Sacrococcygeal tumors: clinical characteristics and outcome of pediatric patients treated at South Egypt Cancer Institute. A retrospective analysis

Malignant recurrence after mature Sacrococcygeal teratoma: A meta-analysis and review of the literature

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a rare extragonadal germ cell tumour mostly diagnosed during infancy and early childhood. Neonatal SCTs are mostly mature, but can also contain immature and/or malignant components. Recurrence of an SCT alters prognosis, especially when it is malignant, of which its mechanism is not yet fully understood. This study is a review and meta-analysis of the literature on malignant recurrences after an initially mature SCT.

METHODS

A literature search was performed to identify studies describing children with SCT and presenting specific information on histology of the initial tumour as well as the recurrence. Random effect models for mature recurrence and malignant recurrence after an initially mature SCT were employed to pool study-specific percentages in order to estimate an overall percentage and its associated 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Inverse variance method, which gives more weight to larger studies, was used to pool outcomes for the different studies.

RESULTS

A total of 22 articles, comprising 1516 patients with SCT, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled proportions of mature and malignant recurrences after mature SCT were 3 % (95 % CI 1-4 %) and 5% (95 % CI 3-6 %), respectively. Fifty-seven (56 %) of a total of 102 recurrences after resection of an initially mature SCT were malignant, mostly yolk sac tumour (YST). Many recurrences occurred within 1-6 years, however some occurred as long as 20 years after initial diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial number of recurrences of mature SCT present as a malignant tumour. Overlooking malignant components on initial pathological evaluation and the progression of mature SCT cells to malignant cells may play a role. Treatment of mature SCTs with resection alone requires thorough follow-up of at least 6 years. Future research is needed to determine whether SCTs with malignant microfoci should be treated or followed-up differently from mature or immature SCTs. In addition, the value of serum biomarkers in follow-up after SCT needs to be further evaluated.

Diagnostic accuracy of serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in diagnosing recurrent sacrococcygeal teratoma: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The incidence of children developing recurrent sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is 2-35%. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is often used as a tumor marker for (malignant) recurrences of SCT and could potentially be used during routine follow-up after SCT resection. However, the diagnostic accuracy of serum AFP levels during follow-up has not been well established. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the diagnostic accuracy of serum AFP levels in recurrent SCT.

METHODS

We queried Search Premier, COCHRANE Library, EMCARE, EMBASE, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases to identify studies regarding patients with SCT with follow-up using serum AFP levels postoperative. We estimated sensitivity and specificity of serum AFP levels.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies (613 patients, 121 recurrences) were included and these mainly described serum AFP levels in patients with recurrent SCT (n = 111); 83 (75%) patients with recurrent SCT had elevated serum AFP levels. A subgroup analysis of articles that measured serum AFP levels in all patients (n = 6, 136 patients, 14 recurrences) showed a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 95%, respectively. The sensitivity of AFP levels to detect malignant recurrence was 96%.

CONCLUSION

Diagnostic accuracy of serum AFP levels to detect recurrent SCT seems promising, though sensitivity could be overestimated since serum AFP levels are mainly described in patients with elevated AFP levels or at recurrent SCT. Furthermore, serum AFP levels could be helpful to detect malignant recurrences.

TYPE OF STUDY

Systematic review of level 2-4 studies.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 2-4 (mostly level 2).

Ovarian and non-ovarian teratomas: a wide spectrum of features

Teratoma is a germ cell tumor (GCT) derived from stem cells of the early embryo and the germ line. Teratoma is the most common neoplasm of the ovaries and is usually diagnosed easily using imagings by detecting fat components. However, there are various histopathological types and the imaging findings differ according to the type. Teratoma usually occurs in the gonads or in the midline due to migration of primordial germ cells during development. The clinical course of teratomas depends on the age of the patient, histological type, and anatomical site. Sometimes teratomas show unusual manifestations, such as mature teratoma without demonstrable fat components, torsion, rupture, growing teratoma syndrome, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. For all of these reasons, teratomas demonstrate a wide spectrum of imaging features and radiologists should be familiar with these variabilities. The present article aims to introduce a model encompassing types of GCTs based on their developmental potential, and to review several histopathological types in various anatomical sites and unusual manifestations of teratomas, with representative imaging findings.