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Parit S, Manchare A, Gholap AD, Mundhe P, Hatvate N, Rojekar S, Patravale V. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A promising breakthrough in cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124211. [PMID: 38750981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) provide effective cancer treatment through the selective delivery of cytotoxic payloads to the cancer cells. They offer unparalleled precision and specificity in directing drugs to cancer cells while minimizing off-target effects. Despite several advantages, there is a requirement for innovations in the molecular design of ADC owing to drug resistance, cancer heterogeneity along the adverse effects of treatment. The review critically analyses ADC function mechanisms, unraveling the intricate interplay between antibodies, linkers, and payloads in facilitating targeted drug delivery to cancer cells. The article also highlights notable advancements in antibody engineering, which aid in creating highly selective and potent ADCs. Additionally, the review details significant progress in clinical ADC development with an in-depth examination of pivotal trials and approved formulations. Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are a ground-breaking approach to targeted drug delivery, especially in cancer treatment. They offer unparalleled precision and specificity in directing drugs to cancer cells while minimizing off-target effects. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of ADC development, covering their design, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. The article emphasizes the need for greater precision in drug delivery and explains why ADCs are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Parit
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ajit Manchare
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Mundhe
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navnath Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Johann F, Wöll S, Winzer M, Gieseler H. Agitation-Induced Aggregation of Lysine- And Interchain Cysteine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1265-1274. [PMID: 38070776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Drug conjugation to an antibody can affect its stability, which depends on factors such as the conjugation technique used, drug-linker properties, and stress encountered. This study focused on the effects of agitation stress on the physical stability of two lysine (ADC-K) and two interchain cysteine (ADC-C) conjugates of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) linked to either ∼4 MMAE or DM1 payloads. During agitation, all antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) exhibited higher aggregation than the mAb, which was dependent on the conjugation technique (aggregation of ADC-Ks > ADC-Cs) and drug-linker (aggregation of ADCs with MMAE > ADCs with DM1). The aggregation propensities correlated well with higher self-interaction, hydrophobicity, and surface activity of ADCs relative to the mAb. The intermediate reduced mAb (mAb-SH) showed even higher aggregation than the final product ADC-Cs. However, blocking mAb-SH's free thiols with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) strongly reduced its aggregation, suggesting that free thiols should be minimized in cysteine ADCs. Further, this study demonstrates that a low-volume surface tension method can be used for estimating agitation-induced aggregation of ADCs in early development phases. Identifying liabilities to agitation stress and their relationship to biophysical properties may help optimize ADC stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Johann
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Pharmaceutics, Freeze Drying Focus Group (FDFG), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Merck KGaA, Global CMC Development, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Wöll
- Merck KGaA, Global CMC Development, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Winzer
- Merck KGaA, Global CMC Development, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henning Gieseler
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Pharmaceutics, Freeze Drying Focus Group (FDFG), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; GILYOS GmbH, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 15, 97076 Würzburg, Germany.
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Vartak R, Deore B, Sanhueza CA, Patel K. Cetuximab-based PROteolysis targeting chimera for effectual downregulation of NSCLC with varied EGFR mutations. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126413. [PMID: 37598823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PROteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) showed tremendous therapeutic potential in degrading several oncoproteins including undruggable proteins. PROTACs are bifunctional molecules where one-part binds to target protein while the other end recruits protein degradation machinery. With the unveiling advancements in the field of PROTACs, we explored a combinatorial approach by developing antibody-based PROTAC (ABTAC) which may effectively degrade one of the key oncoprotein driving proliferation and progression of cancer - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The objective of current research was to synthesize and characterize an EGFR degrading ABTAC for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cetuximab and pomalidomide (E3 ligase recruiting ligand) were conjugated using lysine conjugation and copper free azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry. Analytical characterization using reverse-phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry suggested conjugation of five E3-ligase inhibitor molecules/antibody. Nearly 10-30 folds reduction in IC50 was observed with ABTAC in HCC827 (EGFR sensitive) and H1650 (EGFR resistant) cells compared to cetuximab. Multicellular 3D spheroid assay strongly suggested that ABTAC induced significant apoptosis and also inhibited cell proliferation compared to control and antibody alone. Circular dichroism and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed minor alterations in the structure and receptor binding efficacy of the antibody post-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Vartak
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States of America
| | - Bhavesh Deore
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States of America
| | - Carlos A Sanhueza
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States of America
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, United States of America.
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Eras A, Castillo D, Suárez M, Vispo NS, Albericio F, Rodriguez H. Chemical Conjugation in Drug Delivery Systems. Front Chem 2022; 10:889083. [PMID: 35720996 PMCID: PMC9204480 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate. Treatments to mitigate cancer are usually so intense and invasive that they weaken the patient to cure as dangerous as the own disease. From some time ago until today, to reduce resistance generated by the constant administration of the drug and improve its pharmacokinetics, scientists have been developing drug delivery system (DDS) technology. DDS platforms aim to maximize the drugs’ effectiveness by directing them to reach the affected area by the disease and, therefore, reduce the potential side effects. Erythrocytes, antibodies, and nanoparticles have been used as carriers. Eleven antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) involving covalent linkage has been commercialized as a promising cancer treatment in the last years. This review describes the general features and applications of DDS focused on the covalent conjugation system that binds the antibody carrier to the cytotoxic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Eras
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Danna Castillo
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Margarita Suárez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Nelson Santiago Vispo
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Nelson Santiago Vispo, ; Fernando Albericio, ; Hortensia Rodriguez,
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Nelson Santiago Vispo, ; Fernando Albericio, ; Hortensia Rodriguez,
| | - Hortensia Rodriguez
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Nelson Santiago Vispo, ; Fernando Albericio, ; Hortensia Rodriguez,
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