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Wiratama BS, Hsu LM, Yeh YS, Chen CC, Saleh W, Liu YH, Pai CW. Joint Effect of Heavy Vehicles and Diminished Light Conditions on Paediatric Pedestrian Injuries in Backover Crashes: A UK Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11689. [PMID: 36141971 PMCID: PMC9517239 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Backover crashes cause considerable injuries especially among young children. Prior research on backover crashes has not assessed the joint effect of heavy vehicles and diminished light conditions on injuries. By analysing the United Kingdom STATS19 crash dataset from 1991 to 2020, this study focused on backover crashes involving paediatric cyclists or pedestrians aged ≤17 years and other motorised vehicles. By estimating the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of multiple logistic regression models, pedestrians appeared to have 82.3% (95% CI: 1.78-1.85) higher risks of sustaining killed or serious injuries (KSIs) than cyclists. In addition, casualties involved in backover crashes with heavy vehicles were 39.3% (95% CI: 1.35-1.42) more likely to sustain KSIs than those involved in crashes with personal cars. The joint effect of heavy vehicles and diminished light conditions was associated with a 71% increased probability of sustaining KSIs (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.60-1.83). Other significant joint effects included young children (aged 0 to 5 years) as pedestrian (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.87-1.97), in diminished light conditions (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.15-1.31), and with heavy vehicle (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.28-1.47).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayu Satria Wiratama
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta City 55281, Indonesia
| | - Li-Min Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery and Traumatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sung Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Chen
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wafaa Saleh
- Transport Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland EH11 4DY, UK
| | - Yen-Hsiu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Pai
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Zonfrillo MR, Ramsay ML, Fennell JE, Andreasen A. Unintentional non-traffic injury and fatal events: Threats to children in and around vehicles. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:184-188. [PMID: 28933560 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1369053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There have been substantial reductions in motor vehicle crash-related child fatalities due to advances in legislation, public safety campaigns, and engineering. Less is known about non-traffic injuries and fatalities to children in and around motor vehicles. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of various non-traffic incidents, injuries, and fatalities to children using a unique surveillance system and database. METHODS Instances of non-traffic injuries and fatalities in the United States to children 0-14 years were tracked from January 1990 to December 2014 using a compilation of sources including media reports, individual accounts from families of affected children, medical examiner reports, police reports, child death review teams, coroner reports, medical professionals, legal professionals, and other various modes of publication. RESULTS Over the 25-year period, there were at least 11,759 events resulting in 3,396 deaths. The median age of the affected child was 3.7 years. The incident types included 3,115 children unattended in hot vehicles resulting in 729 deaths, 2,251 backovers resulting in 1,232 deaths, 1,439 frontovers resulting in 692 deaths, 777 vehicles knocked into motion resulting in 227 deaths, 415 underage drivers resulting in 203 deaths, 172 power window incidents resulting in 61 deaths, 134 falls resulting in 54 deaths, 79 fires resulting in 41 deaths, and 3,377 other incidents resulting in 157 deaths. CONCLUSIONS Non-traffic injuries and fatalities present an important threat to the safety and lives of very young children. Future efforts should consider complementary surveillance mechanisms to systematically and comprehensively capture all non-traffic incidents. Continued education, engineering modifications, advocacy, and legislation can help continue to prevent these incidents and must be incorporated in overall child vehicle safety initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zonfrillo
- a Injury Prevention Center , Rhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children's Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island
| | - Mackenzie L Ramsay
- a Injury Prevention Center , Rhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children's Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island
- c Behavioral Neuroscience , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts
| | - Janette E Fennell
- d KidsAndCars.org , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- e KidsAndCars.org , Olathe , Kansas
| | - Amber Andreasen
- d KidsAndCars.org , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- e KidsAndCars.org , Olathe , Kansas
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Griffin BR, Watt K, Shields LE, Kimble RM. Characteristics of low-speed vehicle run-over events in children: an 11-year review. Inj Prev 2014; 20:302-9. [PMID: 24447941 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn R Griffin
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerrianne Watt
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda E Shields
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Tropical Health Research Unit, James Cook University & Townsville Health Services District, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy M Kimble
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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Taylor T, Pradhan AK, Divekar G, Romoser M, Muttart J, Gomez R, Pollatsek A, Fisher DL. The view from the road: the contribution of on-road glance-monitoring technologies to understanding driver behavior. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 58:175-186. [PMID: 23548549 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using glance-monitoring technologies for on-road studies is an excellent way to investigate driver behaviors in an ecologically valid setting. Recent advances in glance-monitoring technologies have made it possible to conduct on-road studies of drivers' glance behavior that heretofore were simply not possible. Yet it is not always easy to determine which glance-monitoring technology to use for a particular application. Here, we first identify the generic capabilities of the various glance-monitoring technologies. We then describe how particular glance-monitoring technologies have been used in the field to (a) identify the skill deficiencies of novice and older drivers, (b) evaluate the effectiveness of training programs that are designed to reduce deficits in these skills, and (c) address interface issues both inside (e.g., collision warning systems) and outside (e.g., yield markings) the vehicle. The limitations and advantages of on-road eye-tracking and the associated glance-monitoring technologies are identified throughout. A comparison, where possible, is made between the results of on-road eye-tracking studies of drivers' behaviors and the results of those studies conducted in the laboratory. Overall, the use of appropriate on-road glance-monitoring technologies has greatly enhanced our theoretical understanding of why drivers behave the way they do, and this knowledge has paved the way for significant improvements in road user safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Taylor
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Risk factors associated with injury and mortality from paediatric low speed vehicle incidents: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr 2013; 2013:841360. [PMID: 23781251 PMCID: PMC3679758 DOI: 10.1155/2013/841360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This study reviews modifiable risk factors associated with fatal and nonfatal injury from low-speed vehicle runover (LSVRO) incidents involving children aged 0–15 years. Data Sources. Electronic searches for child pedestrian and driveway injuries from the peer-reviewed literature and transport-related websites from 1955 to 2012. Study Selection. 41 studies met the study inclusion criteria. Data Extraction. A systematic narrative summary was conducted that included study design, methodology, risk factors, and other study variables. Results. The most commonly reported risk factors for LSVRO incidents included age under 5 years, male gender, and reversing vehicles. The majority of reported incidents involved residential driveways, but several studies identified other traffic and nontraffic locations. Low socioeconomic status and rental accommodation were also associated with LSVRO injury. Vehicles were most commonly driven by a family member, predominantly a parent. Conclusion. There are a number of modifiable vehicular, environmental, and behavioural factors associated with LSVRO injuries in young children that have been identified in the literature to date. Strategies relating to vehicle design (devices for increased rearward visibility and crash avoidance systems), housing design (physical separation of driveway and play areas), and behaviour (driver behaviour, supervision of young children) are discussed.
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Rice TM, Trent RB, Bernacki K, Rice JK, Lovette B, Hoover E, Fennell J, Aistrich AZ, Wiltsek D, Corman E, Anderson CL, Sherck J. Trauma Center-Based Surveillance of Nontraffic Pedestrian Injury among California Children. West J Emerg Med 2012; 13:139-45. [PMID: 22900102 PMCID: PMC3415800 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2011.7.6594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Every year in the United States, thousands of young children are injured by passenger vehicles in driveways or parking areas. Little is known about risk factors, and incidence rates are difficult to estimate because ascertainment using police collision reports or media sources is incomplete. This study used surveillance at trauma centers to identify incidents and parent interviews to obtain detailed information on incidents, vehicles, and children. Methods Eight California trauma centers conducted surveillance of nontraffic pedestrian collision injury to children aged 14 years or younger from January 2005 to July 2007. Three of these centers conducted follow-up interviews with family members. Results Ninety-four injured children were identified. Nine children (10%) suffered fatal injury. Seventy children (74%) were 4 years old or younger. Family members of 21 victims from this study (23%) completed an interview. Of these 21 interviewed victims, 17 (81%) were male and 13 (62%) were 1 or 2 years old. In 13 cases (62%), the child was backed over, and the driver was the mother or father in 11 cases (52%). Fifteen cases (71%) involved a sport utility vehicle, pickup truck, or van. Most collisions occurred in a residential driveway. Conclusion Trauma center surveillance can be used for case ascertainment and for collecting information on circumstances of nontraffic pedestrian injuries. Adoption of a specific external cause-of-injury code would allow passive surveillance of these injuries. Research is needed to understand the contributions of family, vehicular, and environmental characteristics and injury risk to inform prevention efforts.
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Stark R, Lee S, Neville A, Putnah B, Bricker S. Common Denominators in Death from Pediatric Back-Over Trauma. Am Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481107701034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-speed “back-over” injuries comprise a small number of pediatric automobile versus pedestrian (AVP) trauma, however these injuries tend to be more severe and have a higher rate of mortality. The objective of this study was to determine environmental, mechanistic, and demographic factors common in pediatric back-over injuries resulting in death. Patients were identified from the trauma registry of an urban Level I trauma center over a 15-year period. Charts for all pediatric AVP injuries in ages 4 years and younger were reviewed. Mortalities due to back-over injuries were identified. For the study period reviewed (1995–2010) we identified 535 cases of auto versus pedestrian injury in children less than 4-years-old. Of these, 31 (5.79%) were mortalities. Among those 31 mortalities, six (19.3%) were identified as resulting from back-over trauma. Mean age was significantly lower in back-over injuries as compared with non back-over AVP trauma (1.33 ± 0.23 years, vs 3.5 ± 1.0 years, P = 0.001). We noted a trend toward female gender (67%) and Hispanic ethnicity (67%). All sustained massive blunt head trauma as the cause of death. There were no significant differences in Injury Severity Score or Revised Trauma Score in the back-over group. Environmental analysis revealed that cars were the perpetrating vehicle 50 per cent of the time, and sport utility vehicles, vans, or trucks 50 per cent of the time. In all cases, the accidents occurred in the patient's own driveway and by either a family member (67%) or acquaintance (33%). These data suggest that key characteristics of back-over trauma resulting in mortality include very young age, massive head trauma, injury occurring in the patient's own driveway, and with a family member or acquaintance behind the wheel. This may help identify points of injury prevention to decrease the number of victims of back-over trauma in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Lee
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | - Brant Putnah
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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Shepherd M, Austin P, Chambers J. Driveway runover, the influence of the built environment: a case control study. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46:760-7. [PMID: 20825609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Driveway runover injuries are a frequent cause of paediatric mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Driveway runovers occur as a result of an interaction between human factors (child and driver), vehicle factors (visibility) and environmental factors (driveway design and surroundings). This study investigates the environmental factors involved in these injuries. METHODS Case control study, Auckland, New Zealand. Cases were the properties where paediatric driveway injuries (age < 7 years) requiring hospital admission had occurred. Control properties were selected from the addresses of children presenting to the emergency department with a non-driveway injury. Blinded assessment of properties was completed using satellite images, site visits and searches of council records. RESULTS Analysis was completed on 88 case properties and 181 controls. The risk of injury was increased by a driveway length greater than 12m (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.1-3.0), exiting the driveway onto a local road (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 2.7-11.2) and the driveway exiting onto a cul-de-sac (OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.4-3.9). The risk of driveway injury was increased when more parking areas were on the property (accessed from the driveway) (OR = 3.0, 95%CI = 1.6-5.4) and when the driveway runs along the property boundary (OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.6-5.2). A separate pedestrian pathway on the property was associated with a lower risk of injury (OR = 0.4, 95%CI= 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONS A number of built environment features contribute to driveway runover injuries. This information should be used by those within the design and building community to reduce the risk of further driveway runover injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shepherd
- Paediatric Emergency Department, Starship Children's Health, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hurwitz DS, Pradhan A, Fisher DL, Knodler MA, Muttart JW, Menon R, Meissner U. Backing collisions: a study of drivers' eye and backing behaviour using combined rear-view camera and sensor systems. Inj Prev 2010; 16:79-84. [PMID: 20363812 DOI: 10.1136/ip.2009.021535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Backing crash injures can be severe; approximately 200 of the 2,500 reported injuries of this type per year to children under the age of 15 years result in death. Technology for assisting drivers when backing has limited success in preventing backing crashes. OBJECTIVES Two questions are addressed: Why is the reduction in backing crashes moderate when rear-view cameras are deployed? Could rear-view cameras augment sensor systems? DESIGN 46 drivers (36 experimental, 10 control) completed 16 parking trials over 2 days (eight trials per day). Experimental participants were provided with a sensor camera system, controls were not. Three crash scenarios were introduced. SETTING Parking facility at UMass Amherst, USA. SUBJECTS 46 drivers (33 men, 13 women) average age 29 years, who were Massachusetts residents licensed within the USA for an average of 9.3 years. Interventions Vehicles equipped with a rear-view camera and sensor system-based parking aid. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subject's eye fixations while driving and researcher's observation of collision with objects during backing. RESULTS Only 20% of drivers looked at the rear-view camera before backing, and 88% of those did not crash. Of those who did not look at the rear-view camera before backing, 46% looked after the sensor warned the driver. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that drivers not only attend to an audible warning, but will look at a rear-view camera if available. Evidence suggests that when used appropriately, rear-view cameras can mitigate the occurrence of backing crashes, particularly when paired with an appropriate sensor system.
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Nhan C, Rothman L, Slater M, Howard A. Back-over collisions in child pedestrians from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2009; 10:350-353. [PMID: 19593712 DOI: 10.1080/15389580902995166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to describe the burden of back-over collisions within the context of other child pedestrian collisions as identified through a pediatric emergency room injury surveillance database. METHODS Injury data for child pedestrian motor vehicle collisions from 1994 to 2003 were obtained from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP). Back-over collisions involving children under the age of 14 were identified and classified by written narratives. Characteristics of children involved in back-over collisions were described, and for those admitted to hospital, the nature of injury was compared with other types of child pedestrian collisions. RESULTS There were 4295 child pedestrian motor vehicle collisions reported to CHIRPP during the study time period. Of the 4295 children, 148 (3.4%) were injured in a back-over collision, with 49 (33.1%) of these collisions involving a vehicle backing out of a driveway. Children involved in back-over collisions were significantly younger than those in forward-moving/other collisions; however, almost 50 percent of back-over collisions involved children older than age 4. Children involved in back-over collisions on driveways were significantly younger than those involved in collisions occurring at other locations. Of those admitted to hospital, children in back-over collisions were more likely to sustain injuries to internal organs. Children in back-over collisions were less likely to sustain severe/mild head injuries and hip/leg fractures. CONCLUSIONS Although back-over collisions represent a small proportion of pedestrian motor vehicle collisions, they tend to involve more severe injuries, as indicated by their admission to hospital. It was found that older children are also at risk of back-over collisions and back-over collisions occur in areas other than driveways. In order to lessen the burden of back-over collisions, interventions must address children of different ages and a variety of locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nhan
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Byard RW, Jensen LL. Toddler run-overs – A persistent problem. J Forensic Leg Med 2009; 16:202-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Pedestrian traffic injuries are a growing public health threat worldwide. The global economic burden of motor vehicle collisions and pedestrian injuries approximates $500 billion. In the United States, the number of pedestrian fatalities increased from 4675 in 2004 to 4881 in 2005. In addition nearly 60,000 injuries occurred during the same year. Injury patterns vary depending on the age, sex, and socioeconomic status of the individual. Children comprise one of the most vulnerable populations in pedestrian traffic injuries. Pedestrian injury remains the second leading cause of unintentional injury-related death among children aged 5 to 14 years. The burden of injury, upon the individual, families, and society, is frequently overwhelming. From recent data, pedestrian injuries and deaths are increasing in the United States and the World, and they require particular attention by emergency care providers and policy makers.
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Desapriya EBR, Pike I, Basic A, Subzwari S. Deterrent to healthy lifestyles in our communities. Pediatrics 2007; 119:1040-2; author reply 1042. [PMID: 17473114 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Desapriya E, Pike I, Turcotte K. SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLES AND VULNERABLE ROAD USERS. Am J Public Health 2007; 97 Suppl 1:S4-5. [PMID: 17413081 PMCID: PMC1854976 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2006.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ediriweera Desapriya
- All of the authors are with the Center for Community Child Health Research, British Columbia Injury Research and Prevention Unit, Vancouver
| | - Ian Pike
- All of the authors are with the Center for Community Child Health Research, British Columbia Injury Research and Prevention Unit, Vancouver
| | - Kate Turcotte
- All of the authors are with the Center for Community Child Health Research, British Columbia Injury Research and Prevention Unit, Vancouver
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Lovette B. Back-up detection devices: what do we all need to know? Dangerous blind zones. J Pediatr Health Care 2007; 21:123-8. [PMID: 17321914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Lovette
- Trauma Services, Children's Hospital & Research Center, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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