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Embleton ND, Jennifer Moltu S, Lapillonne A, van den Akker CHP, Carnielli V, Fusch C, Gerasimidis K, van Goudoever JB, Haiden N, Iacobelli S, Johnson MJ, Meyer S, Mihatsch W, de Pipaon MS, Rigo J, Zachariassen G, Bronsky J, Indrio F, Köglmeier J, de Koning B, Norsa L, Verduci E, Domellöf M. Enteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants (2022): A Position Paper From the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition and Invited Experts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:248-268. [PMID: 36705703 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current literature and develop consensus conclusions and recommendations on nutrient intakes and nutritional practice in preterm infants with birthweight <1800 g. METHODS The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee of Nutrition (CoN) led a process that included CoN members and invited experts. Invited experts with specific expertise were chosen to represent as broad a geographical spread as possible. A list of topics was developed, and individual leads were assigned to topics along with other members, who reviewed the current literature. A single face-to-face meeting was held in February 2020. Provisional conclusions and recommendations were developed between 2020 and 2021, and these were voted on electronically by all members of the working group between 2021 and 2022. Where >90% consensus was not achieved, online discussion meetings were held, along with further voting until agreement was reached. RESULTS In general, there is a lack of strong evidence for most nutrients and topics. The summary paper is supported by additional supplementary digital content that provide a fuller explanation of the literature and relevant physiology: introduction and overview; human milk reference data; intakes of water, protein, energy, lipid, carbohydrate, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements, water soluble vitamins, and fat soluble vitamins; feeding mode including mineral enteral feeding, feed advancement, management of gastric residuals, gastric tube placement and bolus or continuous feeding; growth; breastmilk buccal colostrum, donor human milk, and risks of cytomegalovirus infection; hydrolyzed protein and osmolality; supplemental bionutrients; and use of breastmilk fortifier. CONCLUSIONS We provide updated ESPGHAN CoN consensus-based conclusions and recommendations on nutrient intakes and nutritional management for preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chris H P van den Akker
- the Department of Pediatrics - Neonatology, Amsterdam UMC - Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Virgilio Carnielli
- Polytechnic University of Marche and Division of Neonatology, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Christoph Fusch
- the Department of Pediatrics, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical School, Nuremberg, Germany
- the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- the Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja Haiden
- the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Iacobelli
- the Réanimation Néonatale et Pédiatrique, Néonatologie - CHU La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Mark J Johnson
- the Department of Neonatal Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sascha Meyer
- the Department of General Paediatrics and Neonatology, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Walter Mihatsch
- the Department of Pediatrics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- the Department of Health Management, Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Miguel Saenz de Pipaon
- the Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacques Rigo
- the Neonatal Unit, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- H.C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiri Bronsky
- the Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Flavia Indrio
- the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jutta Köglmeier
- the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Barbara de Koning
- the Paediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Norsa
- the Paediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Transplantation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- the Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- the Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Ribas SA, Paravidino VB, Soares FVM. Comparison of growth curves in very low birth weight preterm infants after hospital discharge. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:149-157. [PMID: 34231052 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring preterm infants' growth is essential to ensure the best prognosis for their growth and development. We aimed to compare growth curves in very low birth weight preterm infants after hospital discharge. In this retrospective longitudinal study, 178 preterm infants' growth was assessed by z-scores for weight for age and length to age and compared between Fenton and Kim and Intergrowth-21st charts from hospital discharge until 50 weeks postnatal, and between Intergrowth-21st and WHO charts, 50 and 64 weeks postnatal. The Kappa test was used to evaluate the agreement of the number of cases classified above or below the -2 Z-score concerning weight-for-age and length-for-age indicators to each proposed curve. Our results found that the agreement between Fenton and Kim and Intergrowth-21st curves was almost perfect for most of the weeks investigated, except 35-38 (k = 0.79) and 47-50 (k = 0.61) weeks postnatal. When evaluating the agreement between WHO and Intergrowth-21st, it was substantial for most of the weeks investigated, except for 55-58 and 69-64 weeks postnatal, in which the agreement was almost perfect (k = 0.84; k = 0.81, respectively). Furthermore, we observed that Fenton and Kim curve identified 8.4% and WHO, 5.8% more cases of preterm infants below -2 z than Intergrowth-21st.Conclusion: Although the agreement of the curves was substantial to almost perfect, the Fenton and Kim and WHO curve seem to identify more cases of preterm infants compared to the Intergrowth-21st, a finding that deserves more in-depth investigation in clinical practice. What is Known: • The adequate interpretation of postnatal growth depends on the standard growth chart. • Studies comparing the classification of anthropometric indicators of preterm infants between growth curves consider only the period from birth to hospital discharge. What is New: • This is the first study that compares the classification of weight-for-age and length-for-age indicators of VLBW preterm infants between Intergrowth-21st and Fenton and Kim curves until 64 weeks postnatal. • Substantial to almost perfect agreement of length-for-age indicator was found between the two growth curves of preterm infants during outpatient follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Augusta Ribas
- Department of Nutrition in Public Health, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vitor Barreto Paravidino
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Naval Academy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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HOLZBACH LC, MOREIRA RADM, PEREIRA RJ. Quality indicators in nutrition therapy and clinical outcomes in a neonatal intensive care unit. REV NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202134e200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To associate quality indicators in nutritional therapy and pre-determined clinical outcomes in a neonatal unit. Methods A total of 81 premature newborns were monitored regarding the time to initiate nutrition therapy, time to meet energy needs, energy and protein adequacy, cumulative energy deficit, adequacy of the nutritional formula and fasting periods; weight gain, the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis, mortality and length of stay in the intensive care unit. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at 5% significance level. Results The time to start enteral nutrition and the calories infused/kg/day were predictors of length of hospital stay F(2.46)=6.148; p=0.004; R2=0.211; as well as the cumulative energy deficit+birth weight+infused calories/kg/day (F=3.52; p<0.001; R2=0.422); cumulative energy deficit+calories infused/kg/day+fasting time for Enteral Nutrition (F=15.041; p<0.001; R2=0.474) were predictors of weight gain. The time to start enteral nutrition, gestational age and birth weight were inversely associated with the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (β=-0.38; β=-0.198; β=-0.002). Early enteral nutrition predisposed to mortality (β=0.33). Gestational age, birth weight and calories infused/kg/day were inversely related to mortality (β=-0.442; β=-0.004; β=-0.08). Conclusions Considering the associations between indicators and outcomes, routine monitoring of the time to start enteral nutrition, energy adequacy, energy deficit and fasting time is recommended.
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Specht RCVLP, Barroso LN, Machado RCM, Santos MSD, Ferreira AA, Chacon I, Padilha PDC. Enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy for neonates at a neonatal unit: a longitudinal retrospective study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:3323-3329. [PMID: 33213253 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1818212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goals of nutrition therapy include providing adequate growth and development, avoiding a negative energy and nitrogen balance, and preventing complications. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the nutrition therapy received by newborns at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS Retrospective longitudinal observational study in which data were collected on newborns admitted to NICU, in Rio de Janeiro, in 2016. The time that elapsed before commencement of parenteral and trophic enteral nutritional, time to reach full enteral nutrition, type of diet at the beginning of trophic enteral nutrition and at discharge from the NICU, and the relationship between birth weight and nutritional therapy were evaluated. RESULTS Trophic enteral nutrition began after 24.42 (SD +20.23) hours, on average, and the mean time to reach full enteral nutrition was 10.0 (SD +5.51) days. Newborns with a birth weight below 1500 g had a longer hospital stay (p = .002), longer oxygen therapy (p = .009), a longer time before commencement of enteral feeding (p = .005), and took longer to reach full enteral feeding (p = .010). CONCLUSIONS The institutional nutritional therapy practices were consistent with those proposed in the literature, but more support is needed for breastfeeding in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lygia Nestal Barroso
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Alves Ferreira
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iasmin Chacon
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia de Carvalho Padilha
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rogobete AF, Grintescu IM, Bratu T, Bedreag OH, Papurica M, Crainiceanu ZP, Popovici SE, Sandesc D. Assessment of Metabolic and Nutritional Imbalance in Mechanically Ventilated Multiple Trauma Patients: From Molecular to Clinical Outcomes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040171. [PMID: 31683927 PMCID: PMC6963656 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The critically ill polytrauma patient is characterized by a series of metabolic changes induced by inflammation, oxidative stress, sepsis, and primary trauma, as well as associated secondary injuries associated. Metabolic and nutritional dysfunction in the critically ill patient is a complex series of imbalances of biochemical and genetic pathways, as well as the interconnection between them. Therefore, the equation changes in comparison to other critical patients or to healthy individuals, in which cases, mathematical equations can be successfully used to predict the energy requirements. Recent studies have shown that indirect calorimetry is one of the most accurate methods for determining the energy requirements in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients. Current research is oriented towards an individualized therapy depending on the energy consumption (kcal/day) of each patient that also takes into account the clinical dynamics. By using indirect calorimetry, one can measure, in real time, both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Energy requirements (kcal/day) and the respiratory quotient (RQ) can be determined in real time by integrating these dynamic parameters into electronic algorithms. In this manner, nutritional therapy becomes personalized and caters to the patients’ individual needs, helping patients receive the energy substrates they need at each clinically specific time of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Florin Rogobete
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu",300041 Timisoara 300723, Romania.
| | - Ioana Marina Grintescu
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Tiberiu Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Horea Bedreag
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu",300041 Timisoara 300723, Romania.
| | - Marius Papurica
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu",300041 Timisoara 300723, Romania.
| | | | - Sonia Elena Popovici
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu",300041 Timisoara 300723, Romania.
| | - Dorel Sandesc
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu",300041 Timisoara 300723, Romania.
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