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Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Czarnecka-Czapczyńska M, Dynarowicz K, Szliszka E, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8708. [PMID: 39201395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for 24% of all the primary brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. These tumors are diverse in cellular origin, genetic profile, and morphology but collectively have one of the most dismal prognoses of all cancers. Work is constantly underway to discover a new effective form of glioma therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be one of them. It involves the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound-a photosensitizer (PS)-which accumulates in the affected tissues. Photosensitizer molecules absorb light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species and the selective destruction of inappropriate cells. Research focusing on the effective use of PDT in glioma therapy is already underway with promising results. In our work, we provide detailed insights into the molecular changes in glioma after photodynamic therapy. We describe a number of molecules that may contribute to the resistance of glioma cells to PDT, such as the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2, glutathione, ferrochelatase, heme oxygenase, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1. We identify molecular targets that can be used to improve the photosensitizer delivery to glioma cells, such as the epithelial growth factor receptor, neuropilin-1, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and neuropeptide Y receptors. We note that PDT can increase the expression of some molecules that reduce the effectiveness of therapy, such as Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glutamate, and nitric oxide. However, the scientific literature lacks clear data on the effects of PDT on many of the molecules described, and the available reports are often contradictory. In our work, we highlight the gaps in this knowledge and point to directions for further research that may enhance the efficacy of PDT in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czarnecka-Czapczyńska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szliszka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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Dick M, Jamal H, Liu YR, Celli JP, Lilge L. On the need for standardized reporting of photophysical parameters of in vitro photodynamic therapy studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103263. [PMID: 36587862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro dose escalation experiments are one of the first gatekeepers in therapeutic evaluation and development. This also holds for evaluating novel photosensitizers (PS) and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) co-therapies as needed to provide dose response guidelines before engaging in further pre-clinical studies. The dose needed to achieve 50% cell kill (LD50) is a standard metric to report the potency of a therapeutic agents that is widely accepted for single-drug therapies. In reporting results of PDT experiments, which involve delivery of both drug and light, it is inherently more complicated to identify such a convenient dose response metric that actually captures the larger space of treatment parameters. In addition to ubiquitous sources of biological variability that apply broadly in biomedical research, PDT treatment efficacy is determined by multiple key parameters that may or may not have been documented, including PS concentration and light fluence, where the latter is itself a function of the spectral properties of the light source used (often not described), not to mention dose rate, fractionation and other parameters that potentially vary between individual studies. It is impossible to compare results between two study when, for example one reports LD50 PS concentration without providing essential light dosimetry details. Motivated by this challenge in comparing outcomes and establishing reproducibility of in vitro PDT studies, we endeavored to perform a meta-analysis of the reporting of PDT results by converting, where possible, the disparately reported experimental details into a consistent metric that could be used to compare across studies. In this context we adopt here the number of photons absorbed by photosensitizers per unit volume to affect a 50% decline in cell survival as a standardized metric. By choosing this metric one can acknowledge the quantum-based generation of cytotoxins. While this metric does not cover every possible source of variability between any two studies, for a PS with known optical properties, this does encapsulate PS concentration as well as irradiance and spectral properties of light delivered. For the sake of focus we adopt this approach for study of reported results with two photosensitizers, Protoporphyrin IX, either synthesized in the cells by aminolevulinic acid or administered exogenously, and Chlorin e6. A literature search was performed to identify in vitro studies with these two photosensitizers and collect necessary information to calculate the absorbed photon LD50 threshold for each study. Only approximately 1/10 of the manuscripts reporting on in vitro studies provide the minimum required information to calculate the threshold values. While the majority of the determined threshold values are within a factor of 10, the range of threshold values spanned close to 7 orders of magnitude for both photosensitizers. To contrast with single-agent therapies, a similar exercise was performed for chemotherapeutic drugs targeting cellular mitosis or tyrosine kinase inhibitors resulted in an LD50 or IC50 range of 1-2 orders of magnitude, with LD50 or IC50 values for a single cell line being within a factor of 5. This review underscores challenges in the reporting of in vitro PDT efficacy. In many cases it takes considerable effort to extract the necessary methodology information to make meaningful comparison between PDT studies. Only when results between studies can be compared is it possible to begin to assess reproducibility which, as shown here, can be a major issue. Hence, guidelines need to be developed and enforced through the peer review process for meaningful reporting of preclinical PDT results in order for the most promising sensitizers and co-therapies to be identified and translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hunain Jamal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Ran Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan P Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sun J, Xing F, Braun J, Traub F, Rommens PM, Xiang Z, Ritz U. Progress of Phototherapy Applications in the Treatment of Bone Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111354. [PMID: 34768789 PMCID: PMC8584114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer including primary bone cancer and metastatic bone cancer, remains a challenge claiming millions of lives and affecting the life quality of survivors. Conventional treatments of bone cancer include wide surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, some bone cancer cells may remain or recur in the local area after resection, some are highly resistant to chemotherapy, and some are insensitive to radiotherapy. Phototherapy (PT) including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is a clinically approved, minimally invasive, and highly selective treatment, and has been widely reported for cancer therapy. Under the irradiation of light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer (PS) in PDT can cause the increase of intracellular ROS and the photothermal agent (PTA) in PTT can induce photothermal conversion, leading to the tumoricidal effects. In this review, the progress of PT applications in the treatment of bone cancer has been outlined and summarized, and some envisioned challenges and future perspectives have been mentioned. This review provides the current state of the art regarding PDT and PTT in bone cancer and inspiration for future studies on PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Joy Braun
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Frank Traub
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (U.R.)
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Biomatics Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.T.); (P.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (U.R.)
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Schipmann S, Müther M, Stögbauer L, Zimmer S, Brokinkel B, Holling M, Grauer O, Suero Molina E, Warneke N, Stummer W. Combination of ALA-induced fluorescence-guided resection and intraoperative open photodynamic therapy for recurrent glioblastoma: case series on a promising dual strategy for local tumor control. J Neurosurg 2021; 134:426-436. [PMID: 31978877 DOI: 10.3171/2019.11.jns192443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-grade glioma (HGG) prognosis remains dismal, with inevitable, mostly local recurrence. Regimens for improving local tumor control are therefore needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using porfimer sodium has been investigated but was abandoned due to side effects and lack of survival benefits. Intracellular porphyrins induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) are approved for fluorescence-guided resections (FGRs), but are also photosensitizers. Activated by light, they generate reactive oxygen species with resultant cytotoxicity. The authors present a combined approach of 5-ALA FGR and PDT. METHODS After 5-ALA FGR in recurrent HGG, laser diffusors were strategically positioned inside the resection cavity. PDT was applied for 60 minutes (635 nm, 200 mW/cm diffusor, for 1 hour) under continuous irrigation for maintaining optical clarity and ventilation with 100% oxygen. MRI was performed at 24 hours, 14 days, and every 3 months after surgery, including diffusion tensor imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps. RESULTS Twenty patients were treated. One surgical site infection after treatment was noted at 6 months as the only adverse event. MRI revealed cytotoxic edema along resection margins in 16 (80%) of 20 cases, mostly annular around the cavity, corresponding to prior laser diffusor locations (mean volume 3.3 cm3). Edema appeared selective for infiltrated tissue or nonresected enhancing tumor. At the 14-day follow-up, enhancement developed in former regions of edema, in some cases vanishing after 4-5 months. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6 months (95% CI 4.8-7.2 months). CONCLUSIONS Combined 5-ALA FGR and PDT provides an innovative and safe method of local tumor control resulting in promising PFS. Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate long-term therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver Grauer
- 3Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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Shim PJ, Zeitouni NC. Photodynamic therapy for extramammary Paget’s disease: A systematic review of the literature. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Schwake M, Nemes A, Dondrop J, Schroeteler J, Schipmann S, Senner V, Stummer W, Ewelt C. In-Vitro Use of 5-ALA for Photodynamic Therapy in Pediatric Brain Tumors. Neurosurgery 2018; 83:1328-1337. [PMID: 29538709 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light irradiation (635 nm) of cells containing protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) after 5- aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) pretreatment causes cell death via different pathways including apoptosis and necrosis, as previously demonstrated for malignant glioma cells. OBJECTIVE To elucidate whether various malignant pediatric brain tumors, which have been shown to accumulate PPIX, would also be susceptible to photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS Medulloblastoma (DAOY, UW228), pNET (PFSK-1), and rhabdoid tumor (BT16) cell lines were incubated with 5-ALA in variable concentrations for 4 h. Consequently, cells were irradiated by 635 nm diode laser light. After 12 h, cell viability was measured by WST-1 testing and these results were compared to control cells incubated with 5-ALA without irradiation or irradiation only without prior incubation with 5-ALA. RESULTS We demonstrated significant cell death in malignant pediatric tumor cells after incubation with 5-ALA and laser irradiation in comparison to control groups. In all cell lines, we noticed significant cell death above a 5-ALA concentration of 50 μg/ml (P < .05). Neither 5-ALA incubation alone nor irradiation alone caused cell death. DAOY and PFSK cell lines were more susceptible than UW228 and BT16 cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that PDT causes cell death with higher PPIX concentrations after exposure to 5-ALA in vitro in accordance to similar studies with glioma cells. This indicates that PDT might be feasible for eliminating brain tumor cells in malignant pediatric brain tumors. Additionally, we noticed a dependency between fluorescence intensity and death rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrei Nemes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jana Dondrop
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Volker Senner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Ewelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Grabauskas G, Wu X, Lu Y, Heldsinger A, Song I, Zhou SY, Owyang C. KATP channels in the nodose ganglia mediate the orexigenic actions of ghrelin. J Physiol 2015; 593:3973-89. [PMID: 26174421 PMCID: PMC4575581 DOI: 10.1113/jp270788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hunger signalling peptide derived from the peripheral tissues, overcomes the satiety signals evoked by anorexigenic molecules, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin, to stimulate feeding. Using in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological techniques, we show that ghrelin hyperpolarizes neurons and inhibits currents evoked by leptin and CCK-8. Administering a KATP channel antagonist or silencing Kir6.2, a major subunit of the KATP channel, abolished ghrelin inhibition. The inhibitory actions of ghrelin were also abolished by treating the vagal ganglia neurons with pertussis toxin, as well as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) small interfering RNA. Feeding experiments showed that silencing Kir6.2 in the vagal ganglia abolished the orexigenic actions of ghrelin. These data indicate that ghrelin modulates vagal ganglia neuron excitability by activating KATP conductance via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1a-Gαi -PI3K-Erk1/2-KATP pathway. This provides a mechanism to explain the actions of ghrelin with respect to overcoming anorexigenic signals that act via the vagal afferent pathways. Ghrelin is the only known hunger signal derived from the peripheral tissues. Ghrelin overcomes the satiety signals evoked by anorexigenic molecules, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin, to stimulate feeding. The mechanisms by which ghrelin reduces the sensory signals evoked by anorexigenic hormones, which act via the vagus nerve to stimulate feeding, are unknown. Patch clamp recordings of isolated rat vagal neurons show that ghrelin hyperpolarizes neurons by activating K(+) conductance. Administering a KATP channel antagonist or silencing Kir6.2, a major subunit of the KATP channel, abolished ghrelin inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Patch clamp studies show that ghrelin inhibits currents evoked by leptin and CCK-8, which operate through independent ionic channels. The inhibitory actions of ghrelin were abolished by treating the vagal ganglia neurons with pertussis toxin, as well as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) small interfering RNA. In vivo gene silencing of PI3K and Erk1/2 in the nodose ganglia prevented ghrelin inhibition of leptin- or CCK-8-evoked vagal firing. Feeding experiments showed that silencing Kir6.2 in the vagal ganglia abolished the orexigenic actions of ghrelin. These data indicate that ghrelin modulates vagal ganglia neuron excitability by activating KATP conductance via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1a-Gαi -PI3K-Erk1/2-KATP pathway. The resulting hyperpolarization renders the neurons less responsive to signals evoked by anorexigenic hormones. This provides a mechanism to explain the actions of ghrelin with respect to overcoming anorexigenic signals that act via the vagal afferent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintautas Grabauskas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuanxu Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Heldsinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Il Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shi-Yi Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Corresponding author C. Owyang: 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Li PT, Ke ES, Chiang PC, Tsai T. ALA- or Ce6-PDT induced phenotypic change and suppressed migration in surviving cancer cells. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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Daub ME, Herrero S, Chung KR. Reactive oxygen species in plant pathogenesis: the role of perylenequinone photosensitizers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:970-89. [PMID: 23259634 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play multiple roles in interactions between plants and microbes, both as host defense mechanisms and as mediators of pathogenic and symbiotic associations. One source of ROS in these interactions are photoactivated, ROS-generating perylenequinone pigments produced via polyketide metabolic pathways in plant-associated fungi. These natural products, including cercosporin, elsinochromes, hypocrellins, and calphostin C, are being utilized as medicinal agents, enzyme inhibitors, and in tumor therapy, but in nature, they play a role in the establishment of pathogenic associations between fungi and their plant hosts. RECENT ADVANCES Photoactivated perylenequinones are photosensitizers that use light energy to form singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and free radical oxygen species which damage cellular components based on localization of the perylenequinone molecule. Production of perylenequinones during infection commonly results in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, leading to leakage of nutrients from cells into the intercellular spaces colonized by the pathogen. Perylenequinones show almost universal toxicity against organisms, including plants, mice, bacteria, and most fungi. The producing fungi are resistant, however, and serve as models for understanding resistance mechanisms. CRITICAL ISSUES Studies of resistance mechanisms by perylenequinone-producing fungi such as Cercospora species are leading to an understanding of cellular resistance to ¹O₂ and oxidative stress. Recent studies show commonalities between resistance mechanisms in these fungi with extensive studies of ¹O₂ and oxidative stress responses in photosynthetic organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Such studies hold promise both for improved medical use and for engineering crop plants for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Daub
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Chakrabarti M, Banik NL, Ray SK. Photofrin based photodynamic therapy and miR-99a transfection inhibited FGFR3 and PI3K/Akt signaling mechanisms to control growth of human glioblastoma In vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55652. [PMID: 23409016 PMCID: PMC3567141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in humans. We explored the molecular mechanisms how the efficacy of photofrin based photodynamic therapy (PDT) was enhanced by miR-99a transfection in human glioblastoma cells. Our results showed almost similar uptake of photofrin after 24 h in different glioblastoma cells, but p53 wild-type cells were more sensitive to radiation and photofrin doses than p53 mutant cells. Photofrin based PDT induced apoptosis, inhibited cell invasion, prevented angiogenic network formation, and promoted DNA fragmentation and laddering in U87MG and U118MG cells harvoring p53 wild-type. Western blotting showed that photofrin based PDT was efficient to block the angiogenesis and cell survival pathways. Further, photofrin based PDT followed by miR-99a transfection dramatically increased miR-99a expression and also increased apoptosis in glioblastoma cell cultures and drastically reduced tumor growth in athymic nude mice, due to down regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and PI3K/Akt signaling mechanisms leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Therefore, our results indicated that the anti-tumor effects of photofrin based PDT was strongly augmented by miR-99a overexpression and this novel combination therapeutic strategy could be used for controlling growth of human p53 wild-type glioblastomas both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chiang PC, Chou RH, Chien HF, Tsai T, Chen CT. Chloride intracellular channel 4 involves in the reduced invasiveness of cancer cells treated by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Milla Sanabria L, Rodríguez ME, Cogno IS, Rumie Vittar NB, Pansa MF, Lamberti MJ, Rivarola VA. Direct and indirect photodynamic therapy effects on the cellular and molecular components of the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:36-45. [PMID: 23046998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment. It involves the activation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light of specific wavelength, which interacts with molecular oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to tumor cell death. When a tumor is treated with PDT, in addition to affect cancer cells, the extracellular matrix and the other cellular components of the microenvironment are altered and finally this had effects on the tumor cells survival. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in the availability of nutrients and oxygen in the different regions of a tridimensional tumor has a strong impact on the sensitivity of cells to PDT. In this review, we summarize how PDT affects indirectly to the tumor cells, by the alterations on the extracellular matrix, the cell adhesion and the effects over the immune response. Also, we describe direct PDT effects on cancer cells, considering the intratumoral role that autophagy mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has on the efficiency of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Milla Sanabria
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University of Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina
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Weiss A, den Bergh HV, Griffioen AW, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Angiogenesis inhibition for the improvement of photodynamic therapy: the revival of a promising idea. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:53-70. [PMID: 22465396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive form of treatment, which is clinically approved for the treatment of angiogenic disorders, including certain forms of cancer and neovascular eye diseases. Although the concept of PDT has existed for a long time now, it has never made a solid entrance into the clinical management of cancer. This is likely due to secondary tissue reactions, such as inflammation and neoangiogenesis. The recent development of clinically effective angiogenesis inhibitors has lead to the initiation of research on the combination of PDT with such angiostatic targeted therapies. Preclinical studies in this research field have shown promising results, causing a revival in the field of PDT. This review reports on the current research efforts on PDT and vascular targeted combination therapies. Different combination strategies with angiogenesis inhibition and vascular targeting approaches are discussed. In addition, the concept of increasing PDT selectivity by targeted delivery of photosensitizers is presented. Furthermore, the current insights on sequencing the therapy arms of such combinations will be discussed in light of vascular normalization induced by angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Yang CT, Fu BS, Wang HY, Sytwu HK, Hueng DY. Glioma spheroids. J Neurosurg 2011; 116:691-2; author reply 692-3. [PMID: 22136641 DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.jns11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Etminan N, Peters C, Ficnar J, Anlasik S, Bünemann E, Slotty PJ, Hänggi D, Steiger HJ, Sorg RV, Stummer W. Modulation of migratory activity and invasiveness of human glioma spheroids following 5-aminolevulinic acid–based photodynamic treatment. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:281-8. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.3.jns10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Five-aminolevulinic acid–mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA/PDT) can improve the clinical outcome in patients suffering from glioblastoma. Besides direct phototoxicity, additional mechanisms may contribute. Therefore, the authors studied the influence of ALA/PDT on glioblastoma's migratory and invasive behavior in a human glioma cell spheroid model.
Methods
Glioma spheroids were grown from human U373 and A172 cell lines. After ALA/PDT of spheroids, the authors assessed the migration of tumor cells and their capacity to invade a collagen matrix, as well as changes in their viability, morphology, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
Results
The authors found that ALA/PDT caused long-lasting, nearly complete suppression of glioma cell migration and matrix invasion compared with nontherapeutic controls, including either irradiation or incubation with ALA only. Although ALA/PDT induced tumor cell apoptosis, suppression of migration/invasion was not simply due to phototoxicity because 50% of tumor cells remained vital throughout the observation period. Moreover, the morphology of ALA/PDT-treated cells changed significantly toward a polygonal, epithelial-like appearance, which was associated with alterations in the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, downregulation of MMP-7 and -8 was observed after treatment whereas other MMPs remained unchanged.
Conclusions
In addition to directly eliminating glioma cells through apoptosis, ALA/PDT alters their invasiveness, possibly due to the effects on the cytoskeletal organization and MMP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinna Peters
- 1Department of Neurosurgery,
- 2Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, and
| | | | | | - Erich Bünemann
- 3Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf; and
| | | | | | | | - Rüdiger V. Sorg
- 2Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, and
| | - Walter Stummer
- 1Department of Neurosurgery,
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Münster, Germany
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Tirapelli LF, Morgueti M, da Cunha Tirapelli DP, Bagnato VS, Ferreira J, Neto FSL, Peria FM, Oliveira HF, Junior CGC. Apoptosis in Glioma Cells Treated with PDT. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:305-9. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Morgueti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Science of Materials, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira
- Department of Physics and Science of Materials, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
- Permanent address: Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Urbanova 12244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fermino Sanches Lizarte Neto
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maris Peria
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Harley Francisco Oliveira
- Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
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Ku BM, Lee YK, Ryu J, Jeong JY, Choi J, Eun KM, Shin HY, Kim DG, Hwang EM, Yoo JC, Park JY, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Paek SH, Kang SS. CHI3L1 (YKL-40) is expressed in human gliomas and regulates the invasion, growth and survival of glioma cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1316-26. [PMID: 20506295 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has pleiotropic activity in aggressive cancers. In our study, we examined the expression and function of CHI3L1 in glioma cells. CHI3L1 was highly expressed in human glioma tissue, whereas its expression in normal brain tissue was very low. CHI3L1 suppression by shRNA reduced glioma cell invasion, anchorage-independent growth and increased cell death triggered by several anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, etoposide and doxorubicin, whereas CHI3L1 overexpression had the opposite effect in glioma cells. Because the invasive nature of glioma cells plays a critical role in the high morbidity of glioma, we have further defined the role of CHI3L1 in the process of glioma invasion. Downregulation of CHI3L1 results in decreased cell-matrix adhesion and causes a marked increase in stress fiber formation and cell size with fewer cellular processes. Furthermore, the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was also decreased in glioma cells in which CHI3L1 was knocked down. Taken together, these results suggest that CHI3L1 plays an important role in the regulation of malignant transformation and local invasiveness in gliomas. Thus, targeting the CHI3L1 molecule may be a potential therapeutic molecular target for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mi Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Teng L, Nakada M, Zhao SG, Endo Y, Furuyama N, Nambu E, Pyko IV, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI. Silencing of ferrochelatase enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence and photodynamic therapy efficacy. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:798-807. [PMID: 21304523 PMCID: PMC3048207 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recurrence of glioma frequently occurs within the marginal area of the surgical cavity due to invading residual cells. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence-guided resection has been used as effective therapeutic modalities to improve discrimination of brain tumour margins and patient prognosis. However, the marginal areas of glioma usually show vague fluorescence, which makes tumour identification difficult, and the applicability of 5-ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) is hampered by insufficient therapeutic efficacy in glioma tissues. Methods: To overcome these issues, we assessed the expression of ferrochelatase (FECH) gene, which encodes a key enzyme that catalyses the conversion of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to heme, in glioma surgical specimens and manipulated FECH in human glioma cell lines. Results: Prominent downregulation of FECH mRNA expression was found in glioblastoma tissues compared with normal brain tissues, suggesting that FECH is responsible for PpIX accumulation in glioblastoma cells. Depletion of FECH by small interference RNA enhanced PpIX fluorescence after exposure to 5-ALA concomitant with increased intracellular PpIX accumulation in glioma cells. Silencing of FECH caused marked growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by PDT in glioma cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that knockdown of FECH is a potential approach to enhance PpIX fluorescent quality for optimising the subjective discrimination of vague fluorescence and improving the effect of 5-ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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TP53 regulates human AlkB homologue 2 expression in glioma resistance to Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:362-9. [PMID: 20661249 PMCID: PMC2920031 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. However, cancers resistant to PDT, mediated through the efflux of photosensitisers by means of P-glycoprotein or ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, have been reported. The DNA repair has also been suggested to be responsible for PDT resistance, but little is known about the repair pathways and mechanisms involved. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible function of six major DNA repair mechanisms in glioma cells resistant to Photofrin-mediated PDT (Ph-PDT). METHODS The U87 glioma cells relatively resistant to Ph-PDT were obtained by recovering the viable cells 3 h after PDT treatment. The mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA repair genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Small-interfering RNA and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays were used to further examine the relationship between AlkB, an alkylation repair homologue 2 (Escherichia coli) (ALKBH2) and Ph-PDT responsiveness, and transcription factors involved in ALKBH2 transcription. RESULTS The ALKBH2 of DNA damage reversal was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels from 30 min to 48 h post-treatment with Ph-PDT. Conversely, down-regulating ALKBH2 expression enhances Ph-PDT efficiency. Furthermore, our data clearly show for the first time that tumour protein (TP53) is directly involved by binding to the promoter of ALKBH2 in mediating Ph-PDT resistance. CONCLUSION C The DNA damage reversal mechanisms may have important functions in Ph-PDT resistance through the activation of ALKBH2 by TP53.
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Chen X, Zhao P, Chen F, Li L, Luo R. Effect and mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in esophageal cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 26:69-78. [PMID: 20676910 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-0810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) provides a novel and promising treatment for esophageal cancer. However, its specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated and its efficacy is remarkably varied. This study investigated the effect of ALA-PDT on esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line Eca-109 in vitro and vivo to explore optimal parameters, and evaluated the significance of cell apoptosis, cell cycle, ALA-protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX) subcellular localization, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA in cells to understand the mechanism of ALA-PDT for esophageal cancer. How ALA concentration, incubation time, and laser irradiation dose influenced the cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. ALA-PpIX subcellular localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy. The mRNA changes were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Tumor models transplanted with Eca-109 cells in nude mice were established (n = 10) and killed (n = 4) at 24 h post-PDT for malondialdehyde (MDA) detection and histological study. The remaining mice were measured the tumor size for 3 weeks after treatment. Our data show that ALA-PDT significantly inhibits cell proliferation (p < 0.05), the PDT efficacy depends on the saturation of ALA concentration, incubation time, and laser irradiation dose, and the best effect in tumor destruction is at 7-14 days post-PDT. ALA-PpIX is localized in mitochondria and cytoplasm. ALA-PDT induces cell apoptosis and arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Bcl-2 is significantly down-regulated while Bax is up-regulated (p < 0.05). The results of this study provide references in choosing clinical optimal PDT parameters and help in better understanding the PDT mechanism for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
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22
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Khdair A, Handa H, Mao G, Panyam J. Nanoparticle-mediated combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy overcomes tumor drug resistance in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Casas A, Di Venosa G, Vanzulli S, Perotti C, Mamome L, Rodriguez L, Simian M, Juarranz A, Pontiggia O, Hasan T, Batlle A. Decreased metastatic phenotype in cells resistant to aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:342-51. [PMID: 18662847 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment utilising a photosensitiser, visible light and oxygen. PDT often leaves a significant number of surviving tumour cells. In a previous work, we isolated and studied two PDT resistant clones derived from the mammary adenocarcinoma LM3 line (Int. J. Oncol. 29 (2006) 397-405). The isolated Clon 4 and Clon 8 exhibited a more fibroblastic, dendritic pattern and were larger than the parentals. In the present work we studied the metastatic potential of the two clones in comparison with LM3. We found that 100% of LM3 invaded Matrigel, whereas only 19+/-6% and 24+/-7% of Clon 4 and Clon 8 cells invaded. In addition, 100% of LM3 cells migrated towards a chemotactic stimulus whereas 38+/-8% and 73+/-10% of Clones 4 and 8, respectively, were able to migrate. In vivo, 100% of the LM3 injected mice developed spontaneous lung metastasis, whereas none of the Clon 8 did, and only one of the mice injected with Clon 4 did. No differences were found in the proteolytic enzyme profiles among the cells. Anchorage-dependent adhesion was also impaired in vivo in the resistant clones, evidenced by the lower tumour take, latency time and growth rates, although both clones showed in vitro higher binding to collagen I without overexpression of beta1 integrin. This is the first work where the metastatic potential of cells surviving to PDT has been studied. PDT strongly affects the invasive phenotype of these cells, probably related to a higher binding to collagen. These findings may be crucial for the outcome of ALA-PDT of metastatic tumours, although further studies are needed to extrapolate the results to the clinic employing another photosensitisers and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, 1056 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, CP 1120AAF, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chu ESM, Wong TKS, Yow CMN. Photodynamic effect in medulloblastoma: downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and human telomerase reverse transcriptase expressions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:76-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b703417b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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