Improving Cardiovascular Health in a Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Practice

Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Cardiology Workforce: 2020-2040

This article evaluates the pediatric cardiology (PC) workforce and forecasts its future supply. Produced as part of a supplement in Pediatrics, this effort represents a collaboration among the American Board of Pediatrics Foundation, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Carolina Health Workforce Research Center, the Strategic Modeling and Analysis Ltd., and members of the pediatric subspecialty community. PC is a complex subspecialty including care from fetal life through adulthood and in practice settings that range from the outpatient clinic to procedural settings to the cardiac ICU. Complex subdisciplines include imaging, electrophysiology, heart failure, and interventional and critical care. Using American Board of Pediatrics data, US Census Bureau data, and data from the modeling project, projections were created to model the subspecialty workforce through 2040. Across all modeling scenarios considered, there is considerable projected growth in the supply of pediatric cardiologists by 2040. However, there is significant regional variation in the projected supply of trainees relative to demand in terms of local population growth, with evidence of a likely mismatch between areas surrounding training centers versus areas of greatest workforce need. In addition, this article highlights areas for future focus, including efforts to attract more residents to the subspecialty in general, particularly underrepresented minority members; increased support, more part-time career options, and improved academic career advancement for women in PC; and the development of better "real-time" workforce data to guide trainees and training programs in decisions regarding sub-subspecialty job availability.

Life Course Cardiovascular Health: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Interventions

Since it was first defined by the American Heart Association in 2010, cardiovascular health (CVH) has been extensively studied across the life course. In this review, we present the current literature examining early life predictors of CVH, the later life outcomes of child CVH, and the relatively few interventions which have specifically addressed how to preserve and promote CVH across populations. We find that research on CVH has demonstrated that prenatal and childhood exposures are consistently associated with CVH trajectories from childhood through adulthood. CVH measured at any point in life is strongly predictive of future cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, and mortality as well as a variety of other health outcomes. This speaks to the importance of intervening early to prevent the loss of optimal CVH and the accumulation of cardiovascular risk. Interventions to improve CVH are not common but those that have been published most often address multiple modifiable risk factors among individuals within the community. Relatively few interventions have been focused on improving the construct of CVH in children. Future research is needed that will be both effective, scalable, and sustainable. Technology including digital platforms as well as implementation science will play key roles in achieving this vision. In addition, community engagement at all stages of this research is critical. Lastly, prevention strategies that are tailored to the individual and their context may help us achieve the promise of personalized prevention and help promote ideal CVH in childhood and across the life course.

Clinical response to lifestyle counseling for dyslipidemia and elevated blood pressure in childhood cancer survivors

BACKGROUND

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) have increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. Whether they respond similarly to lifestyle changes for elevated blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), and dyslipidemia to those without history of childhood cancer is unknown.

PROCEDURE

This retrospective cohort study included CCS and 3:1 age- and sex-matched controls treated at Boston Children's Hospital Preventive Cardiology (2010-2019) using lifestyle management based on National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines. Change in BMI, BP, and lipids were analyzed.

RESULTS

We included 52 CCS and 162 controls with a median age of approximately 16 years. More CCS (84.3%) had elevated baseline fasting triglycerides (TG) than controls (49.4%) (p < .001). More CCS (62.5%) also had abnormal baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to controls (35.2%) (p = .001). Baseline BMI, BP, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were similar between groups. Over 15 weeks [IQR: 10.5-26], CCS had greater decrease in TG than controls (72.5 vs. 17 mg/dl decrease, p = .095). BP improved in 5% of CCS versus 38% of controls (p = .008). For both, BMI, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C remained stable. CCS with stem cell transplantation (SCT) had a TC increase of 5% (6 mg/dl) compared to a decrease of 9% (19 mg/dl) among CCS without SCT (p = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

CCS demonstrated similar improvement in lipids, but impaired BP lowering in response to lifestyle management compared to controls. Further prospective studies are needed to determine if earlier pharmaceutical treatment is warranted in this higher risk population and for the long-term risk reductions of these approaches.