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Bandyopadhyay D, Nag S, Das D, Banerjee Roy R. Electrochemical detection of folic acid in food extracts using molecularly imprinted polyacrylonitrile imbued graphite electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1325:343120. [PMID: 39244306 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The present study elucidates the effectiveness of a molecularly imprinted polyacrylonitrile-imbued graphite-base electrode (MAN@G) for the selective detection of folic acid (FA) in food samples. The prime objective of the recognition and quantification of vitamin compounds like FA is the overall quality assessment of vegetables and fruits. The cost-effective, reproducible, and durable MAN@G electrode has been fabricated using acrylonitrile (AN) as the monomer and FA as the template over graphite-base. The characterization of the synthesized MAN@G electrode material has been accomplished by utilizing UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A tri-electrode system based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques was employed to explore the analytical performance of the synthesized electrode. Rigorous analyses divulged that a widespread linearity window could be exhibited by the electrode under an optimized experimental environment, ranging from 20 μM to 400 μM concentrations with an acceptable lower limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 18 nM, and 60 nM respectively. Additionally, this electrode exhibits high reproducibility, good stability, and high repeatability, with RSD values of 1.72 %, 1.32 %, and 1.19 %, respectively. The detection efficacy of the proposed electrode has been further examined in food extracts, namely orange, spinach, papaya, soybean, and cooked rice, which endorsed high accuracy compared to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, the statistical results obtained from the t-test analysis were also satisfactory for the FA concentrations present in those five samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipan Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700106, India
| | - Shreya Nag
- University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, 700160, India
| | - Debangana Das
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Runu Banerjee Roy
- Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700106, India.
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Ahmad R, Masrat S, Rehman MT, AlAjmi MF, Alam S, Mishra P, Lee BI. A grain-like cerium oxide nanostructure: synthesis and uric acid sensing application. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39254200 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing nanomaterials on the working electrode of sensors enables the fabrication of highly sensitive devices for the detection of various analytes. Herein, a facile synthesis method is used to formulate a grain-like cerium oxide (CeO2) nanostructure. The structural features and surface properties of the synthesized CeO2 nanostructure were studied, which showed that the CeO2 nanostructure exhibited grain-like morphology, good crystalline structure, and excellent vibrational properties. To evaluate the sensing properties of grain-like CeO2 nanostructure, nanomaterial slurry was prepared in butyldiglycol acetate binder. Then, the nanomaterial slurry was drop-casted onto the working electrode of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to fabricate the CeO2-modified SPCE sensor. The sensor's electrochemical properties were analysed, which showed excellent charge-transfer behavior compared to the bare SPCE. CV-based electrochemical sensing of uric acid (UA) on a CeO2-modified SPCE sensor exhibited excellent linear performance up to 1070 μM UA. Moreover, the sensor offers good sensitivity, low detection limit, reproducibility, selectivity, and long-term stability. The CeO2-modified SPCE sensor demonstrated a promising application for UA detection in real samples, addressing the need for timely UA concentration monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Ahmad
- 'New-Senior' Oriented Smart Health Care Education Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sakeena Masrat
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shamshad Alam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
| | - Prabhash Mishra
- Quantum Materials and Devices Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Byeong-Il Lee
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Digital Healthcare Research Center, Institute of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Ahmed KH, Mohamedi M. Microfibrous Carbon Paper Decorated with High-Density Manganese Dioxide Nanorods: An Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Platform of Glucose Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5864. [PMID: 39338610 PMCID: PMC11435572 DOI: 10.3390/s24185864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Nanorod structures exhibit a high surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing the accessibility of electrolyte ions to the electrode surface and providing an abundance of active sites for improved electrochemical sensing performance. In this study, tetragonal α-MnO2 with a large K+-embedded tunnel structure, directly grown on microfibrous carbon paper to form densely packed nanorod arrays, is investigated as an electrocatalytic material for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The MnO2 nanorods electrode demonstrates outstanding catalytic activity for glucose oxidation, showcasing a high sensitivity of 143.82 µA cm-2 mM-1 within the linear range from 0.01 to 15 mM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.282 mM specifically for glucose molecules. Importantly, the MnO2 nanorods electrode exhibits excellent selectivity towards glucose over ascorbic acid and uric acid, which is crucial for accurate glucose detection in complex samples. For comparison, a gold electrode shows a lower sensitivity of 52.48 µA cm-2 mM-1 within a linear range from 1 to 10 mM. These findings underscore the superior performance of the MnO2 nanorods electrode in both sensitivity and selectivity, offering significant potential for advancing electrochemical sensors and bioanalytical techniques for glucose monitoring in physiological and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawtar Hasan Ahmed
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (EMT), 1650, Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Mohamed Mohamedi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (EMT), 1650, Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
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Low SC, Shaimi R. Amperometric sensor using nylon-6-film-modified carbon electrode for low-cost detection of ascorbic acid. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abo‐bakr AM, Abd‐Elsabour M, Abou‐Krisha MM. An Efficient Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin C and Aspirin Based on a PMR/Zn‐Al LDH/GCE. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Abo‐bakr
- Faculty of Science Chemistry Department South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - M. Abd‐Elsabour
- Faculty of Science Chemistry Department South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - M. M. Abou‐Krisha
- Faculty of Science Chemistry Department South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
- Chemistry Department College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh 11623 Saudi Arabia
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Prinith NS, Manjunatha JG, Tigari G, ALOthman ZA, Alanazi AM, Pandith A. Mechanistic Insights into the Voltammetric Determination of Riboflavin at Poly (Serine) Modified Graphite and Carbon Nanotube Composite Paste Electrode. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nambudumada S. Prinith
- Department of Chemistry FMKMC College Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - Jamballi G. Manjunatha
- Department of Chemistry FMKMC College Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - Girish Tigari
- Department of Chemistry FMKMC College Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - Zeid A. ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anup Pandith
- Department of Chemistry Kyung Hee University, Seoul Campus 02447 Republic of Korea
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Nsabimana J, Wang Y, Ruan Q, Li T, Shen H, Yang C, Zhu Z. An electrochemical method for a rapid and sensitive immunoassay on digital microfluidics with integrated indium tin oxide electrodes coated on a PET film. Analyst 2021; 146:4473-4479. [PMID: 34227625 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00513h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection is the simplest analytical tool to be integrated into digital microfluidics (DMF). It offers the advantages of small size, with detector electrodes incorporated into the device by patterning, and high compatibility with portable analytical instruments. Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated on glass has been commonly used for the top plate of DMF due to its good conductivity and transparency. However, instability and the low current response of ITO electrodes patterned on glass hindered their application for immunoassays. It has been reported that ITO coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has better conductivity, owing to its higher carrier concentration, faster mobility and lower resistivity. Herein, we investigated the use of ITO electrodes patterned on PET film as the top plate of DMF for a simple and stable electrochemical immunoassay using square wave voltammetry (SWV), with an excellent peak resolution and high sensitivity. A magnetic bead-based immunoassay for H5N1 antigen was performed on a DMF platform with a limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL-1 in buffer and 18 ng mL-1 in human serum. These results showed the good electrochemical performance of ITO coated on a PET film, a lightweight, shock resistant and cost-effective material, which is promising for DMF fabrication and transparent electrodes for various electroanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Nsabimana
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Qingyu Ruan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Tingyu Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Haicong Shen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China. and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China.
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Catalytic and photocatalytic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on electrooxidation of common antioxidants on carbon paste. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Borras E, Schrumpf L, Stephens N, Weimer BC, Davis CE, Schelegle ES. Novel LC-MS-TOF method to detect and quantify ascorbic and uric acid simultaneously in different biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1168:122588. [PMID: 33690092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) are known as two of the major antioxidants in biological fluids. We report a novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with time-of-flight (LC-MS-TOF) method for the simultaneous quantification of ascorbic and uric acids using MPA, antioxidant solution and acetonitrile as a protein precipitating agent. Both compounds were separated from interferences using a reverse phase C18 column with water and acetonitrile gradient elution (both with formic acid) and identified and quantified by MS in the negative ESI mode. Isotope labeled internal standards were also added to ensure the accuracy of the measures. The method was validated for exhaled breath condensate (EBC), nasal lavage (NL) and plasma samples by assessing selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, recovery and matrix effect and stability. Sample volumes below 250 µL were used and linear ranges were determined between 1 - 25 and 1 - 40 µg/mL for ascorbic and uric acid, respectively, for plasma samples, and between 0.05 - 5 (AA) and 0.05 - 7.5 (UA) µg/mL for EBC and NL samples. The new method was successfully applied to real samples from subjects that provided each of the studied matrices. Results showed higher amounts determined in plasma samples, with similar profiles for AA and UA in EBC and NL but at much lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borras
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leah Schrumpf
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Noelle Stephens
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Veterinary Medicine School, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Edward S Schelegle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Chenthattil Raril, Manjunatha JG, Ravishankar DK, Fattepur S, Siddaraju G, Nanjundaswamy L. Validated Electrochemical Method for Simultaneous Resolution of Tyrosine, Uric Acid, and Ascorbic Acid at Polymer Modified Nano-Composite Paste Electrode. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375520040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Winiarski JP, Rampanelli R, Bassani JC, Mezalira DZ, Jost CL. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/nickel hydroxide composite applied as electrochemical sensor for folic acid (vitamin B9) in food samples. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Selective Detection of Folic Acid Using 3D Polymeric Structures of 3-Carboxylic Polypyrrole. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082315. [PMID: 32325655 PMCID: PMC7219238 DOI: 10.3390/s20082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The detection of folic acid in biological samples or pharmaceutical products is of great importance due to its implications in the biological functions of the human body, along with the development and growth of the fetus. The deficiency of folic acid can be reversed by the intake of different pharmaceutical formulations or alimentary products fortified with this molecule. The elaboration of sensing platforms represents a continuous work in progress, a task in which the use of conductive polymers modified with different functionalities represents one of the outcoming strategies. The possibility of manipulating their morphology with the use of templates or surfactants represents another advantage. A sensing platform based on carboxylic functionalized polypyrrole was synthesized via the electrochemical approach in the presence of a polymeric surfactant on a graphite-based surface. The sensor was able to detect the folic acid from 2.5 μM to 200 μM with a calculated limited of detection of 0.8 μM. It was employed for the detection of the analyte from commercial human serum and pharmaceutical products with excellent recovery rates. The results were double checked using an optimized spectrophotometric procedure that confirmed furthermore the performances of the sensor related to real samples assessment.
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Sukanya, Kumara Swamy B, Shashikumara J. Voltammetric investigation of uric acid in existence of dopamine at Poly(benzydamine) modified carbon paste electrode. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Gęca I, Korolczuk M. Sensitive Determination of Folic Acid using a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gęca
- Faculty of ChemistryMaria Curie Sklodowska University 20-031 Lublin Poland
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Nigović B, Mornar A, Brusač E, Jeličić ML. Selective sensor for simultaneous determination of mesalazine and folic acid using chitosan coated carbon nanotubes functionalized with amino groups. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Erkal-Aytemur A, Üstündağ İ, Kariper İA, Çağlayan MO, Üstündağ Z. Electrocatalytic effect of nano-wrinkled layer carbonaceous electrode: determination of folic acid by differential pulse voltammetry. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A highly conductive thin film composite based on silver nanoparticles and malic acid for selective electrochemical sensing of trichloroacetic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:33-48. [PMID: 30253835 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly conductive thin film composite based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and malic acid (MA) was deposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the selective and sensitive electrochemical sensing of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The casting solution containing MA functionalized AgNPs was employed as a precursor for the thermal deposition of the AgNPs integrated MA thin film composite onto the GCE surface. The uniform coverage of AgNPs within the thin film composite at GCE was obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A significantly high charge transfer resistance of the modified electrode (85.7 Ω for AgNPs-MA/GCE in 2 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- at a bias of +0.235 V as compared to bare GCE (38.01 Ω) verified the optimum coating of AgNPs-MA composite at the surface of the electrode. The AgNPs-MA composite deposited GCE revealed substantial electrocatalytic activity toward TCA reduction with significantly enhanced reduction current. The novel electrode manifested a linear square wave voltammetric (SWV) response over the concentration ranges of 0.1-2 (R2 = 0.9953) and 4-100 μM (R2 = 0.9969) with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 30 nM and 92.5 nM, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited an excellent long-term stability (30 days) with the retention of >95% of initial current. The selectivity of the proposed electrode for the determination of TCA was examined in the presence of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) with the retention of high recovery percentages.
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