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Chen J, Guo MF, Li H, Han N, Hu CB, Sun JS, Zhang CF, Su L. Testicular ectopia: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:348. [PMID: 37383372 PMCID: PMC10294606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper mainly describes three cases of children with ectopic testis, of which two patients with transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) and one with perineal ectopic testis (PET). All patients who underwent orchidopexy at the same pediatric surgical unit in the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University (Jining, China) between June 2010 and February 2021 were retrospectively evaluated (age range, 14-34 months). A total of two patients (67%) was admitted with asymptomatic unilateral inguinal masses and the contralateral testis missing; the first patient was diagnosed with TTE intraoperatively, whereas the other patient was diagnosed with TTE through physical examination and ultrasound preoperatively. The third patient (33%) was admitted with the right testis missing and a left perineal mass, which was confirmed using PET by physical and ultrasound examination before the operation. The first two patients underwent transseptal orchidopexy, whereas the third patient underwent simple orchidopexy. Postoperative complications were not observed (follow-up, 10-24 months). The low incidence and poor understanding of ectopic testis compels us to report our findings and further discuss this particular disease of testicular ectopia, including its pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272013, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Fu Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272013, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272013, P.R. China
| | - Nuan Han
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Bing Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Song Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Lin Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
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Abdul Aziz D, Salim CAM, Zaman AK, Azhari H, Makpol S, Ishak S, Latiff Z. Novel cord blood and urinary phytoestrogens levels in male neonates with normal external genitalia. J Clin Neonatol 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jcn.jcn_95_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Yang M, Lin X, Liu Z, Zhang P, Xiao W, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhuang Y, Zheng L, Duan S. Transverse testicular ectopia with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome: Report and review of two cases. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14637. [PMID: 36357339 DOI: 10.1111/and.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transverse testicular ectopia is a rare anomaly characterized by both testes descending through a single inguinal canal. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS), and to deepen the understanding of the disease in clinical. A retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of two children suffering from TTE with PMDS was conducted. Previous studies on the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease were reviewed. The two patients were treated with laparoscopy-assisted transseptal orchidopexy-inguinal evaluation. After the surgery, the two patients recovered well. The follow-up visits were done 3 months after the operation. An ultrasound examination confirmed that the two patients had testes in the orthotopic position and normal size. TTE with PMDS is an exceedingly rare disease. The patients manifested cryptorchidism on one side; contralateral inguinal hernia was suspected. Detailed physical and ultrasound examinations before the operation are the key to the early diagnosis of TTE. Laparoscopic evaluation is helpful for the diagnosis and finding of other abnormalities. Surgical treatment is the only method to cure the disease; long-term follow-up is needed after TTE operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobin Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peijian Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wang Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangmu Zhuang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouxing Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Kishitani K, Yoda K, Taguchi S, Suyama H, Hoshina H, Akiyama Y, Yamada Y, Sato Y, Yamada D, Kume H. Left-right reversal of the testes within the scrotum: An extremely rare variant of testicular ectopia. IJU Case Rep 2022; 6:56-59. [PMID: 36605680 PMCID: PMC9807338 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Testicular ectopia refers to abnormal positioning of testis, which includes a wide variety of variants. An ectopic testis is located off the normal path of male gonadal descent, unlike conventional undescended testis. Case presentation A 37-year-old man presented with the complaint of a palpable lesion in the scrotum. Magnetic resonance imaging of the scrotum revealed bilateral testes on the respective opposite sides of the scrotum with bilateral spermatic cords crossing under the base of the penis. Accordingly, he was diagnosed as "left-right reversal of the testes within the scrotum." In retrospect, the "palpable" lesion was thought to be the spermatic cords crossing above the testes. Semen analysis identified deteriorated sperm motility, suggesting possible male infertility. Conclusion This case of left-right reversal of the testes within the scrotum is probably a new variant of testicular ectopia that has never been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Kishitani
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kenji Yoda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Satoru Taguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hikaru Suyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hayato Hoshina
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yuta Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Kim JW, Kim KA, Sim KC, Lee J, Park BN, Song MJ, Park YS, Lee J, Choi JW, Lee CH. Ectopic lesions in the abdomen and pelvis: a multimodality pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:2254-2276. [PMID: 35441342 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various ectopic lesions occur in the abdomen and pelvis and affect multiple organs including liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and organs of the genitourinary system. Ectopic organs may be present outside their normal positions, or ectopic tissues may develop while the original organ exists in its normal position. Both benign and malignant lesions can occur in ectopic organs and tissues. Owing to their unusual location, they can often be misdiagnosed as other lesions or even malignant lesions, such as metastasis or seeding. This multimodality pictorial review provides various cases of ectopic lesions in the abdomen and pelvis, which will help narrow the differential diagnosis and guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Woo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Kim
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea.
| | - Ki Choon Sim
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bit Na Park
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Song
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
| | - Yang Shin Park
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
| | - Jongmee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
| | - Chang Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08380, Korea
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Priam A, Chabani N, Klein C, Haraux E. Scrotal orchidopexy for perineal ectopic testis. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:404-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hryhorczuk AL, Phelps AS, Yu RN, Chow JS. The radiologist's role in assessing differences of sex development. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:752-764. [PMID: 34355264 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
When infants are identified with a difference of sex development (DSD), a thoughtful approach to imaging is essential to appropriate clinical management. This review provides a comprehensive guide for radiologists who are tasked with performing this critical assignment. We review the embryologic basis of DSDs, with attention to the imaging findings that can indicate specific diagnoses. We also discuss techniques for optimal imaging, including strategies for identifying the gonads by US, tactics for performing genitograms with fluoroscopy and contrast-enhanced US, and the appropriate utilization of MRI. Finally, we review the clinical data and imaging findings that characterize some of the most common DSDs, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia L Hryhorczuk
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4252, USA.
| | - Andrew S Phelps
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Richard N Yu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne S Chow
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhou G, Yin J, Jiang M, Yang Z, Li S. Clinical Characteristics, Ultrasonographic Findings, and Treatment of Pediatric Transverse Testicular Ectopia: A 10-Year Retrospective Review. Urology 2021; 154:249-254. [PMID: 33453196 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical data, ultrasonic features, treatment, and long-term outcome of transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) in children. METHODS Children with TTE were enrolled in the study between November 2009 and August 2019 in Shenzhen Children's Hospital in China. Clinical information, including demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, TTE-associated anomalies, ultrasonographic findings, and surgical procedures, were collected from all patients. Patients were re-evaluated at the end of 4 weeks and 6 months after the operation. RESULTS A total of 16 cases were enrolled and underwent surgeries, all patients had undescended testis with contralateral inguinal hernia. The ultrasonic findings showed two testicles in 15 cases and no testes in 1 case. Müllerian ducts remnants were found by laparoscopy in 6 cases or by ultrasound in one case. Sixteen cases were treated with laparoscopy orchidopexy or laparoscopy assisted trans-septal orchidopexy-inguinal exploration. After surgery, 16 patients had both testicles in an orthotopic position and with equal size, with normal blood flow. CONCLUSION TTE should be suspected in patients with nonpalpable undescended testis and contralateral inguinal hernia. The contralateral processus vaginalis sac occurs in all cases of TTE. Ultrasonography is essential for an early diagnosis of TTE. Laparoscopy-assisted surgery is safe, effective, and minimally invasive therapy for TTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglun Zhou
- Department of Urology and Laboratory of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianchun Yin
- Department of Urology and Laboratory of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhilin Yang
- Department of Urology and Laboratory of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shoulin Li
- Department of Urology and Laboratory of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China.
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Perineal Ectopic Testis (PET): Ignorance is “Not” a Bliss. Indian J Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-020-02235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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de la Calle CM, Kim S, Baskin LS. Diagnosis and treatment of the intra-abdominal gonad in the pediatric population: Testes, ovaries, dysgenetic gonads, streaks, and ovotestes. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:2480-2491. [PMID: 32164982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Pediatric surgical specialists are often confronted with the difficult task of identifying, diagnosing and managing intra-abdominal gonads in children. Ranging from the intra-abdominal cryptorchid testis to normal or pathologic ovaries and gonads in disorders of sexual development, all intra-abdominal gonads in the pediatric population pose different diagnosis and management challenges. Understanding the hormonal and fertility potential of the gonad and knowing its potential cancer risk is essential when deciding how to manage these patients. In addition, the ideal surgical management for each one of these patients is often debated. METHODS Descriptive literature review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Herein, we reviewed gonadal formation, common etiologies, diagnosis and management of intra-abdominal testes, pathologic ovaries and gonads in disorders of sexual development. Fertility potential and cancer risk for each were also reviewed and how both affect surgical management of the gonad. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Review Article, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M de la Calle
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Iliodromiti Z, Karapati E, Sokou R, Boutsikou T, Iacovidou N, Salakos C. Bilateral ectopic femoral testes: A rare cause of empty scrotum. Urol Case Rep 2020; 33:101348. [PMID: 33102049 PMCID: PMC7573939 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Empty scrotum is a relatively rare entity, with few cases reported in the literature, so far; if it coexists with bilateral ectopic femoral testes, it then constitutes an extremely rare congenital abnormality. We report a case of empty scrotum revealed at the first physical examination of a neonate. The scrotum appeared empty and no testes could be palpated in the scrotum or the inguinal canal. Two solitary, oval masses were palpable laterally of each hemiscrotum, close to femoral canal and the diagnosis of bilateral femoral ectopic testes was confirmed by the consultant pediatric surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Iliodromiti
- Neonatal Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Areataieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Karapati
- Neonatal Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Areataieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rozetta Sokou
- NICU, "Agios Panteleimon" General Hospital of Nikaia, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Theodora Boutsikou
- Neonatal Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Areataieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Iacovidou
- Neonatal Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Areataieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Salakos
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Sommer C, Stathopoulos E, Antoniou MC, Busiah K, Hauschild M, Sanchez O. An empty hemiscrotum: Transverse testicular ectopia. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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13
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Boyle TA, Perez EA, Diez R, Sola JE, Sanz EE, Garcia A, Fuentes EJ. Transverse testicular ectopia discovered following reduction of an inguinal hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:608-611. [PMID: 30409476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transverse testicular ectopia is a rare condition in which both testicles occupy a single hemiscrotum. The aberrant positioning may lead to vascular compromise or impaired temperature regulation, which elevate the risks for torsion, infertility and testicular cancer. Definitive therapy consists of orchiectomy or orchiopexy. We report a case of a 10-month-old boy with an incarcerated inguinal hernia who was discovered to have transverse testicular ectopia following hernia reduction. The patient was treated with herniorrhaphy and open transseptal orchiopexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Boyle
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Eduardo A Perez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ricardo Diez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Sur, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan E Sola
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Eva E Sanz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Sur, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Garcia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Sur, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ennio J Fuentes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Sur, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
The most frequent anomaly of the urogenital tract is a simple renal ectopia with one organ lying in the pelvis. Crossed renal ectopia is a less common condition in which the ectopic kidney is located on the opposite side of the midline from the ureteral insertion in the urinary bladder. The cause of both types of renal ectopia is the arrest or failure of the kidney ascent from the pelvic to the lumbar position. Whereas an accelerated ascent leads to a subdiaphragmal or intrathoracic ectopic position, an ectopic ureter can be defined as one that does not drain into the trigonum vesicae. The ectopic orificium can be located situated in the bladder neck and urethra as well as somewhere in the genital area.Exstrophy of the urinary bladder is not a complete ectopia. Because the abdominal wall and the anterior part of the bladder wall are lacking, the bladder mucosa grows directly into the skin. The complex exstrophy of the bladder and intestine corresponds to a cloacal exstrophy, in which the bladder is split in two halves on either side of the gut portion. Testicular ectopia refers to the location of the testis in a position outside of its normal course of descent.Prostatic ectopia does not refer to the wrong location of the entire organ, but to a scattered group of prostate glands, which are mostly found in the submucosal part of the urinary bladder or proximal urethra. Other described locations are the intestinal wall, anus, pericolic fat tissue, spleen, seminal vesicle, testis, and cervix uteri.The associated ectopic penis, scrotum, and penoscrotal transposition are the least common and probably the absolutely most unknown malformations of the male genitalia. The ectopic penis and scrotum are located in the perineum, whereas in the transposition the penis lies above the scrotum.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mikuz
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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[Ectopias of the kidney, urinary tract organs, and male genitalia. German version.]. DER PATHOLOGE 2018; 39:415-423. [PMID: 30135974 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-018-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent anomaly of the urogenital tract is a simple renal ectopia with one organ lying in the pelvis. Crossed renal ectopia is a less common condition in which the ectopic kidney is located on the opposite side of the midline from the ureteral insertion in the urinary bladder. The cause of both types of renal ectopia is the arrest or failure of the kidney ascent from the pelvic to the lumbar position. Whereas an accelerated ascent leads to a subdiaphragmal or intrathoracic ectopic position, an ectopic ureter can be defined as one that does not drain into the trigonum vesicae. The ectopic orificium can be located situated in the bladder neck and urethra as well as somewhere in the genital area.Exstrophy of the urinary bladder is not a complete ectopia. Because the abdominal wall and the anterior part of the bladder wall are lacking, the bladder mucosa grows directly into the skin. The complex exstrophy of the bladder and intestine corresponds to a cloacal exstrophy, in which the bladder is split in two halves on either side of the gut portion. Testicular ectopia refers to the location of the testis in a position outside of its normal course of descent.Prostatic ectopia does not refer to the wrong location of the entire organ, but to a scattered group of prostate glands, which are mostly found in the submucosal part of the urinary bladder or proximal urethra. Other described locations are the intestinal wall, anus, pericolic fat tissue, spleen, seminal vesicle, testis, and cervix uteri.The associated ectopic penis, scrotum, and penoscrotal transposition are the least common and probably the absolutely most unknown malformations of the male genitalia. The ectopic penis and scrotum are located in the perineum, whereas in the transposition the penis lies above the scrotum.
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