Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of exenatide in monkey plasma by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry

Ultra-sensitive bioanalysis of the therapeutic peptide exenatide for accurate pharmacokinetic analyses at effective plasma concentrations utilizing UPLC-MS/MS

Exenatide is the first approved glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist subcutaneously or intramuscularly injected for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Typical therapeutic plasma concentrations are in the low pg/mL range, therefore requiring ultra-sensitive quantification. To enable the accurate evaluation of pharmacokinetic studies, we established a UPLC-MS/MS assay with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 pg/mL (1.2 pM) using 200 μL of plasma, validated according to FDA’s and EMA’s pertinent guidelines. Exenatide was isolated from plasma with solid phase extraction utilizing anion-exchange sorbent. Quantification was performed with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The calibrated concentration range of 5–10,000 pg/mL was linear showing correlation coefficients >0.99. Interday and intraday accuracy ranged from 97.5% to 105.4% with corresponding precision of <10.9%. Accuracy at the LLOQ ranged from 93.0% to 102.5% with corresponding precision of <15.9%. Because of the validity of a 10-fold dilution QC (accuracy 111.2%), the assay is suitable for exenatide quantification up to 100,000 pg/mL. The ultra-sensitive assay’s applicability was demonstrated by the quantification of exenatide plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics after intravenous and nasal administration to beagle dogs.

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Ultra-sensitive UPLC-MS/MS quantification of the large therapeutic peptide exenatide.

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First MS-based assay with sensitivity sufficient for pharmacokinetic analyses of therapeutic plasma concentrations.

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Sensitivity of the UPLC-MS/MS assay is superior to previously reported immunoassays.

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Determination of the nasal bioavailability of exenatide in beagle dogs.

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) in practice: analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations

Background

UHPLC-MS/MS is connected in various research facilities for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of a pharmaceutical substance, pharmaceutical items, and biological specimen.

Main body

The commence review article is an endeavor to offer pervasive awareness around assorted aspects and details about the UHPLC-MS/MS and related techniques with the aim on practice to an estimation of medicinal active agents in the last 10 years. The article also focused on isolation, separation, and characterization of present impurity in drug and biological samples.

Conclusion

Review article compiles a general overview of medicinally important drugs and their analysis with UHPLC-MS/MS. It gives fundamental thought regarding applications of UHPLC-MS/MS for the study on safety limit. The summary of developed UHPLC-MS/MS methods gives a contribution to the future trend and limitations in this area of research.

Review of approaches and examples for monitoring biotransformation in protein and peptide therapeutics by MS

Biotherapeutic drugs have emerged in quantity in pharmaceutical pipelines, and increasingly diverse biomolecules are progressed through preclinical and clinical development. As purification, separation, mass spectrometer detection and data processing capabilities improve, there is opportunity to monitor drug concentration by traditional ligand-binding assay or MS measurement and to monitor metabolism, catabolism or other biomolecular mass variants present in circulation. This review highlights approaches and examples of monitoring biotransformation of biotherapeutics by MS as these techniques are poised to add value to drug development in years to come. The increased use of such approaches, and the successful quantitation of biotherapeutic structural modifications, will provide insightful data for the benefit of both researchers and patients.

Microbial expression of Exendin-4 analog and its efficacy in mice model

Exendin-4 is a GLP 1 agonist incretin-mimetic peptide hormone comprising 39 amino acids. Exenatide (Byetta^®) is a chemically synthesized version of Exendin-4 with an additional C-terminal amidation. Exenatide acts as a GLP-1 receptor agonist. This paper illustrates the method adopted for cloning, fermentation and purification of recombinant Exendin-4 analog expressed in Escherichia coli. The biologically expressed analog was extensively characterized using different orthogonal methods to confirm their biological activity and physicochemical properties. It was observed that the expressed analog showed comparable functional properties as that of Byetta^® irrespective of their modes of development. Further, in vivo efficacy of the recombinant Exendin-4 analog was studied in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in mice models. Byetta^® and Exendin-4 analog treated groups showed comparable glucose lowering activity in the OGTT model.

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of itraconazole and hydroxy itraconazole in human plasma

A highly sensitive, selective, and precise ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of itraconazole and hydroxy itraconazole in human plasma by a single liquid-liquid extraction step. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 705.3/392.3, m/z 721.2/408.3 and m/z 708.2/435.4 were used to detect and quantify itraconazole, hydroxy itraconazole and itraconazole-d3 respectively. The lower limit of quantitation was found to be 0.500 ng/mL for itraconazole and 1.00 ng/mL for hydroxy itraconazole. The mean recoveries for itraconazole and hydroxy itraconazole were found to be 100.045% and 100.021%, respectively. This developed method with a chromatographic run time of 2.0 min was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of 100 mg itraconazole capsule.