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Wang X, He Y, Sedio BE, Jin L, Ge X, Glomglieng S, Cao M, Yang J, Swenson NG, Yang J. Phytochemical diversity impacts herbivory in a tropical rainforest tree community. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1898-1910. [PMID: 37776563 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics provides an unprecedented window into diverse plant secondary metabolites that represent a potentially critical niche dimension in tropical forests underlying species coexistence. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to evaluate chemical composition of 358 tree species and its relationship with phylogeny and variation in light environment, soil nutrients, and insect herbivore leaf damage in a tropical rainforest plot. We report no phylogenetic signal in most compound classes, indicating rapid diversification in tree metabolomes. We found that locally co-occurring species were more chemically dissimilar than random and that local chemical dispersion and metabolite diversity were associated with lower herbivory, especially that of specialist insect herbivores. Our results highlight the role of secondary metabolites in mediating plant-herbivore interactions and their potential to facilitate niche differentiation in a manner that contributes to species coexistence. Furthermore, our findings suggest that specialist herbivore pressure is an important mechanism promoting phytochemical diversity in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyun He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, Austin, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Lu Jin
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suphanee Glomglieng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Li F, Lin Z, Krug PJ, Catrow JL, Cox JE, Schmidt EW. Animal FAS-like polyketide synthases produce diverse polypropionates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305575120. [PMID: 37695909 PMCID: PMC10515154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305575120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal cytoplasmic fatty acid synthase (FAS) represents a unique family of enzymes that are classically thought to be most closely related to fungal polyketide synthase (PKS). Recently, a widespread family of animal lipid metabolic enzymes has been described that bridges the gap between these two ubiquitous and important enzyme classes: the animal FAS-like PKSs (AFPKs). Although very similar in sequence to FAS enzymes that produce saturated lipids widely found in animals, AFPKs instead produce structurally diverse compounds that resemble bioactive polyketides. Little is known about the factors that bridge lipid and polyketide synthesis in the animals. Here, we describe the function of EcPKS2 from Elysia chlorotica, which synthesizes a complex polypropionate natural product found in this mollusc. EcPKS2 starter unit promiscuity potentially explains the high diversity of polyketides found in and among molluscan species. Biochemical comparison of EcPKS2 with the previously described EcPKS1 reveals molecular principles governing substrate selectivity that should apply to related enzymes encoded within the genomes of photosynthetic gastropods. Hybridization experiments combining EcPKS1 and EcPKS2 demonstrate the interactions between the ketoreductase and ketosynthase domains in governing the product outcomes. Overall, these findings enable an understanding of the molecular principles of structural diversity underlying the many molluscan polyketides likely produced by the diverse AFPK enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Patrick J. Krug
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA90032
| | - J. Leon Catrow
- Metabolomics Core, Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - James E. Cox
- Metabolomics Core, Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
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2-(2-(Dimethylamino)vinyl)-4 H-pyran-4-ones as Novel and Convenient Building-Blocks for the Synthesis of Conjugated 4-Pyrone Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248996. [PMID: 36558129 PMCID: PMC9788530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward approach for the construction of the new class of conjugated pyrans based on enamination of 2-methyl-4-pyrones with DMF-DMA was developed. 2-(2-(Dimethylamino)vinyl)-4-pyrones are highly reactive substrates that undergo 1,6-conjugate addition/elimination or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/elimination followed by substitution of the dimethylamino group without ring opening. This strategy includes selective transformations leading to conjugated and isoxazolyl-substituted 4-pyrone structures. The photophysical properties of the prepared 4-pyrones were determined in view of further design of novel merocyanine fluorophores. A solvatochromism was found for enamino-substituted 4-pyrones accompanied by a strong increase in fluorescence intensity in alcohols. The prepared conjugated structures demonstrated valuable photophysical properties, such as a large Stokes shift (up to 204 nm) and a good quantum yield (up to 28%).
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Torres JP, Lin Z, Winter JM, Krug PJ, Schmidt EW. Animal biosynthesis of complex polyketides in a photosynthetic partnership. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2882. [PMID: 32513940 PMCID: PMC7280274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex polyketides are typically associated with microbial metabolism. Here, we report that animals also make complex, microbe-like polyketides. We show there is a widespread branch of fatty acid synthase- (FAS)-like polyketide synthase (PKS) proteins, which sacoglossan animals use to synthesize complex products. The purified sacogolassan protein EcPKS1 uses only methylmalonyl-CoA as a substrate, otherwise unknown in animal lipid metabolism. Sacoglossans are sea slugs, some of which eat algae, digesting the cells but maintaining functional chloroplasts. Here, we provide evidence that polyketides support this unusual photosynthetic partnership. The FAS-like PKS family represents an uncharacterized branch of polyketide and fatty acid metabolism, encoding a large diversity of biomedically relevant animal enzymes and chemicals awaiting discovery. The biochemical characterization of an intact animal polyketide biosynthetic enzyme opens the door to understanding the immense untapped metabolic potential of metazoans. Complex polyketides are usually produced by microbes, whereas the origin of polyketides found in animals remained unknown. This study shows that sacoglossan animals, such as sea slugs, employ fatty acid synthase-like proteins to produce microbe-like polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Torres
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Winter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Patrick J Krug
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Abstract
Marine natural products (MNPs) containing pyrone rings have been isolated
from numerous marine organisms, and also produced by marine fungi and bacteria, particularly,
actinomycetes. They constitute a versatile structure unit of bioactive natural
products that exhibit various biological activities such as antibiotic, antifungal, cytotoxic,
neurotoxic, phytotoxic and anti-tyrosinase. The two structure isomers of pyrone ring are γ-
pyrone and α-pyrone. In terms of chemical motif, γ-pyrone is the vinologous form of α-
pyrone which possesses a lactone ring. Actinomycete bacteria are responsible for the production
of several α-pyrone compounds such as elijopyrones A-D, salinipyrones and violapyrones
etc. to name a few. A class of pyrone metabolites, polypropionates which have
fascinating carbon skeleton, is primarily produced by marine molluscs. Interestingly, some
of the pyrone polytketides which are found in cone snails are actually synthesized by actinomycete bacteria.
Several pyrone derivatives have been obtained from marine fungi such as Aspergillums flavus, Altenaria sp.,
etc. The γ-pyrone derivative namely, kojic acid obtained from Aspergillus fungus has high commercial demand
and finds various applications. Kojic acid and its derivative displayed inhibition of tyrosinase activity and, it is
also extensively used as a ligand in coordination chemistry. Owing to their commercial and biological significance,
the synthesis of pyrone containing compounds has been given attention over the past years. Few reviews
on the total synthesis of pyrone containing natural products namely, polypropionate metabolites have been reported.
However, these reviews skipped other marine pyrone metabolites and also omitted discussion on isolation
and detailed biological activities. This review presents a brief account of the isolation of marine metabolites
containing a pyrone ring and their reported bio-activities. Further, the review covers the synthesis of marine
pyrone metabolites such as cyercene-A, placidenes, onchitriol-I, onchitriol-II, crispatene, photodeoxytrichidione,
(-) membrenone-C, lihualide-B, macrocyclic enol ethers and auripyrones-A & B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisham S. Singh
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula-403004, Goa, India
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Merad J, Maier T, Rodrigues CAB, Maulide N. Synthesis of γ-pyrones via decarboxylative condensation of β-ketoacids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 148:57-62. [PMID: 28127091 PMCID: PMC5225206 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract This manuscript describes the convergent synthesis of aryl- and alkyl-disubstituted γ-pyrones from β-ketoacids. The reaction proceeds in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride via an unprecedented decarboxylative auto-condensation of the starting material. Herein, the scope and limitations of this transformation are reported. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Merad
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Maier
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Catarina A. B. Rodrigues
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Carbone M, Muniain C, Castelluccio F, Iannicelli O, Gavagnin M. First chemical study of the sacoglossan Elysia patagonica: Isolation of a γ-pyrone propionate hydroperoxide. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cutignano A, Cimino G, Villani G, Fontana A. Shaping the polypropionate biosynthesis in the solar-powered mollusc Elysia viridis. Chembiochem 2009; 10:315-22. [PMID: 19115330 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polypropionates that incorporate pyrones are a family of polyketides featuring the chemistry of a few marine molluscs capable of phototrophic CO(2) fixation as a result of storing viable symbiotic chloroplasts in their bodies. The role and origin of these molecules is poorly investigated, although the unusual biological activities and chemistry of these natural products have recently received renewed interest. Here, we report the results of in vivo studies on production of gamma-pyrone-containing polypropionates in the Mediterranean mollusc Elysia viridis. Biosynthesis of the metabolites in the sacoglossan is shown to proceed through condensation of eight intact C(3) units by polyketide synthase assembly. LC-MS and NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the process involves a pyrone tetraene (10) as key intermediate, whereas the levels of the final polypropionates (6, 7 and 9) are related to each other and show a significant dependence upon light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cutignano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Ciavatta ML, Manzo E, Nuzzo G, Villani G, Cimino G, Cervera JL, Malaquias MAE, Gavagnin M. Aplysiopsenes: an additional example of marine polyketides with a mixed acetate/propionate pathway. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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