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Panayiotou A, De La Hoz Polo M, Tang V, Haque S. Spectrum of anatomical variants, normal findings and pathology in and around the paediatric sternum. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:1175-1186. [PMID: 35142891 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the sternum and adjacent structures are an uncommon presentation in the paediatric population and can have a variety of benign and malignant causes, including normal and developmental variants of the chest wall. Although there is overlap with adults, many sternal abnormalities are unique to the paediatric population. Following clinical examination, radiography is usually the first type of imaging used; however, it is limited and often ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging are needed for further assessment. An understanding of the normal anatomy is important; however, this can be challenging due to the varied appearances of age-related changes of the sternum. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the general paediatric radiologist with the expected anatomy and imaging findings of the developing sternum, anatomical variants and pathology of the sternum and adjacent structures encountered in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Panayiotou
- Department of Radiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
| | | | - Vivian Tang
- Department of Radiology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Saira Haque
- Department of Radiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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Mboutol-Mandavo C, Monka M, Moyikoua RF, Ondima IPL, Miéret JC. Osteomyelitis of flat bones: A report of 20 cases and review of the literature. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2019; 10:1116-1120. [PMID: 31708638 PMCID: PMC6834954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteomyelitis is frequently localized on the fertile metaphysis of long bones. However, there are other locations such as short or flat bones. The aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of osteomyelitis of flat bones in our environment. METHODS It's was a retrospective study conducted from January 2013 to December 2017; Children from 0 to 16 years admitted for osteomyelitis of a flat bone where included. RESULTS We followed 19 patients who presented 20 locations of osteomyelitis on a flat bone. They accounted for 9.1% of all osteomyelitis observed during the study period. The average age was 6.7 years (9 months-14 years). The clinical picture most often associated with fever and local inflammatory swelling related to an abscess. The predominant locations were the sternum with 8 cases and the scapula with 4 cases. Eleven patients were homozygous sickle cell patients. The diagnosis was strengthened with standard radiography in the majority of cases. A micro-organism was isolated in 8 cases (40%) and Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant germ in 7 cases. Nearly all patients were treated with surgical drainage of the abscess, bone curettage and antibiotics. A typical radiographical evolution has been observed with bone reconstruction in 15 cases with a mean follow-up of 3.3 years. CONCLUSION Flat bones are relatively rare locations of osteomyelitis. Standard radiography remains the first-line examination. Their treatment obeys the same rules as that of osteomyelitis of long bones. There is a successful outcome when the care is early and adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryne Mboutol-Mandavo
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Marien Ngouabi University of Brazzaville, Congo
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Congo
- Corresponding author. Paediatric surgery Department of University Hospital of Brazzaville. 13, Boulevard Auxence Ikonga PO Box: 32, Congo.
| | - Marius Monka
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Marien Ngouabi University of Brazzaville, Congo
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Regis Franck Moyikoua
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Marien Ngouabi University of Brazzaville, Congo
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Irène Patricia Lucienne Ondima
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Marien Ngouabi University of Brazzaville, Congo
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Jean-Claude Miéret
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Congo
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Sayed S, Prabhu S, Thomas M, McBride CA, Alphonso N. Primary Sternal Osteomyelitis With Extensive Mediastinal Abscess in a Neonate. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 100:e85-7. [PMID: 26434486 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sternal osteomyelitis is extremely rare in neonates. We present the first report of a neonate with primary sternal osteomyelitis and an extensive mediastinal collection. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to delineate the extent of bony and soft tissue involvement. Serial ultrasound imaging proved useful for monitoring the response to treatment. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics, surgical débridement, vacuum-assisted dressings, and delayed primary closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Sayed
- Department of Queensland Paediatric Cardiac Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sudesh Prabhu
- Department of Queensland Paediatric Cardiac Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marion Thomas
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig A McBride
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nelson Alphonso
- Department of Queensland Paediatric Cardiac Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Primary osteomyelitis of the sternum in the pediatric age group: report of a new case and comprehensive analysis of seventy-four cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:e92-e101. [PMID: 25764104 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric primary osteomyelitis of the sternum may have a non-specific onset and be diagnosed late. We analyzed all accessible published cases (n = 73) and 1 new case in order to describe presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging features, causative pathogens, treatments, complications and outcomes. This analysis represents the first comprehensive description of the natural history of this rare infection.
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Gorospe L, Ayala-Carbonero AM, Rodríguez-Díaz R, García Latorre R, Muñoz-Molina GM, Cabañero-Sánchez A. Tuberculosis of the manubriosternal joint and concurrent asymptomatic active pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient presenting with a chest wall mass. Clin Imaging 2015; 39:311-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee JH, Jeon SC, Jang HJ, Kim H, Kim YH, Chung WS. Primary Sternal Osteomyelitis Caused by Actinomyces israelii. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2015; 48:86-9. [PMID: 25705607 PMCID: PMC4333851 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.2015.48.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Primary sternal osteomyelitis is a rare disease. Common infectious organisms causing primary sternal osteomyelitis include Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Actinomyces species are common saprophytes of the oral cavity, but there have been few reports in the literature of primary sternal osteomyelitis caused by Actinomyces species. We describe a case of primary sternal osteomyelitis caused by Actinomyces israelii without pulmonary involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine
| | - Seok Chol Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine
| | - Hyo-Jun Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine
| | - Young Hak Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine
| | - Won-Sang Chung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine
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Chondrosternal arthritis in infant: an unusual entity. Case Rep Orthop 2014; 2014:652539. [PMID: 25386377 PMCID: PMC4216664 DOI: 10.1155/2014/652539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary arthritis of chondrosternal joint is very rare and occurs in infants less than 18 months of age. Presentation is most often subacute but may be acute. Child presents with a parasternal mass with history of fever and/or local signs of infection. Clinical symptoms vary from a painless noninflammatory to a painful mass with local tenderness and swelling, while fever may be absent. Laboratory data show low or marginally raised levels of white blood cells and C-reactive protein, reflecting, respectively, the subacute or acute character of the infection. It is a self-limiting affection due to the adequate immune response of the patient. Evolution is generally good without antibiotherapy with a progressive spontaneous healing. A wait-and-see approach with close follow-up in the first weeks is the best therapeutic option.
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Robati S, Porter K, Shahid M, Crompton T, Sandiford N. Ankle osteomyelitis: an unusual presentation. JRSM SHORT REPORTS 2013; 4:35. [PMID: 23885289 PMCID: PMC3697855 DOI: 10.1177/2042533313476682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cherif E, Ben Hassine L, Boukhris I, Khalfallah N. Sternal tuberculosis in an immunocompetent adult. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr2013008810. [PMID: 23580679 PMCID: PMC3645650 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal tuberculosis accounts for 1-3% of patients with mycobacterial infection. Any bone can be a site for tuberculosis, but sternum involvement is quite rare. We report the case of a 37-year-old woman admitted because of chest pain and increased swelling over the anterior chest. She was immunocompetent and had no systemic features. She was diagnosed with tuberculosis of the sternum without active pulmonary disease. Conservative management with oral multidrug antituberculous therapy completely cured the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Cherif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Nicolle's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Kociolek LK, Stamos JK, Shulman ST. A Unique Presentation of Chronic Primary Sternal Osteomyelitis With Mediastinal Abscess. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2012; 1:160-3. [PMID: 26619170 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pis002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry K Kociolek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julie Kim Stamos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stanford T Shulman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Primary sternal osteomyelitis is a rare disease in children caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. We describe 2 cases resulting from Streptococcus pneumonia and Candida albicans. On the basis of these cases and other documented case reports, we discuss the pathogens, clinical course, and pathophysiology and suggest a management protocol based on early debridement to initiate appropriate antibiotic therapy and shorten hospitalization.
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Knoderer CA, Morris JL, Cox EG. Continuous Infusion of Nafcillin for Sternal Osteomyelitis in an Infant After Cardiac Surgery. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-15.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of the continuous infusion of nafcillin for the treatment of an infant who had methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus sternal osteomyelitis not responsive to traditional nafcillin dosing. The patient was successfully treated with surgical debridement and the continuous infusion of nafcillin. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the successful use of the continuous infusion of nafcillin to treat an infant who had sternal osteomyelitis after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Knoderer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pharmacy, Riley Hospital for Children, Clarian Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jennifer L. Morris
- Department of Pharmacy, Riley Hospital for Children, Clarian Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Elaine G. Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Restrepo CS, Martinez S, Lemos DF, Washington L, McAdams HP, Vargas D, Lemos JA, Carrillo JA, Diethelm L. Imaging appearances of the sternum and sternoclavicular joints. Radiographics 2009; 29:839-59. [PMID: 19448119 DOI: 10.1148/rg.293055136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sternum and sternoclavicular joints--critical structures of the anterior chest wall--may be affected by various anatomic anomalies and pathologic processes, some of which require treatment. Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum are common congenital anomalies that are usually benign but may warrant surgical treatment if they cause compression of vital internal structures. By contrast, developmental variants such as the sternal foramen are asymptomatic and do not require further evaluation or treatment. Arthritides of the sternoclavicular joint (osteoarthritis, septic arthritis, and seronegative arthropathies) are common and must be differentiated before an appropriate management method can be selected. The recognition of complications of sternotomy (eg, sternal dehiscence, secondary osteomyelitis) is critical to avoid life-threatening sequelae such as acute mediastinitis. Likewise, the detection of sternal fractures and sternoclavicular dislocations is important, especially where they impinge on vital structures. In addition, sternal malignancies (most commonly, metastases and chondrosarcoma) must be distinguished from benign neoplasms. To achieve accurate and timely diagnoses that facilitate appropriate treatment, radiologists must be familiar with the appearances of these normal anatomic variants and diseases of the sternum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Restrepo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex., USA
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Abstract
Sternal osteomyelitis secondary to minor trauma occurs rarely. Only a handful of cases have been reported. A 24-year-old male patient who had history of intravenous drug abuse and recent minor sternal trauma presented with signs and symptoms of sternal infection. Imaging studies suggested osteomyelitis and the patient underwent sternal resection, with a successful outcome. Sternal osteomyelitis should be suspected in immunocompromised patients, including intravenous drug abusers presenting with sternal inflammatory symptoms. Increased awareness, rapid diagnosis, and appropriate empiric antibiotic and radical surgical treatments can successfully manage life-threatening osteomyelitis of the sternum.
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Kara A, Tezer H, Devrim I, Caglar M, Cengiz AB, Gür D, Secmeer G. Primary sternal osteomyelitis in a healthy child due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 39:469-72. [PMID: 17464875 DOI: 10.1080/00365540601034808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary sternal osteomyelitis is a rare condition. Most of the recent cases have been reported in intravenous drug abusers. A 4-y-old male case of primary sternal osteomyelitis due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with no apparent risk factors is reported. The diagnosis should be suspected in a young patient presenting with acute inflammatory swelling over the sternum. While bacteriological culture results are pending, antibiotic therapy with Staphylococcus aureus coverage should be initiated empirically and the possibility of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus must be borne in mind. In this report we also review the literature of paediatric primary sternal osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ates Kara
- Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Disease Unit, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Hacettepe, Turkey.
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