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Peng Y, Liu D, Deng Y, Zhang M, Yan L, Luo Y, Yan J. High-level feature-guided attention optimized neural network for neonatal lateral ventricular dilatation prediction. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 39190783 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage can lead to posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation or even posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus if not detected promptly. Sequential cranial ultrasound scans are typically used for their diagnoses. Nonetheless, manual image audit has numerous disadvantages. PURPOSE This study aimed to develop a predictive model utilizing modified inception (MI) and high-level feature-guided attention (HFA) modules for predicting neonatal lateral ventricular dilation via ultrasound images. METHODS The MI modules reduced input data sizes and dimensions, while the HFA modules effectively delved into semantic information through supervision from high-level feature images to low-level feature images. The process facilitated the accurate identification of dilated lateral ventricles. A total of 710 neonates, corresponding to 1420 lateral ventricles, were recruited in this study. Each lateral ventricle was captured in two images, one on the parasagittal plane and the other on the coronal plane. The combination of anterior horn width, ventricular index, thalamo-occipital distance, and ventricular height served as the gold standard. A lateral ventricle would be considered dilatated if any of these four indices exceeded its upper reference value. These lateral ventricles were randomly split into training and testing sets at a 7:3 ratio. We evaluated the validity of our proposed approach and its competitors across the coronal plane, parasagittal plane, and overall performance. We also determined the impact of subjects' baseline characteristics on the overall performance of the proposed approach. Additionally, ablation analyses were conducted to ensure the efficacy of the proposed approach. RESULTS Our proposed approach achieved the largest Youden index (0.65, 95% CI: 0.58-0.72), DOR (27.11, 95% CI: 15.89-46.26), area under curves (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) (0.84, 95% CI: 0.80-0.88), and AUC of precision-recall curve (PRC) (0.81, 95% CI: 0.74-0.86) in the overall performance assessment and ablation analyses. Moreover, it boasted the biggest Cramer's V values on the coronal (Cramer's V = 0.488, p < 0.001) and parasagittal (Cramer's V = 0.713, p < 0.001) planes individually. Factors such as left side, male sex, singleton birth, and vaginal delivery were positively correlated with higher performance regarding the proposed algorithm, except for the gestational age. CONCLUSION This work provides a novel attention optimized algorithm for rapid and accurate ventricular dilatation predictions. It surpasses the traditional algorithms in terms of validity whether concerning the coronal plane, parasagittal plane, or overall performance. The overall performance of algorithms will be influenced by the baseline characteristics of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Peng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingyu Yan
- School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingchun Luo
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyi Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Steiner M, Elis J, Giordano V, Kienast P, Ciglar L, Langs G, Vignolle GA, Olischar M, Berger A, Goeral K. Acute impact of posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants with intraventricular haemorrhage. Acta Paediatr 2024. [PMID: 39115973 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of ventricular decompression on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). METHODS Fifty-three preterm neonates born <34 weeks' gestation between 2013 and 2023 with IVH and subsequent PHVD were prospectively included. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) as well as fractional cerebral tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) were analysed 2 weeks before and after ventricular decompression. RESULTS Ventricular decompression was performed at 18 ± 6 days of life. Patients with repeated lumbar punctures prior to ventricular drainage showed consistently higher rScO2 and lower cFTOE levels 2 weeks before and after intervention compared to those without. Patients who underwent direct ventricular drainage showed an immediate increase in rScO2 levels on the day of the procedure. In patients who underwent prior lumbar punctures, ventricular decompression did not yield additional acute effects on cerebral oxygenation. CONCLUSION Patients who underwent repeated lumbar punctures preceding ventricular drainage consistently maintained higher rScO2 and lower cFTOE levels during the study period. In these patients, ventricular decompression did not further affect cerebral oxygenation, as they already demonstrated improved cerebral hemodynamics, whereas an immediate improvement was observed in those without prior lumbar punctures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Steiner
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Elis
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vito Giordano
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patric Kienast
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Ciglar
- Center Health & Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Department of Radiology, Computational Imaging Research Lab, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Alexander Vignolle
- Center Health & Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Olischar
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Goeral
- Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Navarro-Ballester A, Rovira-Ferrando RE, Ródenas-Hernández JM, Bandura A, Fernández-García P, Marco Doménech SF. New reference nomograms for the study of ventricular size in preterm infants. RADIOLOGIA 2024; 66:219-227. [PMID: 38908883 DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transfontanellar brain ultrasound is an essential tool for monitoring the size of the ventricles in preterm neonates and has many advantages over other alternative diagnostic techniques, including its accessibility and non-use of ionizing radiation. When considering the normal ventricular size, it is essential to have reference measurements based on age-matched populations. The objective of this article is to present our reference measures, based on a sample of preterm infants that we have studied. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted. Measurements of the Levene index, frontal horn thickness, and Evans index were obtained in preterm neonates from 25 to 45 weeks, over a period of 5 years, between January 2016 and December 2020. After applying the exclusion criteria, a sample of 199 patients and 350 ultrasound scans were obtained. The independent samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney test were used for the comparison of samples. RESULTS The distribution of the right and left Levene indices was normal (Shapiro-Wilk test with p = 0.16 and 0.05, respectively), unlike the thickness distribution of the frontal horns (p < 0.05 on both sides). No significant differences were detected between the sexes (p = 0.08). A linear correlation was found between the biparietal diameter and the Levene index. CONCLUSION From the results obtained in our study, we present reference tables for ventricular size, with the 3rd, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 97th, being the first ones made in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Navarro-Ballester
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - R E Rovira-Ferrando
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - J M Ródenas-Hernández
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - A Bandura
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - P Fernández-García
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - S F Marco Doménech
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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Nuevos normogramas de referencia para el estudio de la talla ventricular en neonatos pretérmino. RADIOLOGIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Peng Y, Huang B, Luo Y, Huang X, Yao L, Zeng S. Cross-sectional reference values of cerebral ventricle for Chinese neonates born at 25-41 weeks of gestation. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:3645-3654. [PMID: 35978254 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To establish the cross-sectional reference values of cerebral ventricular size for the Chinese newborns by the most correlated explanatory variables. The anterior horn width (AHW), thalamo-occipital distance (TOD), and ventricular index (VI) were collected prospectively from 1- to 7-day neonates without potential neurological problems. All neonates were delivered or treated at the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital or Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between February and August 2021. The most correlated explanatory variables were identified with the max-min normalization and multiple regression. The reference values were then established based on the above variables. Additionally, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were applied to evaluate the reliability of the overall data collection process. This prospective study consisted of 1848 neonates. The AHW was most highly correlated with GA; the TOD and VI were most strongly correlated with birth weight. All the foregoing correlations were positive ones. Heteroscedasticity and influential points existed in both TOD and VI. The ICCAHW was the largest to a specific rater or between raters, the ICCTOD the second largest, and the ICCVI the smallest. CONCLUSIONS We recommend using the GA-based AHW reference values and birth weight-based TOD and VI ones. We also present a comparison of GA-based upper limits from all available reference intervals. Moreover, we determine that measurement errors are the primary cause of influential points and heteroscedasticity in TOD and VI studies and infer that the studies of TOD and VI are vulnerable to them. WHAT IS KNOWN • Reference values of infantile cerebral ventricles are vital in diagnosing and treating cerebral ventricular dilatation. • Precursors established gestational age-based reference values subjectively. WHAT IS NEW • We set cross-sectional reference values based on the most correlated variables for Chinese neonates and compared all available gestational age-based upper limits. • Influential points and heteroscedasticity mainly caused by measurement errors are common in TOD and VI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Peng
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Hunan, 410028, Changsha, China
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 Xiangchun Road, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Beilei Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 Xiangchun Road, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchun Luo
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 Xiangchun Road, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 53 Xiangchun Road, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Longmei Yao
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Hunan, 410028, Changsha, China
| | - Shi Zeng
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Hunan, 410028, Changsha, China.
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Alves-Martinez P, Atienza-Navarro I, Vargas-Soria M, Carranza-Naval MJ, Infante-Garcia C, Benavente-Fernandez I, Del Marco A, Lubian-Lopez S, Garcia-Alloza M. Caffeine Restores Neuronal Damage and Inflammatory Response in a Model of Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:908045. [PMID: 36035990 PMCID: PMC9411947 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.908045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is the most frequent intracranial hemorrhage in the preterm infant (PT). Long-term GM-IVH-associated sequelae include cerebral palsy, sensory and motor impairment, learning disabilities, or neuropsychiatric disorders. The societal and health burden associated with GM-IVH is worsened by the fact that there is no successful treatment to limit or reduce brain damage and neurodevelopment disabilities. Caffeine (Caf) is a methylxanthine that binds to adenosine receptors, regularly used to treat the apnea of prematurity. While previous studies support the beneficial effects at the brain level of Caf in PT, there are no studies that specifically focus on the role of Caf in GM-IVH. Therefore, to further understand the role of Caf in GM-IVH, we have analyzed two doses of Caf (10 and 20 mg/kg) in a murine model of the disease. We have analyzed the short (P14) and long (P70) effects of the treatment on brain atrophy and neuron wellbeing, including density, curvature, and phospho-tau/total tau ratio. We have analyzed proliferation and neurogenesis, as well as microglia and hemorrhage burdens. We have also assessed the long-term effects of Caf treatment at cognitive level. To induce GM-IVH, we have administered intraventricular collagenase to P7 CD1 mice and have analyzed these animals in the short (P14) and long (P70) term. Caf showed a general neuroprotective effect in our model of GM-IVH of the PT. In our study, Caf administration diminishes brain atrophy and ventricle enlargement. Likewise, Caf limits neuronal damage, including neurite curvature and tau phosphorylation. It also contributes to maintaining neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, a neurogenic niche that is severely affected after GM-IVH. Furthermore, Caf ameliorates small vessel bleeding and inflammation in both the cortex and the subventricular zone. Observed mitigation of brain pathological features commonly associated with GM-IVH also results in a significant improvement of learning and memory abilities in the long term. Altogether, our data support the promising effects of Caf to reduce central nervous system complications associated with GM-IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alves-Martinez
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Atienza-Navarro
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Vargas-Soria
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Carranza-Naval
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Salus-Infirmorum, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Infante-Garcia
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Benavente-Fernandez
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Area of Pediatrics, Department of Child and Mother Health and Radiology, Medical School, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Section of Neonatology, Division of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Angel Del Marco
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Simon Lubian-Lopez
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Section of Neonatology, Division of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Simon Lubian-Lopez, ; Monica Garcia-Alloza,
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Simon Lubian-Lopez, ; Monica Garcia-Alloza,
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Abstract
During the last decade, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to improve the outcome of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), a complication of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants. Two randomized controlled trials have shown that treatment should be initiated prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Ventricular access devices and subgaleal shunts are used as temporary neurosurgical interventions whereas ventriculoperitoneal shunts are performed for infants with progressive hydrocephalus. Recently, techniques such as neuro-endoscopic lavage have also been introduced to eliminate toxic blood products and debris from the cerebral ventricles and have shown promise in early clinical studies. The objective of this review is to provide an update on management of PHVD and PHH in the preterm infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Limbrick
- T.S. Park Chair and Chief of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Executive Vice Chair of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine; Neurosurgeon-in-Chief, St. Louis Children's Hospital.
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Em. Professor in Neonatal Neurology, Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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Goeral K, Kasprian G, Hüning BM, Waldhoer T, Fuiko R, Schmidbauer V, Prayer D, Felderhoff‐Müser U, Berger A, Olischar M, Klebermass‐Schrehof K. A novel magnetic resonance imaging-based scoring system to predict outcome in neonates born preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:608-617. [PMID: 34839534 PMCID: PMC9299734 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To create a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based scoring system specific to neonates born preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), which could serve as a reliable prognostic indicator for later development and might allow for improved outcome prediction, individually-tailored parental counselling, and clinical decision-making. METHOD This retrospective, two-center observational cohort study included 103 infants born preterm with IVH (61 males, 42 females; median gestational age 26wks 6d), born between 2000 and 2016. Term-equivalent MRI was evaluated using a novel scoring system consisting of 11 items. A total MRI score was calculated and correlated with neurodevelopment between 2 years and 3 years of age. Prediction models for outcome were defined. RESULTS The proposed MRI scoring system showed high correlation and strong predictive ability with regard to later cognitive and motor outcome. The prediction models were translated into easy-to-use tables, allowing developmental risk assessment. INTERPRETATION The proposed MRI-based scoring system was created especially for infants born preterm with IVH and enables a comprehensive assessment of important brain areas as well as potential additional abnormalities commonly associated with IVH. Thus, it better represents the severity of brain damage when compared with the conventional IVH classification. Our scoring system should provide clinicians with valuable information, to optimize parental counselling and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Goeral
- Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and NeuropediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal RadiologyDepartment of RadiologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Britta M Hüning
- Department of Pediatrics INeonatologyUniversity Children's Hospital EssenUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of EpidemiologyCenter of Public HealthMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Renate Fuiko
- Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and NeuropediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victor Schmidbauer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal RadiologyDepartment of RadiologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal RadiologyDepartment of RadiologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ursula Felderhoff‐Müser
- Department of Pediatrics INeonatologyUniversity Children's Hospital EssenUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and NeuropediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Monika Olischar
- Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and NeuropediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Katrin Klebermass‐Schrehof
- Division of Neonatology, Intensive Care and NeuropediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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