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Mohamed Elfeky OW, Panjwani S, Cave D, Wild D, Raines D. Device-assisted enteroscopy in the surveillance of intestinal hamartomas in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Endosc Int Open 2024; 12:E128-E134. [PMID: 38292586 PMCID: PMC10827474 DOI: 10.1055/a-2197-8554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal-dominant genetic disorder characterized by the formation of hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract. These polyps result in significant morbidity due to adverse events (AEs) including intestinal obstruction, bleeding, and malignancy. The aim of this study was to describe the role of device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) in monitoring and prophylactic polypectomy within the small bowel. Patients and methods Electronic medical records were surveyed to identify all DAE procedures performed in patients with PJS at three US referral centers between January 1, 2007 and January 1, 2020. Individual charts were reviewed to collect and analyze specific data points. Primary end points included AEs associated with DAE-related polypectomy and the rate of laparotomy in PJS patients prior to, and following, index DAE. Secondary data points included patient characteristics, procedural details, and size/location/distribution of small bowel hamartomas. Results Twenty-three patients met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 18 (75%) had previously undergone small bowel surgery prior to index DAE. Between 2007 and 2020, 46 DAEs were performed in these patients with an average of one exam every 2.5 years. A total of 131 polypectomies were performed with an AE rate of 1.5%. None of our cohort required emergent surgery related to AEs of small bowel hamartomas over 336 years of aggregated follow-up. Conclusions Endoscopic management of small bowel polyps in patients with PJS using DAE is an effective strategy for prophylactic removal of hamartomas. DAE surveillance and endoscopic polypectomy is safe and may decrease the need for repeated laparotomy in patients with PJS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suraj Panjwani
- Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Department of Medicine, Worcester, United States
| | - David Cave
- Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Department of Medicine, Worcester, United States
| | - Daniel Wild
- Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Daniel Raines
- Gastroenterology, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, United States
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2
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Pennazio M, Rondonotti E, Cortegoso Valdivia P. Device-assisted enteroscopy and the need for surgery in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: the long and winding road. Endosc Int Open 2024; 12:E125-E127. [PMID: 38292589 PMCID: PMC10827476 DOI: 10.1055/a-2197-3953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pennazio
- Division of Gastroenterology, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
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3
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Funayama Y, Shinozaki S, Yano T, Yamamoto H. Advancements in endoscopic management of small-bowel polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 17:17562848231218561. [PMID: 38164364 PMCID: PMC10757794 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231218561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Before the development of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE), the standard management of small-bowel polyposis was surgical resection. This is an invasive procedure that could lead to short bowel syndrome. In the 21st century, several new enteroscopy techniques were distributed worldwide, including DBE, single-balloon enteroscopy, spiral enteroscopy, and motorized spiral enteroscopy. These devices enable the diagnoses and endoscopic interventions in the entire small bowel, even in patients with a history of laparotomy. In patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), endoscopic ischemic polypectomy with clips or a detachable snare is the preferred method for managing pedunculated polyps because it is less likely to cause adverse events than conventional polypectomy. Although polyps in patients with PJS always recur, repeat endoscopic resection can reduce the total number and mean size of polyps in the long-term clinical course. Endoscopic reduction of small-bowel intussusception caused by PJS polyps can be successfully performed using DBE without surgery. A transparent hood is useful for securing a visual field during the treatment of small-bowel polyps, and minimal water exchange method is recommended to facilitate deep insertion. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Because jejunal and ileal polyps in patients with FAP have the potential to develop into cancer via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, periodical surveillance, and endoscopic resection are needed for them, not only polyps in the duodenum. In cases of multiple small-bowel polyps in patients with FAP, cold snare polypectomy without retrieval is an acceptable treatment option for polyps that are 10 mm or smaller in size. Additional good pieces of evidence are necessary to confirm these findings because this narrative review mostly includes retrospective observational studies from single center, case reports, and expert reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Funayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shinozaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Shinozaki Medical Clinic, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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4
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Vlachou E, Koffas A, Toumpanakis C, Keuchel M. Updates in the diagnosis and management of small-bowel tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 64-65:101860. [PMID: 37652650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Small-bowel tumors represent a rare entity comprising 0.6% of all new cancer cases in the US, and only 3% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms. They are a heterogenous group of neoplasms comprising of about forty different histological subtypes with the most common being adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, stromal tumors and lymphomas. Their incidence has been reportedly increasing over recent years, partly owing to the advances and developments in the diagnostic modalities. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy, device assisted enteroscopy and dedicated small-bowel cross-sectional imaging are complimentary tools, supplementing each other in the diagnostic process. Therapeutic management of small-bowel tumors largely depends on the histological type and staging at diagnosis. The aim of the present review article is to discuss relevant advances in the diagnosis and management of small-bowel tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Vlachou
- Evgenidion Clinic Agia Trias SA, Papadiamantopoulou 20, Athens, 11528, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Koffas
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Services, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1FR, UK.
| | - Christos Toumpanakis
- Centre for Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Martin Keuchel
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Agaplesion Bethesda Krankenhaus Bergedorf, Glindersweg 80, 21029, Hamburg, Germany.
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5
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Kobayashi R, Inoue K, Hirose R, Doi T, Harusato A, Dohi O, Yoshida N, Uchiyama K, Ishikawa T, Takagi T, Yasuda H, Konishi H, Morinaga Y, Itoh Y. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding from a large jejunal lipoma treated using an endoscopic unroofing technique with double balloon enteroscopy: a case study. Clin J Gastroenterol 2023; 16:32-38. [PMID: 36369458 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-022-01724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal lipomas are rare, but may cause obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. The endoscopic unroofing technique excises only the upper third of the lipoma and allows both histological confirmation and complete treatment with minimal risk of perforation. We present a rare case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding caused by a jejunal lipoma. A 75-year-old man on antiplatelet therapy presented to our department with melena and anemia. Computed tomography revealed he had a 45-mm jejunal submucosal tumor with fat attenuation. Endoscopic resection using an endoscopic unroofing technique with double balloon enteroscopy was successfully performed. The tumor was confirmed to be a lipoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Kobayashi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Doi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Akihito Harusato
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naohisa Yoshida
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yasuda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Konishi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukiko Morinaga
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Farkas N, Wong J, Bethel J, Monib S, Frampton A, Thomson S. A systematic review of symptomatic small bowel lipomas of the jejunum and ileum. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 58:52-67. [PMID: 32953101 PMCID: PMC7486416 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small bowel lipomas are rarely encountered benign adipose growths found within the small intestine wall or mesentery. Limited up-to-date evidence exists regarding such lipomas. We aim to aid clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes through this comprehensive review. Methodology The terms 'small bowel,' 'small intestine,' 'jejunum' and 'ileum' were combined with 'lipoma.' EMBASE, Medline and PubMed database searches were performed. All papers published in English from 01/01/2000-31/12/2019 were included. Simple statistical analysis (t-test, Anova) was performed. Results 142 papers yielded 147 cases (adults = 138, pediatric = 9). Male = 88, female = 59 (average age = 49.9 years). Presenting symptoms: abdominal pain = 68.7%; nausea/vomiting = 35.3%, hematochezia/GI bleeding = 33.3%; anaemia = 10.9%; abdominal distension = 12.2%; constipation = 8.9%; weight loss = 7.5%. Mean preceding symptom length = 58.1 days (symptoms >1 year excluded (n = 9)). Diagnostic imaging utilised: abdominal X-Ray = 33.3%; endoscopy = 46.3%; CT = 78.2%; ultrasound = 23.8%. 124/137 (90.5%) required definitive surgical management (laparotomy = 89, laparoscopcic = 35). 9 patients were successfully managed endoscopically. Lipoma location: ileum = 59.9%, jejunum = 32%, mesentery = 4.8%. Maximal recorded lipoma size ranged 1.2-22 cm.Mean maximum lipoma diameter and management strategy comparison: laparotomy 5.6 cm, laparoscopic = 4.4 cm, endoscopic = 3.7 cm, conservative = 4.5 cm. One-way Anova test, p value = 0.21. Average length of stay (LOS) was 7.4 days (range = 2-30). T-test p value = 0.13 when comparing management modalities and LOS. 4 complications, 0 mortality. Conclusions Important previously undocumented points are illustrated; a clearer symptom profile, diagnostic investigations utilised, size and site of lipomas, types and effectiveness of management modalities, associated morbidity and mortality. Open surgery remains the primary management. No statistically significant difference in LOS and lipoma size is demonstrated between management strategies. Endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques may reduce utilising invasive surgery in the future as skillset and availability improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farkas
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Rd, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Joshua Wong
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Rd, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Jordan Bethel
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Rd, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Sherif Monib
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Rd, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Adam Frampton
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Rd, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Simon Thomson
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Rd, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD18 0HB, UK
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7
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Cortegoso Valdivia P, Rondonotti E, Pennazio M. Safety and efficacy of an enteroscopy-based approach in reducing the polyp burden in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: experience from a tertiary referral center. Ther Adv Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 13:2631774520919369. [PMID: 32705081 PMCID: PMC7359414 DOI: 10.1177/2631774520919369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome develop hamartomatous polyps in the small bowel, possibly causing anemia, intussusception, and obstruction. We aimed to evaluate the impact of an enteroscopy-based approach, including both device-assisted and intraoperative enteroscopy, on the reduction of the polyp burden in a cohort of adult Peutz–Jeghers syndrome patients. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza in Turin, Italy. Consecutive Peutz–Jeghers syndrome patients eligible for device-assisted or intraoperative enteroscopy, between January 2003 and November 2019, were included. Enteroscopy technical issues and complications were recorded. At the time of index enteroscopy, the patients’ clinical records were retrospectively reviewed, and clinical data were recorded until November 2019. Results: Overall, 24 patients were included. Before inclusion, 16/24 patients (66.7%) underwent small bowel surgery for polyp-related complications, 13 of which (81.2%) in an emergent setting. Two patients had a history of small bowel neoplasms. During the timeframe, 47 device-assisted enteroscopies and 9 intraoperative enteroscopies were performed, and 247 small bowel polyps were endoscopically removed. The overall complication rate was 12.8% (8.5% for device-assisted enteroscopy, 22.2% for intraoperative enteroscopy). The median observation time was 108 months: in this timeframe, two patients developed small bowel polyp-related complications requiring emergent surgery. No patients developed small bowel cancer, but nine extra-gastrointestinal neoplasms were recorded. Conclusion: An enteroscopy-based approach appears to be well tolerated and effective in decreasing polyp-related complications in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome patients, thus reducing the need for emergent surgery. Although the prevention of small bowel polyp-related complications remains the main goal in these patients, the high incidence of extra-gastrointestinal neoplasms appears to be a rising issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cortegoso Valdivia
- University Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pennazio
- University Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Via Cavour 31, 10123 Turin, Italy
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Ponte A, Pinho R, Rodrigues A, Tavares A, Ferreira J, Mendes M, Costa S, Carvalho J. Sporadic Jejunal Lateral Spreading Tumor: A Rare Cause of Recurrent Jejunojejunal Intussusception. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 24:154-155. [PMID: 28848802 DOI: 10.1159/000453071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ponte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rolando Pinho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Adélia Rodrigues
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Amélia Tavares
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferreira
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Miguel Mendes
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Silvia Costa
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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Moreels TG, Kouinche Madenko N, Taha A, Piessevaux H, Deprez PH. Therapeutic enteroscopy using a new single-balloon enteroscope: a case series. Endosc Int Open 2016; 4:E918-21. [PMID: 27540583 PMCID: PMC4988849 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Balloon-assisted enteroscopy allows therapeutic intervention in the small bowel, and even of the biliopancreatic system in patients with altered anatomy. However, the conventional single-balloon enteroscope (SBE) has limited therapeutic use because of its small-caliber working channel and the lack of an additional water jet channel. The new single-balloon enteroscope prototype XSIF-180JY has been developed to overcome these problems. We present experience with use of the new SBE prototype during 14 therapeutic endoscopy procedures, which illustrates its advantages. PATIENTS AND METHODS During a 2-month period, 16 SBE procedures were performed (2 antegrade, 2 retrograde and 12 ERCP procedures) using the XSIF-180JY prototype, 14 of which were done with therapeutic intent. RESULTS The XSIF-180JY SBE allowed deep enteroscopy with balloon dilation and multiple intestinal polypectomies. Moreover, 14 ERCP procedures were successfully performed in 12 patients with Roux-en-Y altered anatomy. Sphincterotomy, balloon dilation, stone extraction and 7 Fr plastic stent placement were performed through the 3.2-mm working channel. The additional water jet was useful for flushing away stone fragments from the intrahepatic bile ducts and the retrieval basket and for flushing away blood from a bleeding sphincterotomy. No complications related to the enteroscope were encountered. CONCLUSIONS The new therapeutic XSIF-180JY SBE permitted therapeutic enteroscopy and ERCP through its 3.2-mm working channel and the additional water jet channel proved useful in flushing away biliary stones and blood without the need to clear the working channel. This newly developed SBE has the advantage of a larger working channel and an additional water jet, improving therapeutic enteroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. Moreels
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author Tom G Moreels, MD PhD Cliniques universitaires Saint-LucHépato-GastroentérologieAv. Hippocrate 10B-1200 BrusselsBELGIUM+32 2 764 2892+32 2 764 9171
| | | | - Alaa Taha
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hubert Piessevaux
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre H. Deprez
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Brussels, Belgium
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Pinho R. The Vanishing Frontiers of Therapeutic Enteroscopy. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2015; 22:133-134. [PMID: 28868394 PMCID: PMC5580178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpge.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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