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Sumerskii I, Böhmdorfer S, Tsetsgee O, Sulaeva I, Khaliliyan H, Musl O, Dorninger K, Tischer A, Potthast K, Rosenau T, Brereton RG, Potthast A. Tapping the Full Potential of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Technical Lignins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301840. [PMID: 38240610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
We present an approach to overcome the challenges associated with the increasing demand of high-throughput characterization of technical lignins, a key resource in emerging bioeconomies. Our approach offers a resort from the lack of direct, simple, and low-cost analytical techniques for lignin characterization by employing multivariate calibration models based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy to predict structural properties of lignins (i. e., functionality, molar mass). By leveraging a comprehensive database of over 500 well-characterized technical lignin samples - a factor of 10 larger than previously used sets - our chemometric models achieved high levels of quality and statistical confidence for the determination of different functional group contents (RMSEPs of 4-16 %). However, the statistical moments of the molar mass distribution are still best determined by size-exclusion chromatography. Analyses of over 500 technical lignins offered also a great opportunity to provide information on the general variability in kraft lignins and lignosulfonates (from different origins). Overall, the effected savings in analysis time (>7 h), resources, and required sample mass combined with non-destructiveness of the measurement satisfy key demands for efficient high-throughput lignin analyses. Finally, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of our approach, along with critical insights into the associated chemical-analytical and spectroscopic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sumerskii
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Otgontuul Tsetsgee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Oliver Musl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Katharina Dorninger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin Potthast
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Richard G Brereton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU University, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
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2
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Downey K, Bermel W, Soong R, Lysak DH, Ronda K, Steiner K, Costa PM, Wolff WW, Decker V, Busse F, Goerling B, Haber A, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Low-field, not low quality: 1D simplification, selective detection, and heteronuclear 2D experiments for improving low-field NMR spectroscopy of environmental and biological samples. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:345-360. [PMID: 37811556 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding environmental change is challenging and requires molecular-level tools to explain the physicochemical phenomena behind complex processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key tool that provides information on both molecular structures and interactions but is underutilized in environmental research because standard "high-field" NMR is financially and physically inaccessible for many and can be overwhelming to those outside of disciplines that routinely use NMR. "Low-field" NMR is an accessible alternative but has reduced sensitivity and increased spectral overlap, which is especially problematic for natural, heterogeneous samples. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate and apply innovative experiments that could minimize these challenges and improve low-field NMR analysis of environmental and biological samples. Spectral simplification (JRES, PSYCHE, singlet-only, multiple quantum filters), selective detection (GEMSTONE, DREAMTIME), and heteronuclear (reverse and CH3/CH2/CH-only HSQCs) NMR experiments are tested on samples of increasing complexity (amino acids, spruce resin, and intact water fleas) at-high field (500 MHz) and at low-field (80 MHz). A novel experiment called Doubly Selective HSQC is also introduced, wherein 1H signals are selectively detected based on the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of 1H-13C J-coupled pairs. The most promising approaches identified are the selective techniques (namely for monitoring), and the reverse and CH3-only HSQCs. Findings ultimately demonstrate that low-field NMR holds great potential for biological and environmental research. The multitude of NMR experiments available makes NMR tailorable to nearly any research need, and low-field NMR is therefore anticipated to become a valuable and widely used analytical tool moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William W Wolff
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Kemsley EK. Graphical exploration of 600- and 60-MHz proton NMR spectral datasets from ground roast coffee extracts. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:236-251. [PMID: 37311710 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article uses a variety of graphical and mathematical approaches to analyse 600- and 60-MHz ('benchtop') proton NMR spectra acquired from lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of roasted coffee beans. The collection of 40 authenticated samples comprised various coffee species, cultivars and hybrids. The spectral datasets were analysed by a combination of metabolomics approaches, cross-correlation and whole spectrum methods, assisted by visualisation and mathematical techniques not conventionally employed to treat NMR data. A large amount of information content was shared between the 600-MHz and benchtop datasets, including in its magnitude spectral form, suggesting the potential for a lower cost, lower tech route to conducting informative metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kate Kemsley
- Core Science Resources Group, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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Clobes ML, Kozliak EI, Kubátová A. Advancing Molecular Weight Determination of Lignin by Multi-Angle Light Scattering. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:477. [PMID: 38399853 PMCID: PMC10892000 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and recalcitrance of lignin, its chemical characterization is a key factor preventing the valorization of this abundant material. Multi-angle light scattering (MALS) is becoming a sought-after technique for absolute molecular weight (MW) determination of polymers and proteins. Lignin is a suitable candidate for MW determination via MALS, yet further investigation is required to confirm its absolute MW values and molecular size. Studies aiming to break down lignin into a variety of renewable products will benefit greatly from a simple and reliable determination method like MALS. Recent pioneering studies, discussed in this review, addressed several key challenges in lignin's MW characterization. Nevertheless, some lignin-specific issues still need to be considered for in-depth characterization. This study explores how MALS instrumentation manages the complexities of determining lignin's MW, e.g., with simultaneous fractionation and fluorescence interference mitigation. Additionally, we rationalize the importance of a more detailed light scattering analysis for lignin characterization, including aspects like the second virial coefficient and radius of gyration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evguenii I. Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
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Galvan D, de Aguiar LM, Bona E, Marini F, Killner MHM. Successful combination of benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemometric tools: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1273:341495. [PMID: 37423658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has three general modalities: spectroscopy, imaging, and relaxometry. In the last twelve years, the modality of spectroscopy, also known as benchtop NMR, compact NMR, or just low-field NMR, has undergone instrumental development due to new permanent magnetic materials and design. As a result, benchtop NMR has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for use in process analytical control (PAC). Nevertheless, the successful application of NMR devices as an analytical tool in several areas is intrinsically linked to its coupling with different chemometric methods. This review focuses on the evolution of benchtop NMR and chemometrics in chemical analysis, including applications in fuels, foods, pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, drugs, metabolomics, and polymers. The review also presents different low-resolution NMR methods for spectrum acquisition and chemometric techniques for calibration, classification, discrimination, data fusion, calibration transfer, multi-block and multi-way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Galvan
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Chemistry Departament, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), 86.057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Evandro Bona
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Campo Mourão, 87301-899, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Chemistry (PPGQ), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Curitiba, 80230-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mário Henrique M Killner
- Chemistry Departament, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), 86.057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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6
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Tang B, Chong K, Ragauskas AJ, Evans R. Quantitative Low-Field 19 F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Carbonyl Groups in Pyrolysis Oils. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300625. [PMID: 37318880 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis bio-oils, one of the products of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, have the potential to be widely used as fuels. The chemical composition of bio-oils is very complicated as they contain hundreds, if not thousands, of different, mostly oxygen-containing, compounds with a wide distribution of physical properties, chemical structures, and concentrations. Detailed knowledge of bio-oil composition is crucial for optimizing both the pyrolysis processes and for any subsequent upgrading into a more viable fuel resource. Here we report the successful use of low-field, or benchtop, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers in the analysis of pyrolysis oils. Pyrolysis oils from four different feedstocks were derivatized and analyzed using 19 F NMR techniques. The NMR results compare favorably with titrations for total carbonyl content. In addition, the benchtop NMR spectrometer proves able to reveal key spectral features, thus allowing the quantification of different carbonyl groups, such as aldehydes, ketones and quinones. Benchtop NMR spectrometers are typically compact, cheaper than their superconducting counterparts and do not require cryogens. Their use will make NMR analysis of pyrolysis oils easier and more accessible to a wide range of different potential users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Tang
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Katie Chong
- Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37771, United States
| | - Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an elegant tool for a complete quality control of crude heparin material. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114915. [PMID: 35777175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometric methods for the quantitative analysis of pure heparin in crude heparin is proposed. For quantification, a two-step routine was developed using a USP heparin reference sample for calibration and benzoic acid as an internal standard. The method was successfully validated for its accuracy, reproducibility, and precision. The methodology was used to analyze 20 authentic porcine heparinoid samples having heparin content between 4.25 w/w % and 64.4 w/w %. The characterization of crude heparin products was further extended to a simultaneous analysis of these common ions: sodium, calcium, acetate and chloride. A significant, linear dependence was found between anticoagulant activity and assayed heparin content for thirteen heparinoids samples, for which reference data were available. A Diffused-ordered NMR experiment (DOSY) can be used for qualitative analysis of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in heparinoid matrices and, potentially, for quantitative prediction of molecular weight of GAGs. NMR spectrometry therefore represents a unique analytical method suitable for the simultaneous quantitative control of organic and inorganic composition of crude heparin samples (especially heparin content) as well as an estimation of other physical and quality parameters (molecular weight, animal origin and activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany; FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Mußmann-Straße 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany
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8
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Lindner S, Burger R, Rutledge DN, Do XT, Rumpf J, Diehl BWK, Schulze M, Monakhova YB. Is the Calibration Transfer of Multivariate Calibration Models between High- and Low-Field NMR Instruments Possible? A Case Study of Lignin Molecular Weight. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3997-4004. [PMID: 35201769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although several successful applications of benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in quantitative mixture analysis exist, the possibility of calibration transfer remains mostly unexplored, especially between high- and low-field NMR. This study investigates for the first time the calibration transfer of partial least squares regressions [weight average molecular weight (Mw) of lignin] between high-field (600 MHz) NMR and benchtop NMR devices (43 and 60 MHz). For the transfer, piecewise direct standardization, calibration transfer based on canonical correlation analysis, and transfer via the extreme learning machine auto-encoder method are employed. Despite the immense resolution difference between high-field and low-field NMR instruments, the results demonstrate that the calibration transfer from high- to low-field is feasible in the case of a physical property, namely, the molecular weight, achieving validation errors close to the original calibration (down to only 1.2 times higher root mean square errors). These results introduce new perspectives for applications of benchtop NMR, in which existing calibrations from expensive high-field instruments can be transferred to cheaper benchtop instruments to economize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lindner
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich 52428, Germany.,Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach 53359, Germany
| | - René Burger
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach 53359, Germany
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Paris 75005, France.,National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga 2650, Australia
| | - Xuan Tung Do
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach 53359, Germany
| | - Jessica Rumpf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach 53359, Germany
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, Köln 50996, Germany
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach 53359, Germany
| | - Yulia B Monakhova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich 52428, Germany.,Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, Köln 50996, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov 410012, Russia
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