1
|
Papp LA, Hancu G, Kelemen H, Tóth G. Chiral separation in the class of proton pump inhibitors by chromatographic and electromigration techniques: An overview. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1761-1789. [PMID: 34004039 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are benzimidazole-derivative chiral sulfoxides, frequently used in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity-related disorders. Due to their stereoselective metabolism, the eutomeric forms of PPIs can present a more advantageous pharmacokinetic profile by comparison with the distomers or racemates. Moreover, two representatives of the class are used in therapy both as racemates and as pure enantiomers (esomeprazole, dexlansoprazole). A relatively large number of enantioseparation methods employed for the stereoselective determination of PPIs from pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental matrices were published in the past three decades. The purpose of the current overview is to provide a systematic survey of the available chiral separation methods published since the introduction of PPIs in the therapy up to the present. Analytical and bioanalytical methods using different chromatographic and electromigration techniques reported for the enantioseparation of omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, ilaprazole, and tenatoprazole are included. The analytical conditions of the presented methods are summarized in three comprehensive tables, while a critical discussion of the applied techniques, possible mechanism of enantiorecognition, and future perspectives on the topic are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Single-run reversed-phase HPLC method for determining sertraline content, enantiomeric purity, and related substances in drug substance and finished product. J Pharm Anal 2021; 10:610-616. [PMID: 33425455 PMCID: PMC7775844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct enantio-, diastereo-, and chemo-selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determining the content, enantiomeric purity, and related substances of the chiral antidepressant drug sertraline HCl in a single chromatographic run. The separation was achieved on a chiral stationary phase based on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) under reversed-phase conditions. The method was optimized by evaluating the influence of the temperature and mobile phase composition on the retention and selectivity. The application of the single-run approach allowed to baseline resolve all investigated species in less than 15 min, without using buffers or tandem-coupled columns. The chromatographic method was validated according to the guidelines of the Official Medicines Control Laboratory and applied to control the content of sertraline HCl and related chiral substances in a generic antidepressant formulation. Sertraline displays two stereogenic centers but only the (1S,4S) form is clinically useful. A direct method was developed for evaluating assay and impurities in a single HPLC run. The single-run RP method allowed resolving all species within 15 min, without using buffers. Amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate)-based CSP was used as a chiral support. The method is selective, precise and accurate and it meets the requirements of the EP guidelines.
Collapse
|
3
|
Merino MED, Lancioni C, Padró JM, Castells CB. Study of enantioseparation of β-blockers using amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phase under polar-organic, reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography conditions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
4
|
Direct HPLC enantioseparation of chemopreventive chiral isothiocyanates sulforaphane and iberin on immobilized amylose-based chiral stationary phases under normal-phase, polar organic and aqueous conditions. Talanta 2020; 218:121151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
5
|
Bi W, Wang F, Han J, Liu B, Shen J, Zhang L, Okamoto Y. Influence of the substituents on phenyl groups on enantioseparation property of amylose phenylcarbamates. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Chiral separation of several pesticides on an immobilized amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) column under polar-organic conditions. Influence of mobile phase and temperature on enantioselectivity. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
El-Kimary EI, Ragab MAA. Recent Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Omeprazole and/or Its Active Isomer Esomeprazole in Different Matrices: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:106-130. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1791042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman I. El-Kimary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. A. Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raikar P, Bannimath G. Recent Trends in Chiral Separation-A Collective Paradigm of Selected Chiral Impurities. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666181219144507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chiral separation plays a very important role in the modern pharmaceutical analysis and will
continue in upcoming years. Separation and identification of chiral impurities are indispensable. According
to ICH guidelines, only the active enantiomer of the drug has to be marketed, so there is a focus
on separation of the inactive enantiomer which acts as a chiral impurity. The impurities present in the
enantiomers also pose various toxic adverse effects on bioavailability and efficacy, hence the need to
separate these impurities will forever be trending. This review primarily focuses on the separation techniques
like Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas
Chromatography (GC), and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) followed by the year-wise trend
in the separation of selected chiral impurities. In the coming years, researchers should work on using
ultra-fast, selective, and sensitive methods for the effective separation of chiral impurities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Raikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Gurupadayya Bannimath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagar, Mysuru 570015, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Horváth S, Eke Z, Németh G. Utilization of the hysteresis phenomenon for chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic method selection in polar organic mode. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461280. [PMID: 32709331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) are outstandingly suitable to play a key role in chiral HPLC method selection strategies, since they provide high success rates. One reason for this ability is that they adopt a diversity of higher order structures in various eluents, resulting in versatile chiral environments. A potential to extend this versatility further was expected and examined in the present study, based on the recently discovered hysteretic behavior of a widely used chiral selector (CS), amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). The hindered transitions of its structure, which are behind the history dependence of its separation ability, were used as a tool to identify distinct states of the chiral selector in order to exploit an extended selectivity space. The identification was carried out using a single diagnostic compound, as opposed to the common approach where testing a library of compounds is required. Eluent mixtures consisting of 2-propanol and either methanol or ethanol were scrutinized in terms of stability and robustness of the observed retentions. The solvent mixtures that were eligible for practical application in these respects were used to construct a screening sequence, including identical compositions combined with different column pretreatment. The gain achievable by using the proposed sequence was then evaluated using 15 enantiomer pairs with focus on resolution, enantiomer elution order and chemoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Horváth
- György Hevesy Doctoral School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P. O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Eke
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Wessling International Research and Educational Center, Anonymus u. 6., H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Németh
- Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P. O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
D'Orazio G, Fanali C, Fanali S, Gentili A, Karchkhadze M, Chankvetadze B. Further study on enantiomer resolving ability of amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) covalently immobilized onto silica in nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461213. [PMID: 32505297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study separation of enantiomers of some chiral neutral, basic and weakly acidic analytes was investigated on the chiral stationary phase (CSP) made by covalent immobilization of amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) onto aminopropylsilanized (APS) silica in nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) in aqueous methanol or acetonitrile mixtures. It has been shown that similar to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) this chiral selector is useful for separation of enantiomers of neutral, basic and acidic analytes also in nano-LC. In comparison to our previous research, in which the chiral selector (CS) was bonded on native silica, in this study, the CS was immobilized on APS silica in order to improve chromatographic performance towards basic analytes. In fact, some improvement was observed and surprisingly not only for basic but also for neutral and acidic analytes. Again, quite unexpectedly almost no electroosmotic flow (EOF) was observed in capillaries packed with ca. 20% (w/w) amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) immobilized onto APS silica although the same APS silica before attachment of chiral selector exhibited significant EOF. In order to generate EOF in the capillaries with the CSP and enable capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) experiment on it, the short segment of the capillary column was packed with APS silica without chiral selector. The EOF in such capillary enabled CEC experiment and some preliminary results are reported here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria Km 29,300 - 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15 - 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Karchkhadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ferencz E, Kovács B, Boda F, Foroughbakhshfasaei M, Kelemen ÉK, Tóth G, Szabó ZI. Simultaneous determination of chiral and achiral impurities of ivabradine on a cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) chiral column using polar organic mode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 177:112851. [PMID: 31499427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the related substances (R-ivabradine, dehydro-S-ivabradine, N-demethyl-S-ivabradine, ((S)-3,4-dimethoxy-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-yl-methyl)-methyl-amine) and 1-(7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-3-benzazepine-2-on-3-yl)-3-chloro-propane) of the heart-rate lowering drug, ivabradine. The separation capability of seven different polysaccharide-type chiral columns (Lux Amylose-1, Lux i-Amylose-1, Lux Amylose-2, Lux Cellulose-1, Lux Cellulose-2, Lux Cellulose-3 and Lux Cellulose-4) was investigated with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% diethylamine in methanol, 2-propanol and acetonitrile. During the screnning experiments the best results were obtained on Lux Cellulose-2 (based on cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) column with methanol with an ideal case, where all the impurities eluted before the S-ivabradine peak. Chromatographic parameters (flow rate, temperature and mobile phase constituents) were optimized by a full factorial screening design. Using optimized parameters (Lux Cellulose-2 column with 0.06% (v/v) diethylamine in methanol/acetonitrile 98/2 (v/v) with 0.45 mL/min flow rate at 12 °C) baseline separations were achieved between all compounds. The optimized method was validated according to the International Council on Harmonization Q2(R1) guideline and proved to be reliable, linear, precise and accurate for determination of at least 0.05% for all impurities in S-ivabradine samples. Method application was tested on a commercial tablet formulation and proved to be suitable for routine quality control of both chiral and achiral related substances of S-ivabradine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elek Ferencz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, RO-540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania; Gedeon Richter Romania S.A., RO-540306, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Béla Kovács
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, RO-540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania; Gedeon Richter Romania S.A., RO-540306, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Francisc Boda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, RO-540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | | | | | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, RO-540139, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania; Gedeon Richter Romania S.A., RO-540306, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Comparative study on enantiomer resolving ability of amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) covalently immobilized onto silica in nano-liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460425. [PMID: 31471135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study separation of enantiomers of some chiral neutral and weakly acidic analytes was investigated on the chiral stationary phase (CSP) made by covalent immobilization of amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) onto silica in nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) in acetonitrile and aqueous acetonitrile. Few comparisons were made also between the enantioseparations in nano-LC and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the chiral column of 4.6 × 250 mm dimension. Slightly better separation of enantiomers was observed in HPLC mode compared to nano-LC mode. It was shown that in the capillary columns packed with the CSP containing about 20% (w/w) of a covalently immobilized neutral chiral selector, amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate), sufficient electroosmotic flow has been generated and enantioseparations with reasonable analysis time were performed also in CEC mode. It was shown once again that CEC offers a clear advantage over nano-LC from the viewpoint of plate numbers and peak resolution.
Collapse
|
13
|
Panella C, Ferretti R, Casulli A, Cirilli R. Temperature and eluent composition effects on enantiomer separation of carvedilol by high-performance liquid chromatography on immobilized amylose-based chiral stationary phases. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:324-331. [PMID: 31929941 PMCID: PMC6951491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvedilol is a chiral drug with potent antihypertensive and antianginal activities. Although it is clinically used as a racemic mixture, its enantiomers show different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Here, the direct chiral separation of racemic drug by high performance liquid chromatography using two immobilized-type amylose-based chiral stationary phases is presented. Some chromatographic parameters, such as retention and selectivity, were determined under multimodal eluent conditions and different temperatures. A temperature-dependent inversion of the elution order of enantiomers was observed in the operative temperature range of chiral chromatographic support. Finally, an effective direct enantioselective method was successfully applied to the separation of the enantiomers of carvedilol on a semipreparative scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panella
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Ferretti
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for the Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis (in Animals and Humans), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cirilli R. HPLC Enantioseparations with Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases in HILIC Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:127-146. [PMID: 31069732 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to achiral hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which is a popular and largely applied technique to analyze polar compounds such as pharmaceuticals, metabolites, proteins, peptides, amino acids, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates, the introduction of the HILIC concept in enantioselective chromatography has been relatively recent and scarcely debated. In this chapter, the HILIC enantioseparations carried out on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases are grouped and discussed. Another objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview and insight into the experimental conditions needed to operate under HILIC mode. Finally, to stimulate and facilitate the application of this chromatographic technique, a detailed experimental protocol of a chiral resolution on a chlorinated cellulose-based chiral stationary phase under HILIC conditions is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cirilli
- National Institute of Health, Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|