Patterns of surgical weight loss and resolution of metabolic abnormalities in superobese bariatric adolescents

Cirugía bariátrica en pediatría, ¿qué impacto tiene? Revisión de la literatura

Introducción. La obesidad en la población pediátrica ha ido aumentando de manera progresiva y el manejo médico de la obesidad mórbida en esta población se ha mostrado insuficiente. El objetivo de este artículo fue describir el estado actual de la literatura científica publicada hasta abril 15 de 2021 sobre el impacto de la cirugía bariátrica en la población pediátrica. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura que evaluó dos bases de datos, donde se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, reportes de casos, series de casos y ensayos clínicos, publicados desde el 1 de enero de 2010 hasta el 15 de abril de 2021, en español, inglés y francés. Resultados. Se incluyeron 56 documentos y 18 estudios clínicos, en los que se encontró que la cirugía bariátrica (bypass gástrico por Y de Roux, gastrectomía en manga, plicatura gástrica y banda gástrica) alcanzó una pérdida de peso significativa en el primer año, con un adecuado sostenimiento de dicha pérdida al quinto año, además de una resolución completa de las comorbilidades metabólicas y cardiovasculares en la mayoría de los pacientes. Conclusión. La cirugía bariátrica se presenta como una alternativa eficaz en el manejo de la obesidad mórbida y sus complicaciones en el paciente pediátrico

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing. A lot of new data are published regularly. Materials and Methods: Original clinical studies, review articles, and guidelines in children were searched for and the most relevant included in this review. Results: A total of 138 retrieved papers were classified into pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pathogenesis is currently explained with the “multi hit hypothesis”, with complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors which trigger inflammation in steatotic liver. The prevalence is rising. A diagnosis can be made with laboratory tests, imaging, and liver biopsy after the exclusion of other causes of liver steatosis. The mainstay of treatment is lifestyle modification consisting of dietary intervention and increased physical activity. The progression to liver cirrhosis can occur even in children. Conclusions: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children is a part of a metabolic syndrome in the majority of patients. Due to its complex etiology and high prevalence, multidisciplinary teams, together with public health professionals, should be involved in its treatment.

Improving the assessment and management of obesity in UK children and adolescents: the PROMISE research programme including a RCT

Background

Five linked studies were undertaken to inform identified evidence gaps in the childhood obesity pathway.

Objectives

(1) To scope the impact of the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) (study A). (2) To develop a brief evidence-based electronic assessment and management tool (study B). (3) To develop evidence-based algorithms for identifying the risk of obesity comorbidities (study B). (4) To conduct an efficacy trial of the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme (HELP) (study C). (5) To improve the prescribing of anti-obesity drugs in UK adolescents (study D). (6) To investigate the safety, outcomes and predictors of outcome of adolescent bariatric surgery in the UK (study E).

Methods

Five substudies – (1) a parental survey before and after feedback from the National Childhood Measurement Programme, (2) risk algorithm development and piloting of a new primary care management tool, (3) a randomised controlled trial of the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme, (4) quantitative and qualitative studies of anti-obesity drug treatment in adolescents and (5) a prospective clinical audit and cost-effectiveness evaluation of adolescent bariatric surgery in one centre.

Results

Study A – before the National Childhood Measurement Programme feedback, three-quarters of parents of overweight and obese children did not recognise their child to be overweight. Eighty-seven per cent of parents found the National Childhood Measurement Programme feedback to be helpful. Feedback had positive effects on parental knowledge, perceptions and intentions. Study B – risk estimation models for cardiovascular and psychosocial comorbidities of obesity require further development. An online consultation tool for primary care practitioners is acceptable and feasible. Study C – the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Programme, when delivered in the community by graduate mental health workers, showed no significant effect on body mass index at 6 months (primary outcome) when compared with enhanced usual care. Study D – anti-obesity drugs appear efficacious in meta-analysis, and their use has expanded rapidly in the last decade. However, the majority of prescriptions are rapidly discontinued after 1–3 months of treatment. Few young people described positive experiences of anti-obesity drugs. Prescribing was rarely compliant with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance. Study E – bariatric surgery appears safe, effective and highly cost-effective in adolescents in the NHS.

Future work and limitations

Work is needed to evaluate behaviour and body mass index change in the National Childhood Measurement Programme more accurately and improve primary care professionals’ understanding of the National Childhood Measurement Programme feedback, update and further evaluate the Computer-Assisted Treatment of CHildren (CATCH) tool, investigate delivery of weight management interventions to young people from deprived backgrounds and those with significant psychological distress and obtain longer-term data on anti-obesity drug use and bariatric surgery outcomes in adolescence.

Trial registration

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN99840111.

Funding

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full inProgramme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 8, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Comparative Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding vs Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Adolescents-a National Registry-Based Study

OBJECTIVE

Most published work on bariatric surgery (BS) in adolescents describes outcomes after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We compared the efficacy of LAGB and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in adolescents.

METHODS

A National Bariatric Registry was queried for adolescents who underwent BS between June 2013 and December 2015. We collected data on weight and height at baseline and 1-year following surgery, subsequent hospitalizations, interventions, and mortality, which were compared at 30 days post-surgery and until last follow-up (maximum 4.2 years post-surgery). Mortality and hospitalization data were extracted from national databases.

RESULTS

Two hundred fifty-nine adolescents (60% females) aged 12-19 years were included. Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 17.5 ± 1.2 years and 45.1 ± 5.0 kg/m², respectively. LSG (n = 227, 87.6%) and LAGB (n = 32, 12.4%) were the most common procedures performed. LSG group achieved greater average at 1 year BMI loss compared to LAGB group (15.4 ± 4.7 kg/m² vs. 10.3 ± 5.1 kg/m² respectively; p = 0.0001) and higher rate with BMI < 30 kg/m² 1 year post-surgery (57.7% (n = 131) vs. 25% (n = 8), respectively; p = 0.0005). Males who underwent LSG reduced BMI more than their female counterparts (p = 0.0001), LSG was the strongest independent predictor for BMI < 30 after 1 year (OR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.7-9.9) followed by age (OR = 1.3; 95% CI1.0-1.6). No mortality was observed. Postoperative hospitalizations between the two groups did not differ (hazard ratio 2.4; 95% CI 0.7-7.9; p = 0.1).

CONCLUSION

Compared to LAGB, LSG is superior regarding weight loss with a similar risk of short- and long-term hospitalizations, complications, and interventional procedures. Males lose more weight following LSG.

Trending Weight Loss Patterns in Obese and Super Obese Adolescents: Does Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Provide Equivalent Outcomes in both Groups?

BACKGROUND

Many factors, including preoperative weight, may determine final weight loss after bariatric surgery; however, their proportional contribution is unclear. To such end, we evaluated weight loss patterns among obese adolescents.

METHODS

We evaluated 57 adolescents who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy from 2011 to 2017. Data collection included demographics, anthropometrics, and comorbidities and was done over a 3-year follow-up period. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and repeated measures ANOVA.

RESULTS

In the morbidly obese (MO) group, 82% were female, while 52% were male in the super obese (SMO) group (P < 0.0059). While 13/34 patients in the obese group achieved > 60% percent excess body weight loss (%EBWL), only 3/23 super obese patients achieved > 60% EBWL (P = 0.0695). %EBWL at 1-year follow-up significantly differed between the obese and super obese groups, 61.7 ± 14.6% and 47.7 ± 14.9% respectively (P = 0.035). The average BMI in the obese group was 29.8 at 1 year and 41.3 in the super obese group. There was a significant difference in the rate of excess weight loss (%EBWL/month) between the two groups (P < 0.01). There was good comorbidity resolution (about 70%) in both groups after surgery.

CONCLUSION

Comorbidity resolution after sleeve gastrectomy is excellent in the adolescent population irrespective of initial BMI. Consideration should be given to earlier bariatric intervention in SMO adolescents to facilitate return to near normal BMI. Focus on education of referral sources, such as community pediatricians and family practitioners to facilitate early bariatric evaluation should be considered. Weight loss in postsurgical SMO patients should be carefully monitored and adjunctive interventions should be considered.

Nonalcoholic Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents

Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in children. The spectrum of NAFLD ranges from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis. Obesity rates in children continue to rise and, as a result, NAFLD in children is becoming more prevalent. The pathophysiology, natural history, and progression of disease are still being elucidated but NAFLD/NASH in children may represent a more severe phenotype that will benefit from early identification and management.

Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

COSPONSORING ASSOCIATIONS

The European Society of Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society. This guideline was funded by the Endocrine Society.

OBJECTIVE

To formulate clinical practice guidelines for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of pediatric obesity.

PARTICIPANTS

The participants include an Endocrine Society-appointed Task Force of 6 experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer.

EVIDENCE

This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The Task Force commissioned 2 systematic reviews and used the best available evidence from other published systematic reviews and individual studies.

CONSENSUS PROCESS

One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Endocrine Society committees and members and co-sponsoring organizations reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of this guideline.

CONCLUSION

Pediatric obesity remains an ongoing serious international health concern affecting ∼17% of US children and adolescents, threatening their adult health and longevity. Pediatric obesity has its basis in genetic susceptibilities influenced by a permissive environment starting in utero and extending through childhood and adolescence. Endocrine etiologies for obesity are rare and usually are accompanied by attenuated growth patterns. Pediatric comorbidities are common and long-term health complications often result; screening for comorbidities of obesity should be applied in a hierarchal, logical manner for early identification before more serious complications result. Genetic screening for rare syndromes is indicated only in the presence of specific historical or physical features. The psychological toll of pediatric obesity on the individual and family necessitates screening for mental health issues and counseling as indicated. The prevention of pediatric obesity by promoting healthful diet, activity, and environment should be a primary goal, as achieving effective, long-lasting results with lifestyle modification once obesity occurs is difficult. Although some behavioral and pharmacotherapy studies report modest success, additional research into accessible and effective methods for preventing and treating pediatric obesity is needed. The use of weight loss medications during childhood and adolescence should be restricted to clinical trials. Increasing evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in the most seriously affected mature teenagers who have failed lifestyle modification, but the use of surgery requires experienced teams with resources for long-term follow-up. Adolescents undergoing lifestyle therapy, medication regimens, or bariatric surgery for obesity will need cohesive planning to help them effectively transition to adult care, with continued necessary monitoring, support, and intervention. Transition programs for obesity are an uncharted area requiring further research for efficacy. Despite a significant increase in research on pediatric obesity since the initial publication of these guidelines 8 years ago, further study is needed of the genetic and biological factors that increase the risk of weight gain and influence the response to therapeutic interventions. Also needed are more studies to better understand the genetic and biological factors that cause an obese individual to manifest one comorbidity vs another or to be free of comorbidities. Furthermore, continued investigation into the most effective methods of preventing and treating obesity and into methods for changing environmental and economic factors that will lead to worldwide cultural changes in diet and activity should be priorities. Particular attention to determining ways to effect systemic changes in food environments and total daily mobility, as well as methods for sustaining healthy body mass index changes, is of importance.

NASPGHAN Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children: Recommendations from the Expert Committee on NAFLD (ECON) and the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease that occurs in the setting of insulin resistance and increased adiposity. It has rapidly evolved into the most common liver disease seen in the pediatric population and is a management challenge for general pediatric practitioners, subspecialists, and for health systems. In this guideline, the expert committee on NAFLD reviewed and summarized the available literature, formulating recommendations to guide screening and clinical care of children with NAFLD.

Systematic review of psychological and social outcomes of adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery, and predictors of success

The psychological and social outcomes of bariatric surgery in adolescents, together with psychological and social predictors of success, were systematically reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science and PsychInfo were searched on July 2014. Existing data were sparse; 15 were suitable for qualitative review and six for meta-analysis (four quality of life [QOL], two depression). One study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 139 subjects underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 202 underwent adjustable gastric band and 64 underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Overall QOL improved after bariatric surgery, regardless of surgical type with peak improvement at 6-12 months. Meta-analysis of four studies showed changed in overall QOL at latest follow-up of 2.80 standard deviation (SD) (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-4.37). Depression improved across all studies, regardless of procedure (effect size -0.47 SD [95% CI -0.76, -0.18] at 4-6 months). Two cohorts reported changes in both overall QOL and depression following a quadratic trajectory, with overall improvement over 2 years and deterioration in the second post-operative year. There were limited data on other psychological and social outcomes. There were insufficient data on psychosocial predictors of outcome to form evidence-based recommendations for patient selection for bariatric surgery at this time.

Bariatric surgery and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the increasing global pandemic of obesity. These conditions cluster with type II diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome to result in obesity-associated liver disease. The benefits of bariatric procedures on diabetes and the metabolic syndrome have been recognized for some time, and there is now mounting evidence to suggest that bariatric procedures improve liver histology and contribute to the beneficial resolution of NAFLD in obese patients. These beneficial effects derive from a number of weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms including surgical BRAVE actions (bile flow changes, restriction of stomach size, anatomical gastrointestinal rearrangement, vagal manipulation, enteric hormonal modulation) and subsequent effects such as reduced lipid intake, adipocytokine secretion, modulation of gut flora, improvements in insulin resistance and reduced inflammation. Here, we review the clinical investigations on bariatric procedures for NAFLD, in addition to the mounting mechanistic data supporting these findings. Elucidating the mechanisms by which bariatric procedures may resolve NAFLD can help enhance surgical approaches for metabolic hepatic dysfunction and also contribute toward developing the next generation of therapies aimed at reducing the burden of obesity-associated liver disease.

Bariatric surgery in obese adolescents: opportunities and challenges

Extreme obesity is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a body mass index (BMI) higher than 120% of the 95th percentile for age. Four to six percent of American youths fall into this subcategory and are at increased risk for developing comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, sleep apnea, and bone and joint problems. Many studies have shown that nonsurgical treatment programs do not provide significant long-term improvements in BMI in adolescents with severe obesity. In adults, bariatric (weight loss) surgery has been shown to dramatically reduce BMI and to reverse or prevent many complications of obesity; thus, bariatric surgery is being used in an attempt to reverse clinically severe obesity in adolescents. This review highlights the indications for bariatric surgery in adolescents and outlines practice guidelines for adolescent surgical weight loss programs. The authors summarize available data on the effects of adolescent weight loss surgery on metabolic comorbidities and highlight the important acute and long-term complications that must be monitored by their general pediatricians. After reading this article, the general pediatrician should be able to identify adolescents who may be candidates for weight loss surgery and have the knowledge to assist in their postoperative medical management.

Clinical review: Bariatric surgery following treatment for craniopharyngioma: a systematic review and individual-level data meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Craniopharyngiomas are rare low-grade tumors located in the hypothalamic and/or pituitary region. Hypothalamic involvement and treatment resulting in hypothalamic damage are known to lead to development of "hypothalamic obesity" (HyOb) in 50% of cases. The management of HyOb, associated with eating disorders and rapid comorbidities, is an important issue. Bariatric surgery is the most effective therapy for weight loss in patients with severe exogenous obesity. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the 12-month outcome of bariatric surgery for HyOb due to craniopharyngioma treatment.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Relevant studies were identified by searches of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases until January 2013. A total of 21 cases were included: 6 with adjustable gastric banding, 8 with sleeve gastrectomy, 6 with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and 1 with biliopancreatic diversion. After data pooling, mean weight difference was -20.9 kg after 6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], -35.4, -6.3) and -15.1 kg after 12 months (95% CI, -31.7, +1.4). The maximal mean weight loss was achieved by the gastric bypass group: -31.0 kg (95% CI, -77.5, +15.5) and -33.7 kg (95% CI, -80.7, +13.3) after 6 and 12 months, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In this largest ever published study on the effect of bariatric surgery on obesity after craniopharyngioma treatment, we observed an important weight loss after 1 year of follow-up. Larger studies are warranted to establish appropriate selection criteria and the best surgical technique to perform bariatric surgery.

Forensic Considerations in Bariatric Surgery Patients

Bariatric surgery is gaining in popularity in the United States and around the world as a treatment for morbid obesity. Patients seek surgery in order to lose weight and limit the long-term effects of insulin-resistant diabetes, heart disease and lung disease, including risk of sudden death. While gastric bypass in patients with morbid obesity can reduce the risk of diabetes and myocardial infarction to population levels, the risk of death remains increased. These patients may die suddenly and unexpectedly as a direct result of surgery, as an indirect result of surgery, or of end-organ damage wrought by years of obesity, completely unrelated to the surgery. Proper forensic pathologic assessment of these patients requires an understanding of the anatomic changes caused by bariatric surgery, the complications and the metabolic consequences of the different procedures. In order to better understand this subgroup of patients, a search of the peer-reviewed medical literature at the National Library of Medicine was conducted for articles using the keywords bariatric, surgery, gastric bypass, autopsy, review, toxicology, alcohol, drug, ethanol, absorption, elimination, litigation, forensic, and death. This review outlines the most common laparoscopic and open surgical procedures; the common immediate post-surgical complications that lead to morbidity and mortality; forensic toxicological considerations in bariatric patients; and the long-term complications and other causes that could lead to unexpected death in these patients.