloride: Structural characterization of its degradation products using HPLC and HRMS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9210. [PMID: 34619000 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stress testing on tinoridine hydrochloride was carried out using a multidimensional approach. This included different conditions: hydrolytic (acidic, alkaline, and neutral conditions), different oxidative reagents, thermal, photolytic conditions, HPLC method development, and structural elucidation using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). It provides the basis for quality control of tinoridine hydrochloride and its derivatives during storage conditions. METHODS The tinoridine hydrochloride was subjected to a variety of stress conditions. A gradient reversed-phase HPLC method was developed on a X-Bridge C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) to separate all the degradation products (DPs). HRMS studies have been performed to elucidate the structure of DPs. RESULTS HPLC-PDA study revealed that significant degradation products were formed in hydrolytic, AIBN (radical initiator at 40°C), thermal, and solid-state photolight stress conditions, but the drug was stable under oxidative conditions (H2 O2, Fenton's reagent at room temperature and ferric chloride at 40°C). The structure of degradation products was elucidated, and mechanism of their formation was explained. CONCLUSION Stress study was successfully carried out as per ICH Q1A (R2) guideline on tinoridine hydrochloride. A total of six new degradation products were characterized, DP 2 and DP 6 formed by the effect of co-solvent. This study provides the scientifically sound basis for quality monitoring and storage conditions of tinoridine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Kanchan Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Laximan Velip
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - M V N Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Samanthula Gananadhamu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
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