Voltammetric quantitation of nitazoxanide by glassy carbon electrode

Asparagus officinalis Herb-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots: Luminescent Probe for Medical Diagnostics

The utilization of natural materials for the synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) presents a sustainable approach to overcome the challenges associated with traditional chemical precursors. Here, we report the synthesis of novel S,N-self-doped CQDs (S,N@CQDs) derived from asparagus officinalis herb. These S,N@CQDs exhibit 16.7 % fluorescence quantum yield, demonstrating their potential in medical diagnostics. We demonstrate the efficacy of S,N@CQDs as luminescent probes for the detection of anti-pathogenic medications metronidazole (MTZ) and nitazoxanide (NTZ) over concentration ranges of 0.0-180.0 μM (with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.064 μM) and 0.25-40.0 μM (LOD of 0.05 μM), respectively. The probes were successfully applied to determine MTZ and NTZ in medicinal samples, real samples, and spiked human plasma, with excellent recovery rates ranging from 99.82 % to 103.03 %. Additionally, S,N@CQDs demonstrate exceptional efficacy as diagnostic luminescent probes for hemoglobin (Hb) detection over a concentration range of 0-900 nM, with a minimal detectability of 9.24 nM, comparable to commercially available medical laboratory diagnostic tests. The eco-friendly synthesis and precise detection limits of S,N@CQDs meet necessary analytical requirements and hold promise for advancing diagnostic capabilities in clinical settings. This research signifies a significant step towards sustainable and efficient fluorescence-based medical diagnostics.

A Turn-On–Type Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Eco-friendly Method for Nitazoxanide Quantification in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Spiked Plasma: Evaluation of Greenness Profile Using Different Assessment Tools

A brand-new class of anti-infective drugs that work against bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites is nitazoxanide and related thiazolides. Thiazolides have also been shown to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells in recent years. In this study, an eco-friendly, spectrofluorimetric technique that is verified, easy, and sensitive has been proposed for quantifying nitazoxanide (NTZ), a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. When NTZ is reduced with zinc (Zn) powder in an acidic media, a highly fluorescent product is produced. To get the highest sensitivity, different experimental conditions impacting the response were examined and optimized. Following excitation at 299 nm, scanning of the fluorescent product was done at 440 nm. The intensity of the fluorescence was proportional to the drug concentration in the range of 0.1–0.6 μg/mL. The approach was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, and the outcome was satisfactory. The detection and quantitation limits were calculated to be 0.013 and 0.038 μg/mL, respectively. The suggested technique was successful in analyzing commercially available NTZ dosage forms. Furthermore, the proposed technique was used to assess NTZ levels in human plasma and it was bio-analytically validated according to European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. The suggested method can be used in quality control laboratories as well as in pharmacokinetic studies. In order to picture the green profile of the developed method, four greenness assessment tools have been applied. National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE) are the relatively most widely used metrics. So, they were utilized to perform a detailed greenness comparison between the proposed method and some of the reported methods for the determination of NTZ. The developed method was found to be an excellent green method with the highest AGREE score.

Voltammetric Techniques for the Analysis of Drugs using Nanomaterials based Chemically Modified Electrodes

Background:

Electroanalytical techniques play a very important role in the areas of medicinal, clinical as well as pharmaceutical research. Amongst these techniques, the voltammetric methods for the determination of drugs using nanomaterials based chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have received enormous attention in recent years. This is due to the sensitivity and selectivity they provide on qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the electroactive analyte under study. The aim of the present review was to discuss the work on nanomaterials based CMEs for the analysis of drugs covering the period from 2000 to present employing various voltammetric techniques for different classes of the drugs.

Methods:

The present review deals with the determination of different classes of drugs including analgesics, anthelmentic, anti-TB, cardiovascular, antipsychotics and anti-allergic, antibiotic and gastrointestinal drugs. Also, a special section is devoted for enantioanalysis of certain chiral drugs using voltammetry. The detailed information of the voltammetric determination for the drugs from each class employing various techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, etc. are presented in tabular form below the description of each class in the review.

Results:

Various nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, quantum dots, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, polymer based nanocomposites have been used by researchers for the development of CMEs over a period of time. The large surface area to volume ratio, high conductivity, electrocatalytic activity and biocompatibility make them ideal modifiers where they produce synergistic effect which helps in trace level determination of pharmaceutical, biomedical and medicinal compounds. In addition, macrocyclic compounds as chiral selectors have been used for the determination of enantiomeric drugs where one of the isomers captured in the cavities of chiral selector shows stronger binding interaction for one of the enantiomorphs.

Conclusion:

arious kinds of functional nanocomposites have led to the manipulation of peak potential due to drug - nanoparticles interaction at the modified electrode surface. This has facilitated the simultaneous determination of drugs with almost similar peak potentials. Also, it leads to the enhancement in voltammetric response of the analytes. It is expected that such modified electrodes can be easily miniaturized and used as portable, wearable and user friendly devices. This will pave a way for in-vivo onsite real monitoring of single as well as multi component pharmaceutical compounds.