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Kang JU. Medical Implementation of Microarray Technology. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2020.52.4.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Un Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Un Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
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Choi YJ, Shin E, Jo TS, Moon JH, Lee SM, Kim JH, Oh JW, Kim CR, Seol IJ. A new mosaic der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3) with developmental delay and facial dysmorphism. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 59:91-5. [PMID: 26958068 PMCID: PMC4781737 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2016.59.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 22-month-old boy with a new mosaic partial unbalanced translocation of 1q and 18q. The patient was referred to our Pediatric Department for developmental delay. He showed mild facial dysmorphism, physical growth retardation, a hearing disability, and had a history of patent ductus arteriosus. White matter abnormality on brain magnetic resonance images was also noted. His initial routine chromosomal analysis revealed a normal 46,XY karyotype. In a microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, subtle copy number changes in 1q32.1–q44 (copy gain) and 18q21.33–18q23 (copy loss) suggested an unbalanced translocation of t(1;18). Repeated chromosomal analysis revealed a low-level mosaic translocation karyotype of 46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3)[12]/46,XY[152]. Because his parents had normal karyotypes, his translocation was considered to be de novo. The abnormalities observed in aCGH were confirmed by metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization. We report this patient as a new karyotype presenting developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, cerebral dysmyelination, and other abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunsim Shin
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sik Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Hwa Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ryul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Joon Seol
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Li MM, Monzon FA, Biegel JA, Jobanputra V, Laffin JJ, Levy B, Leon A, Miron P, Rossi MR, Toruner G, Alvarez K, Doho G, Dougherty MJ, Hu X, Kash S, Streck D, Znoyko I, Hagenkord JM, Wolff DJ. A multicenter, cross-platform clinical validation study of cancer cytogenomic arrays. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:525-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Grote L, Myers M, Lovell A, Saal H, Sund KL. Variable approaches to genetic counseling for microarray regions of homozygosity associated with parental relatedness. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:87-98. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Grote
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Division of Clinical Genetics; The Children's Mercy Hospital; Kansas City Missouri
| | - Melanie Myers
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Anne Lovell
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Howard Saal
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Kristen Lipscomb Sund
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
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Helm BM, Langley K, Spangler B, Vergano S. Three clinical experiences with SNP array results consistent with parental incest: a narrative with lessons learned. J Genet Couns 2013; 23:489-95. [PMID: 24222483 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays have the ability to reveal parental consanguinity which may or may not be known to healthcare providers. Consanguinity can have significant implications for the health of patients and for individual and family psychosocial well-being. These results often present ethical and legal dilemmas that can have important ramifications. Unexpected consanguinity can be confounding to healthcare professionals who may be unprepared to handle these results or to communicate them to families or other appropriate representatives. There are few published accounts of experiences with consanguinity and SNP arrays. In this paper we discuss three cases where molecular evidence of parental incest was identified by SNP microarray. We hope to further highlight consanguinity as a potential incidental finding, how the cases were handled by the clinical team, and what resources were found to be most helpful. This paper aims to contribute further to professional discourse on incidental findings with genomic technology and how they were addressed clinically. These experiences may provide some guidance on how others can prepare for these findings and help improve practice. As genetic and genomic testing is utilized more by non-genetics providers, we also hope to inform about the importance of engaging with geneticists and genetic counselors when addressing these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Helm
- Department of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters/Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Children's Lane, 2nd Floor Pediatrics, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA,
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Brown N, Burgess T, Forbes R, McGillivray G, Kornberg A, Mandelstam S, Stark Z. 5q31.3 Microdeletion syndrome: clinical and molecular characterization of two further cases. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2604-8. [PMID: 23950017 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome has recently emerged as a distinct clinical entity, and we report two new patients with de novo deletions of this region, bringing the total to seven. Similarly to previously reported cases, the phenotype of our patients is characterized by marked hypotonia, apnea, developmental delay, and feeding difficulties. Both patients had abnormal movements which did not correlate with epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram (EEG). Developmental brain changes on neuroimaging consisted of abnormalities predominantly affecting the white matter and frontal lobes. The 5q31.3 deleted regions overlap those of previously reported cases, and allow further refinement of the shortest region of overlap to 101 kb, including only three genes. Of these, the purine-rich element binding protein A (PURA) gene has an established role in brain development, and we propose that haploinsufficiency for this gene is primarily responsible for the neurodevelopmental features observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Matsumaru D, Haraguchi R, Moon AM, Satoh Y, Nakagata N, Yamamura KI, Takahashi N, Kitazawa S, Yamada G. Genetic analysis of the role of Alx4 in the coordination of lower body and external genitalia formation. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:350-7. [PMID: 23942202 PMCID: PMC3925283 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several syndromes include abnormalities of both the ventral body wall and external genitalia, the developmental bases of this correlation are largely unknown. Naturally occurring mutations in Aristaless-like 4 (Alx4, Strong's luxoid: Alx4Lst) have ventral body wall and pelvic girdle abnormalities. We sought to determine whether the development of the genital tubercle (GT) and its derivatives, the external genitalia, is affected by this mutation. We thus performed genetic and tissue labeling analyses in mutant mice. Alx4Lst/Lst mutants displayed hypoplasia of the dorsal GT and reduced expression of Fibronectin. We analyzed cell migration during GT formation by tissue labeling experiments and discovered that the cells located in the proximal segment of the umbilical cord (infra-umbilical mesenchyme) migrate toward the dorsal part of the GT. The Alx4Lst/Lst mutants also displayed augmented expression of Hh signal-related genes. Hence, we analyzed a series of combinatorial mutants for Alx4, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and GLI-Kruppel family member 3 (Gli3). These phenotype–genotype analyses suggested a genetic interaction between Alx4 and Hh signaling during GT formation. Moreover, Hh gain-of-function mutants phenocopied some of these phenotypes. These observations reveal novel information regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of syndromic lower ventral body malformations, which are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsumaru
- 1] Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan [2] Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- 1] Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan [2] Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan [3] Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Anne M Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Satoh
- 1] Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan [2] Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- 1] Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan [2] Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Marino BS, Lipkin PH, Newburger JW, Peacock G, Gerdes M, Gaynor JW, Mussatto KA, Uzark K, Goldberg CS, Johnson WH, Li J, Smith SE, Bellinger DC, Mahle WT. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: evaluation and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 126:1143-72. [PMID: 22851541 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e318265ee8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1034] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this statement was to review the available literature on surveillance, screening, evaluation, and management strategies and put forward a scientific statement that would comprehensively review the literature and create recommendations to optimize neurodevelopmental outcome in the pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) population. METHODS AND RESULTS A writing group appointed by the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics reviewed the available literature addressing developmental disorder and disability and developmental delay in the CHD population, with specific attention given to surveillance, screening, evaluation, and management strategies. MEDLINE and Google Scholar database searches from 1966 to 2011 were performed for English-language articles cross-referencing CHD with pertinent search terms. The reference lists of identified articles were also searched. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classification of recommendations and levels of evidence for practice guidelines were used. A management algorithm was devised that stratified children with CHD on the basis of established risk factors. For those deemed to be at high risk for developmental disorder or disabilities or for developmental delay, formal, periodic developmental and medical evaluations are recommended. A CHD algorithm for surveillance, screening, evaluation, reevaluation, and management of developmental disorder or disability has been constructed to serve as a supplement to the 2006 American Academy of Pediatrics statement on developmental surveillance and screening. The proposed algorithm is designed to be carried out within the context of the medical home. This scientific statement is meant for medical providers within the medical home who care for patients with CHD. CONCLUSIONS Children with CHD are at increased risk of developmental disorder or disabilities or developmental delay. Periodic developmental surveillance, screening, evaluation, and reevaluation throughout childhood may enhance identification of significant deficits, allowing for appropriate therapies and education to enhance later academic, behavioral, psychosocial, and adaptive functioning.
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Haraguchi R, Matsumaru D, Nakagata N, Miyagawa S, Suzuki K, Kitazawa S, Yamada G. The hedgehog signal induced modulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling: an essential signaling relay for urinary tract morphogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42245. [PMID: 22860096 PMCID: PMC3408458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital diseases of the urinary tract are frequently observed in infants. Such diseases present a number of developmental anomalies such as hydroureter and hydronephrosis. Although some genetically-modified mouse models of growth factor signaling genes reproduce urinary phenotypes, the pathogenic mechanisms remain obscure. Previous studies suggest that a portion of the cells in the external genitalia and bladder are derived from peri-cloacal mesenchymal cells that receive Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the early developmental stages. We hypothesized that defects in such progenitor cells, which give rise to urinary tract tissues, may be a cause of such diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of upper urinary tract malformations, we analyzed a series of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) deficient mice. Shh(-/-) displayed hydroureter and hydronephrosis phenotypes and reduced expression of several developmental markers. In addition, we suggested that Shh modulation at an early embryonic stage is responsible for such phenotypes by analyzing the Shh conditional mutants. Tissue contribution assays of Hh-responsive cells revealed that peri-cloacal mesenchymal cells, which received Hh signal secreted from cloacal epithelium, could contribute to the ureteral mesenchyme. Gain- and loss-of-functional mutants for Hh signaling revealed a correlation between Hh signaling and Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling. Finally, a conditional ablation of Bmp receptor type IA (BmprIA) gene was examined in Hh-responsive cell lineages. This system thus made it possible to analyze the primary functions of the growth factor signaling relay. The defective Hh-to-Bmp signaling relay resulted in severe urinary tract phenotypes with a decrease in the number of Hh-responsive cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study identified the essential embryonic stages for the pathogenesis of urinary tract phenotypes. These results suggested that Hh-responsive mesenchymal Bmp signaling maintains the population of peri-cloacal mesenchyme cells, which is essential for the development of the ureter and the upper urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Grote L, Myers M, Lovell A, Saal H, Lipscomb Sund K. Variability in laboratory reporting practices for regions of homozygosity indicating parental relatedness as identified by SNP microarray testing. Genet Med 2012; 14:971-6. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2012.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Hosoki K, Ohta T, Natsume J, Imai S, Okumura A, Matsui T, Harada N, Bacino CA, Scaglia F, Jones JY, Niikawa N, Saitoh S. Clinical phenotype and candidate genes for the 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1891-6. [PMID: 22711443 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Array-based technologies have led to the identification of many novel microdeletion and microduplication syndromes demonstrating multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability (MCA/ID). We have used chromosomal microarray analysis for the evaluation of patients with MCA/ID and/or neonatal hypotonia. Three overlapping de novo microdeletions at 5q31.3 with the shortest region of overlap (SRO) of 370 kb were detected in three unrelated patients. These patients showed similar clinical features including severe neonatal hypotonia, neonatal feeding difficulties, respiratory distress, characteristic facial features, and severe developmental delay. These features are consistent with the 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome originally proposed by Shimojima et al., providing further evidence that this syndrome is clinically discernible. The 370 kb SRO encompasses only four RefSeq genes including neuregulin 2 (NRG2) and purine-rich element binding protein A (PURA). NRG2 is one of the members of the neuregulin family related to neuronal and glial cell growth and differentiation, thus making NRG2 a good candidate for the observed phenotype. Moreover, PURA is also a good candidate because Pura-deficient mice demonstrate postnatal neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Hosoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Schulze H, Barl T, Vase H, Baier S, Thomas P, Giraud G, Crain J, Bachmann TT. Enzymatic on-chip enhancement for high resolution genotyping DNA microarrays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5080-4. [PMID: 22548504 DOI: 10.1021/ac3007945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms is emerging as a major human healthcare concern. While there are a variety of resistance mechanisms, many can be related to single nucleotide polymorphisms and for which DNA microarrays have been widely deployed in bacterial genotyping. However, genotyping by means of allele-specific hybridization can suffer from the drawback that oligonucleotide probes with different nucleotide composition have varying thermodynamic parameters. This results in unpredictable hybridization behavior of mismatch probes. Consequently, the degree of discrimination between perfect match and mismatch probes is insufficient in some cases. We report here an on-chip enzymatic procedure to improve this discrimination in which false-positive hybrids are selectively digested. We find that the application of CEL1 Surveyor nuclease, a mismatch-specific endonuclease, significantly enhances the discrimination fidelity, as demonstrated here on a microarray for the identification of variants of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases and monitored by end point detection of fluorescence intensity. Further fundamental investigations applying total internal reflection fluorescence detection for kinetic real-time measurements confirmed the enzymatic enhancement for SNP discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schulze
- Division of Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
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Chang VY, Quintero-Rivera F, Baldwin EE, Woo K, Martinez-Agosto JA, Fu C, Gomperts BN. B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cystinuria in a patient with duplication 22q11.21 detected by chromosomal microarray analysis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:470-3. [PMID: 21225931 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Duplication 22q11.2 syndrome is the result of a microduplication of the same chromosomal region that is deleted in DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes. We describe a patient with dysmorphic features who was diagnosed with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and developed cystinuria and pancreatitis during treatment. Duplication 22q11.2 has not been previously described in association with hematologic abnormalities. Chromosomal microarray technology was used to diagnose duplication 22q11.2 syndrome. In this era of advanced genomics, this technology has become an important method for helping to determine the molecular basis of diseases, best treatments and ultimately patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Y Chang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Schaaf CP, Scott DA, Wiszniewska J, Beaudet AL. Identification of incestuous parental relationships by SNP-based DNA microarrays. Lancet 2011; 377:555-6. [PMID: 21315943 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Matson JL, Sturmey P. The Genetics of Autism. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF AUTISM AND PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2011. [PMCID: PMC7120060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8065-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is written to make the fast-paced, expanding field of the genetics of autism accessible to those practitioners who help children with autism. New genetic knowledge and technology have quickly developed over the past 30 years, particularly within the past decade, and have made many optimistic about our ability to explain autism. Among these advances include the sequencing of the human genome (Lander et al., 2001) and the identification of common genetic variants via the HapMap project (International HapMap Consortium, 2005), and the development of cost-efficient genotyping and analysis technologies (Losh, Sullivan, Trembath, & Piven, 2008). Improvement in technology has led to improved visualization of chromosomal abnormality down to the molecular level. The four most common syndromes associated with autism include fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, 15q duplications, and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU; Costa e Silva, 2008). FXS and 15q duplications are discussed within the context of cytogenetics. TSC is illustrated within the description of linkage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny L. Matson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803 Louisiana USA
| | - Peter Sturmey
- City University of New York, Department of Psychology, Queens College, Flushing, 11367 New York USA
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Bassett AS, Costain G, Fung WLA, Russell KJ, Pierce L, Kapadia R, Carter RF, Chow EW, Forsythe PJ. Clinically detectable copy number variations in a Canadian catchment population of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1005-9. [PMID: 20643418 PMCID: PMC3129333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is a highly topical area of research in schizophrenia, but the clinical relevance is uncertain and the translation to clinical practice is under-studied. There is a paucity of research involving truly community-based samples of schizophrenia and widely available laboratory techniques. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of clinically detectable CNVs in a community sample of schizophrenia, while mimicking typical clinical practice conditions. We used a brief clinical screening protocol for developmental features in adults with schizophrenia for identifying individuals with 22q11.2 deletions and karyotypically detectable chromosomal anomalies in 204 consecutive patients with schizophrenia from a single Canadian catchment area. Twenty-seven (13.2%) subjects met clinical criteria for a possible syndrome, and 26 of these individuals received clinical genetic testing. Five of these, representing 2.5% of the total sample (95% CI: 0.3%-4.6%), including two of ten patients with mental retardation, had clinically detectable anomalies: two 22q11.2 deletions (1.0%), one 47, XYY, and two other novel CNVs--an 8p23.3-p23.1 deletion and a de novo 19p13.3-p13.2 duplication. The results support the utility of screening and genetic testing to identify genetic syndromes in adults with schizophrenia in clinical practice. Identifying large, rare CNVs (particularly 22q11.2 deletions) can lead to significant changes in management, follow-up, and genetic counselling that are helpful to the patient, family, and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada. Tel.: +1 (416) 535 8501x2734; fax: +1 (416) 535 7199. (A.S. Bassett)
| | - Gregory Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Community Mental Health Services, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Wai Lun Alan Fung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Laura Pierce
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronak Kapadia
- Community Mental Health Services, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ronald F. Carter
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva W.C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela J. Forsythe
- Community Mental Health Services, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Galasso C, Lo-Castro A, El-Malhany N, Curatolo P. "Idiopathic" mental retardation and new chromosomal abnormalities. Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:17. [PMID: 20152051 PMCID: PMC2844383 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental retardation is a heterogeneous condition, affecting 1-3% of general population. In the last few years, several emerging clinical entities have been described, due to the advent of newest genetic techniques, such as array Comparative Genomic Hybridization. The detection of cryptic microdeletion/microduplication abnormalities has allowed genotype-phenotype correlations, delineating recognizable syndromic conditions that are herein reviewed. With the aim to provide to Paediatricians a combined clinical and genetic approach to the child with cognitive impairment, a practical diagnostic algorithm is also illustrated. The use of microarray platforms has further reduced the percentage of "idiopathic" forms of mental retardation, previously accounted for about half of total cases. We discussed the putative pathways at the basis of remaining "pure idiopathic" forms of mental retardation, highlighting possible environmental and epigenetic mechanisms as causes of altered cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Galasso
- Department of Neuroscience, Paediatric Neurology Unit, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Italy
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