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Rusciano D, Russo C. The Therapeutic Trip of Melatonin Eye Drops: From the Ocular Surface to the Retina. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:441. [PMID: 38675402 PMCID: PMC11054783 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule found in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. It possesses various properties, partly due to its robust antioxidant nature and partly owed to its specific interaction with melatonin receptors present in almost all tissues. Melatonin regulates different physiological functions and contributes to the homeostasis of the entire organism. In the human eye, a small amount of melatonin is also present, produced by cells in the anterior segment and the posterior pole, including the retina. In the eye, melatonin may provide antioxidant protection along with regulating physiological functions of ocular tissues, including intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, it is conceivable that the exogenous topical administration of sufficiently high amounts of melatonin to the eye could be beneficial in several instances: for the treatment of eye pathologies like glaucoma, due to the IOP-lowering and neuroprotection effects of melatonin; for the prevention of other dysfunctions, such as dry eye and refractive defects (cataract and myopia) mainly due to its antioxidant properties; for diabetic retinopathy due to its metabolic influence and neuroprotective effects; for macular degeneration due to the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties; and for uveitis, mostly owing to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This paper reviews the scientific evidence supporting the use of melatonin in different ocular districts. Moreover, it provides data suggesting that the topical administration of melatonin as eye drops is a real possibility, utilizing nanotechnological formulations that could improve its solubility and permeation through the eye. This way, its distribution and concentration in different ocular tissues may support its pleiotropic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Rusciano
- Fidia Research Centre, c/o University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Liu Z, Huang S, Yuan X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhou J. The role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of paediatric diseases. Ann Med 2023; 55:127-135. [PMID: 36495273 PMCID: PMC9744225 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2154381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's Vitamin D (VitD) fortification and supplementation are diminishing due to less outdoor exercise and insufficient VitD intake (low exogenous intake and endogenous malabsorption induced by gastrointestinal disease). Consequently, children in many developed countries suffer from VitD deficiency, which may contribute to many paediatric disorders. Our review briefly introduced the metabolic process of VitD, summarized the role of VitD in paediatric diseases such as autism, obesity, rickets and asthma. We sought to identify the link between VitD deficiency and these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Liu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shiming Huang
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoli Yuan
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery Ward, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Nursing School, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Hoti G, Ferrero R, Caldera F, Trotta F, Corno M, Pantaleone S, Desoky MMH, Brunella V. A Comparison between the Molecularly Imprinted and Non-Molecularly Imprinted Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Transdermal Delivery of Melatonin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061543. [PMID: 36987322 PMCID: PMC10057034 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that ameliorates many health conditions when it is administered as a drug, but its drawbacks are its oral and intravenous fast release. To overcome the limitations associated with melatonin release, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-based NSs) can be used. Under their attractive properties, CD-based NSs are well-known to provide the sustained release of the drug. Green cyclodextrin (CD)-based molecularly imprinted nanosponges (MIP-NSs) are successfully synthesized by reacting β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) or Methyl-β Cyclodextrin (M-βCD) with citric acid as a cross-linking agent at a 1:8 molar ratio, and melatonin is introduced as a template molecule. In addition, CD-based non-molecularly imprinted nanosponges (NIP-NSs) are synthesized following the same procedure as MIP-NSs without the presence of melatonin. The resulting polymers are characterized by CHNS-O Elemental, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Zeta Potential, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV) analyses, etc. The encapsulation efficiencies are 60-90% for MIP-NSs and 20-40% for NIP-NSs, whereas melatonin loading capacities are 1-1.5% for MIP-NSs and 4-7% for NIP-NSs. A better-controlled drug release performance (pH = 7.4) for 24 h is displayed by the in vitro release study of MIP-NSs (30-50% released melatonin) than NIP-NSs (50-70% released melatonin) due to the different associations within the polymeric structure. Furthermore, a computational study, through the static simulations in the gas phase at a Geometry Frequency Non-covalent interactions (GFN2 level), is performed to support the inclusion complex between βCD and melatonin with the automatic energy exploration performed by Conformer-Rotamer Ensemble Sampling Tool (CREST). A total of 58% of the CD/melatonin interactions are dominated by weak forces. CD-based MIP-NSs and CD-based NIP-NSs are mixed with cream formulations for enhancing and sustaining the melatonin delivery into the skin. The efficiency of cream formulations is determined by stability, spreadability, viscosity, and pH. This development of a new skin formulation, based on an imprinting approach, will be of the utmost importance in future research at improving skin permeation through transdermal delivery, associated with narrow therapeutic windows or low bioavailability of drugs with various health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjylije Hoti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Corno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Pantaleone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mohamed M H Desoky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Brunella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Melatonin/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020445. [PMID: 35056757 PMCID: PMC8778415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is involved in many functions of the human body, mainly in sleeping-related disorders. It also has anti-oxidant potential and has been proven very effective in the treatment of seasonal affective disorders (SAD), which afflict some people during short winter days. Melatonin has been implicated in a range of other conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s and other neurological conditions, and in certain cancers. Its poor solubility in water leads to an insufficient absorption that led scientists to investigate MLT inclusion in cyclodextrins (CDs), as inclusion of drugs in CDs is a way of increasing the solubility of many lipophilic moieties with poor water solubility. The aim of this review is to gather all the key findings on MLT/CD complexes. The literature appraisal concluded that MLT inclusion leads to a 1:1 complex with the majority of CDs and increases the solubility of the hormone. The interactions of MLT with CDs can be studied by a variety of techniques, such as NMR, FT-IR, XRD and DCS. More importantly, the in vivo experiments showed an increase in the uptake of MLT when included in a CD.
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Qi Z, Cao J, Tao X, Wu X, Kundu SC, Lu S. Silk Fibroin Microneedle Patches for the Treatment of Insomnia. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2198. [PMID: 34959479 PMCID: PMC8704547 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a patient-friendly technology, drug-loaded microneedles can deliver drugs through the skin into the body. This system has broad application prospects and is receiving wide attention. Based on the knowledge acquired in this work, we successfully developed a melatonin-loaded microneedle prepared from proline/melatonin/silk fibroin. The engineered microneedles' morphological, physical, and chemical properties were characterized to investigate their structural transformation mechanism and transdermal drug-delivery capabilities. The results indicated that the crystal structure of silk fibroin in drug-loaded microneedles was mainly Silk I crystal structure, with a low dissolution rate and suitable swelling property. Melatonin-loaded microneedles showed high mechanical properties, and the breaking strength of a single needle was 1.2 N, which could easily be penetrated the skin. The drug release results in vitro revealed that the effective drug concentration was obtained quickly during the early delivery. The successful drug concentration was maintained through continuous release at the later stage. For in vivo experimentation, the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model of insomnia was constructed. The outcome exhibited that the melatonin-loaded microneedle released the drug into the body through the skin and maintained a high blood concentration (over 5 ng/mL) for 4-6 h. The maximum blood concentration was above 10 ng/mL, and the peak time was 0.31 h. This system indicates that it achieved the purpose of mimicking physiological release and treating insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Q.); (J.C.); (X.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiaxin Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Q.); (J.C.); (X.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaosheng Tao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Q.); (J.C.); (X.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinyi Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Q.); (J.C.); (X.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Subhas C. Kundu
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegrabilities and Biomimetics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Shenzhou Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Q.); (J.C.); (X.T.); (X.W.)
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Moroni I, Garcia-Bennett AE. Effects of Absorption Kinetics on the Catabolism of Melatonin Released from CAP-Coated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Vehicles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1436. [PMID: 34575512 PMCID: PMC8464897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a pineal hormone involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. The efficacy of exogenous MLT for the treatment of circadian and sleep disorders is variable due to a strong liver metabolism effect. In this work, MLT is encapsulated in mesoporous silica (AMS-6) with a loading capacity of 28.8 wt%, and the mesopores are blocked using a coating of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) at 1:1 and 1:2 AMS-6/MLT:CAP ratios. The release kinetics of MLT from the formulations is studied in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The permeability of the MLT released from the formulations and its 6-hydroxylation are studied in an in vitro model of the intestinal tract (Caco-2 cells monolayer). The release of MLT from AMS-6/MLT:CAP 1:2 is significantly delayed in acidic environments up to 40 min, while remaining unaffected in neutral environments. The presence of CAP decreases the absorption of melatonin and increases its catabolism into 6-hydroxylation by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. The simple confinement of melatonin into AMS-6 pores slightly affects the permeability and significantly decreases melatonin 6-hydroxylation. Measurable amounts of silicon in the basolateral side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer might suggest the dissolution of AMS-6 during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Moroni
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Alfonso E. Garcia-Bennett
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- ARC Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia’s Bioactives (FAAB), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Brun D, Curti C, Lamy E, Jean C, Bertault-Peres P, Broggi J, Tintori G, Vanelle P. Beyond-Use Dates Assignment for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Example of Low-Dose Amiodarone Capsules. J Pharm Technol 2021; 37:178-185. [PMID: 34752583 PMCID: PMC8255981 DOI: 10.1177/87551225211015566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Beyond-use dates (BUDs) in compounding practice are assigned from stability studies. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP 42 NF 37) suggested to assign a 6 months BUD for dry oral forms. A new pediatric formula of amiodarone capsules was implemented in our hospital, with 3 dosages (5 mg, 20 mg, and 50 mg). Objective: BUD of these new formulas had to be determined by stability study. Methods: The method for the determination of amiodarone content was validated to be stability indicating, and a stability study was performed. Different excipients commonly used for capsule compounding were compared. Results: We found that, with microcrystalline cellulose as excipient, 50 mg amiodarone capsules were stable for 1 year, whereas 5 mg and 20 mg capsules were not. This difference was studied, and lactose or mannitol were found to be better excipients for 5 mg amiodarone capsules, despite their potential side effects. A potential drug-excipient interaction between microcrystalline cellulose and amiodarone hydrochloride is described. Conclusion: Amiodarone hydrochloride/microcrystalline cellulose capsules have a BUD of 1 month for 5 mg capsules, 6 months for 20 mg, and 1 year for 50 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brun
- Service central de la qualité et de
l’information pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Pharmacy Department, AP-HM, Marseille,
France
| | - Christophe Curti
- Service central de la qualité et de
l’information pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Pharmacy Department, AP-HM, Marseille,
France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de
Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Equipe de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille,
France
| | - Edouard Lamy
- Service central de la qualité et de
l’information pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Pharmacy Department, AP-HM, Marseille,
France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR 7287 CNRS,
Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Jean
- Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Pharmacy
Department, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julie Broggi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de
Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Equipe de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille,
France
| | - Guillaume Tintori
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de
Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Equipe de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille,
France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Service central de la qualité et de
l’information pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Pharmacy Department, AP-HM, Marseille,
France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de
Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Equipe de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille,
France
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Merienne C, Marchand C, Filali S, Salmon D, Pivot C, Pirot F. Measurement, analysis and prediction of amoxicillin oral dose stability from integrated molecular description approach and accelerated predictive stability (APS). PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pthp-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundStability of low amoxicillin oral dosage form (5 mg) used in reintroduction drug test was not fully documented. Furthermore, the impact of (1) salt moiety of amoxicillin and (2) amoxicillin – excipient interactions upon the antibiotic formulation stability during the storage was not characterized so that the estimation of the pharmaceutical expiration date from shelf-life was uncertain. Thus, the main goal of this study was to estimate the shelf-life of two formulations of amoxicillin, using a semi-predictive methodology.MethodsAmoxicillin sodium (AS) and amoxicillin trihydrate (ATH), corresponding to 5-mg amoxicillin, were compounded with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in oral hard capsules which were, then, submitted to four environmental conditions (25 °C / 60% or 80% relative humidity (RH); 40 °C / 75% RH; 60 °C / 5% RH) in climatic chambers for 45 and 84 days. Therefore, the characterization of amoxicillin-MCC mixture was assessed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) The profiles of amoxicillin content (determined by stability indicating chromatographic method) as a function of storage time, temperature and RH were fitted to pre-defined kinetic models performed by accelerated predictive stability (APS).ResultsATR-FTIR analysis of AS, ATH, MCC and bulk specimens stored in heated and humid atmosphere confirmed water sorption to cellulose described by a broad and unresolved 3600 to 3000 cm−1 band associated with (1) general intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between water and hydroxyl groups of the cellulose, and with (2) free hydroxyl in cellulose. Moreover, a dramatic decrease of absorption at 1776 and 1687 cm−1 respectively characteristic of the β-lactam ring (νC=O) and amide group (νC=O), was revealed as a consequence of AS and ATH degradation caused by moisturization of bulk. Amoxicillin degradation was established by chromatographic analysis showing faster AS degradation than ATH throughout time exposure. The combined effects of temperature – RH were successfully modeled by APS, where AS and ATH showed accelerated (auto-catalysis degradation mechanism) and linear degradation, respectively. The faster AS degradation was assumed to be linked to lower hydrogen donor to hydrogen acceptor count ratio and polar surface than ATH, increasing the probability of AS hydrolysis by water adsorption to AS-MCC solid dispersion (e.g., by reduction of protective intramolecular hydrogen bonds between AS molecules). Furthermore, the compounding which involved a drastic homogenization of solids may have affected the crystalline degree of MCC with an increase of amorphous phase more sensitive to water adsorption.ConclusionsThe improvement of amoxicillin compounding for oral dose forms might be rationalized by taking into account the molecular descriptors of salt moiety and excipients, improved by the choice of an appropriate process of production, characterized from infrared vibrational spectroscopy and chromatographic analysis and finally predicted from accelerated stability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Merienne
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Centre Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, Lyon, France
| | - Chloe Marchand
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Centre Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, Lyon, France
| | - Samira Filali
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Centre Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Salmon
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Centre Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, UMR 5305, Plateforme Fripharm, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Pivot
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Centre Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Pirot
- Service Pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Centre Edouard Herriot, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, UMR 5305, Plateforme Fripharm, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Wu ZY, Huang SD, Zou JJ, Wang QX, Naveed M, Bao HN, Wang W, Fukunaga K, Han F. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Disturbance of the melatonin system and its implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Shukla R, Tiwari G, Tiwari R, Rai AK. Formulation and evaluation of the topical ethosomal gel of melatonin to prevent UV radiation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:2093-2104. [PMID: 31829513 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, melatonin (MLT) has variable oral absorption and extensive first-pass effect, making its oral mode less preferable. Ethosomes are able to permeate intact through the human skin due to its high deformability. AIM Present study assessed topical potential of ethosomes loaded with MLT for the prevention of UV radiation. METHODS Melatonin was encapsulated using different ratios of ethanol, soya lecithin, and cholesterol. Prepared ethosomes were characterized for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency (%EE), in vitro drug release kinetics. Then, optimized formulation was incorporated in gel and evaluated for viscosity, pH, extrudability, homogeneity, skin irritation study, spreadability, in vitro skin permeation study, flux, and stability. RESULTS Ethosomes were spherical in structure as confirmed by SEM, and zeta potential was in range of -12.4 mV to -27.4 mV. %EE of the vesicles was in the range of 49.61%-78.047%. Cumulative percentage drug release from various ethosomal formulations was ranged from 64.82%-81.01%. F3 was selected as optimized formulation on the basis of highest %EE, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release. An ethosomal gel of optimized formulation F3 was prepared by using carbopol 934 and compared with plain gel formulation. G3 formulation showed pseudoplastic rheological behavior, optimum pH, spreadability and also showed maximum % in vitro drug permeation with flux 13.85 μg/cm2 /hr and followed zero-order release kinetics which was good for topical drug delivery system. CONCLUSION This research suggested that MLT loaded ethosomes can be potentially used as a topically drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Gaurav Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Awani K Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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Nižić L, Potaś J, Winnicka K, Szekalska M, Erak I, Gretić M, Jug M, Hafner A. Development, characterisation and nasal deposition of melatonin-loaded pectin/hypromellose microspheres. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 141:105115. [PMID: 31654755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the development of spray-dried pectin/hypromellose microspheres as efficient melatonin carrier for targeted nasal delivery. Different pectin to hypromellose weight ratios in the spray-dried feed were employed (i.e. 1:0, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) in order to optimise microsphere physicochemical properties influencing overall powder behaviour prior, during and upon nasal delivery. All microspheres assured complete melatonin entrapment and increased dissolution rate in relation to pure melatonin powder. Among all combinations tested, combining pectin with hypromellose at 1:3 wt ratio resulted in the microspheres with the highest potential for melatonin nasal delivery as they assured highest swelling ability and most prominent mucoadhesive properties. Studies on deposition profile revealed adequate turbinate and olfactory deposition of microsphere/lactose monohydrate powder blend administered nasally using MIAT® device, complementing findings relevant for their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, developed microspheres bear the potential to ensure prolonged melatonin retention at the nasal mucosa, improved bioavailability and advanced therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nižić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joanna Potaś
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Szekalska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Iva Erak
- R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd., TEVA Group Member, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matija Gretić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Thermal Process Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Jug
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Hafner
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Calvo NL, Alvarez VA, Lamas MC, Leonardi D. New approaches to identification and characterization of tioconazole in raw material and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:40-48. [PMID: 30740256 PMCID: PMC6355464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tioconazole (TCZ), a broad-spectrum antifungal agent, has significant activity against Candida albicans and other Candida species, and therefore, it is indicated for the topical treatment of superficial mycoses. The main goal of this work is to report an exhaustive identification and characterization procedure to improve and facilitate the online quality control and continuous process monitoring of TCZ in bulk material and loaded in two different dosage forms: ovules and nail lacquer. The methodologies were based on thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), melting point, and thermogravimetry (TG)), spectroscopic (ultraviolet (UV), Raman, near infrared (NIR), infrared spectroscopy coupled to attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), microscopic and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TCZ bulk powder showed a high crystallinity, as observed by XRD, with a particles size distribution (3-95 µm) resolved by microscopic measurements. TCZ melting point (82.8 °C) and a degradation peak centered at 297.8 °C were obtained by DSC and DTG, respectively. An unambiguous structure elucidation of TCZ was obtained by mono- and two- dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectral data analysis. The FTIR-ATR, Raman and NIR spectra of both the raw material and the commercial products were analyzed and their characteristic bands were tabulated. The best methods for TCZ identification in ovules were DSC, TG, XRD, NIR and Raman, while NIR and FTIR-ATR were the most appropriate techniques to analyze it in the nail lacquer. DSC, TG, DRX, Raman, FTIR-ATR and NIR spectroscopy are effective techniques to be used in online process analysis, because they do not require sample preparation, and they are considerably sensitive to analyze complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L. Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
- Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Vera A. Alvarez
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP), Instituto de Investigaciones de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA, CONICET-UNMdP), Colón 10890, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - María C. Lamas
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Darío Leonardi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
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