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Kiontke S, Göbel T, Brych A, Batschauer A. DASH-type cryptochromes - solved and open questions. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1487-1493. [PMID: 32663167 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, human (DASH)-type cryptochromes (cry-DASHs) form one subclade of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF). CPF members are flavoproteins that act as DNA-repair enzymes (DNA-photolyases), or as ultraviolet(UV)-A/blue light photoreceptors (cryptochromes). In mammals, cryptochromes are essential components of the circadian clock feed-back loop. Cry-DASHs are present in almost all major taxa and were initially considered as photoreceptors. Later studies demonstrated DNA-repair activity that was, however, restricted to UV-lesions in single-stranded DNA. Very recent studies, particularly on microbial organisms, substantiated photoreceptor functions of cry-DASHs suggesting that they could be transitions between photolyases and cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kiontke
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Photobiology, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Göbel
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Photobiology, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annika Brych
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Photobiology, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- University of Marburg, Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Photobiology, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Dhiman SK, Galland P. Effects of weak static magnetic fields on the gene expression of seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:9-18. [PMID: 30199755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic-field reception of animals and plants is currently discussed in the framework of a cryptochrome-based radical-pair mechanism. Efforts to unravel magnetoreception in plants suffered historically from several shortcomings, most prominently, the conspicuous absence of detailed stimulus-response relationships. To determine the sensitivity of seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana to weak static magnetic fields we generated stimulus-response curves between near zero and 188 μT for the transcript levels of the genes rbcl, cab4, pal4 and ef1. The moderate magneto-responsiveness of dark-grown seedlings was greatly enhanced under blue light, and for rbcl and pal4 also under red light. The stimulus-response curves obtained under blue light of constant photon-fluence rate displayed multiple maxima and thus a pattern fundamentally different from that prevalent in plant and animal physiology. A double mutant lacking cryptochromes 1 and 2 displayed altered stimulus-response curves without losing, however, magneto-responsiveness completely. A reversal of the magnetic field direction substantially affected the gene expression and the quantity of CAB-protein (chlorophyll a,b-binding protein). The majority of our results are at variance with the notion of cryptochromes acting as the only magnetic-field sensors. They do not, however, exclude the possibility that cryptochromes participate in the magnetic field reception of Arabidopsis. The findings have the unexpected implication that cryptochrome- and phytochrome-mediated plant responses can be modulated by the strength and the orientation of the local geomagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Dhiman
- Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany; Kirori Mal College, Delhi University (North Campus), Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Paul Galland
- Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Brych A, Mascarenhas J, Jaeger E, Charkiewicz E, Pokorny R, Bölker M, Doehlemann G, Batschauer A. White collar 1-induced photolyase expression contributes to UV-tolerance of Ustilago maydis. Microbiologyopen 2015; 5:224-43. [PMID: 26687452 PMCID: PMC4831468 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a phytopathogenic fungus causing corn smut disease. It also is known for its extreme tolerance to UV‐ and ionizing radiation. It has not been elucidated whether light‐sensing proteins, and in particular photolyases play a role in its UV‐tolerance. Based on homology analysis, U. maydis has 10 genes encoding putative light‐responsive proteins. Four amongst these belong to the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) and one represents a white collar 1 ortholog (wco1). Deletion mutants in the predicted cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer CPD‐ and (6–4)‐photolyase were impaired in photoreactivation. In line with this, in vitro studies with recombinant CPF proteins demonstrated binding of the catalytic FAD cofactor, its photoreduction to fully reduced FADH− and repair activity for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) or (6–4)‐photoproducts, respectively. We also investigated the role of Wco1. Strikingly, transcriptional profiling showed 61 genes differentially expressed upon blue light exposure of wild‐type, but only eight genes in the Δwco1 mutant. These results demonstrate that Wco1 is a functional blue light photoreceptor in U. maydis regulating expression of several genes including both photolyases. Finally, we show that the Δwco1 mutant is less tolerant against UV‐B due to its incapability to induce photolyase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brych
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Judita Mascarenhas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Elaine Jaeger
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Charkiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Richard Pokorny
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Michael Bölker
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Philipps-University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, 35032, Germany
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Wang J, Du X, Pan W, Wang X, Wu W. Photoactivation of the cryptochrome/photolyase superfamily. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dodson CA, Hore PJ, Wallace MI. A radical sense of direction: signalling and mechanism in cryptochrome magnetoreception. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:435-46. [PMID: 23938034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable phenomenon of magnetoreception in migratory birds and other organisms has fascinated biologists for decades. Much evidence has accumulated to suggest that birds sense the magnetic field of the Earth using photochemical transformations in cryptochrome flavoproteins. In the last 5 years this highly interdisciplinary field has seen advances in structural biology, biophysics, spin chemistry, and genetic studies in model organisms. We review these developments and consider how this chemical signal can be integrated into the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Dodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Penzkofer A. Reduction-oxidation photocycle dynamics of flavins in starch films. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9157-9183. [PMID: 22942758 PMCID: PMC3430289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13079157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The blue-light photo-reduction (conversion of oxidized flavin quinone via flavin semiquinone to fully reduced flavin hydroquinone) and dark re-oxidation of the flavins riboflavin and lumiflavin in starch (α-amylose) films was studied by absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. Blue-light photo-excitation caused an absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence decrease which recovered in the dark. The photo-reduction dark-oxidation cycle could be repeated. The efficiency of photo-reduction decreased with exposed excitation energy, and the speed of re-oxidation in the dark slowed down with time after excitation. The absorption did not fully recover. The fluorescence efficiency after a long time of storage in the dark increased beyond the initial flavin quinone fluorescence efficiency. Flavin photo-excitation is thought to cause starch-flavin restructuring (static fluorescence quenching center formation), enabling enhanced photo-induced starch to flavin electron transfer with subsequent flavin reduction and starch oxidation. In the dark, after light switch-off, thermal reversion of flavin reduction and starch oxidation occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Penzkofer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Penzkofer A, Stierl M, Hegemann P, Kateriya S. Photo-dynamics of the BLUF domain containing soluble adenylate cyclase (nPAC) from the amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi NEG-M strain. Chem Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chaves I, Pokorny R, Byrdin M, Hoang N, Ritz T, Brettel K, Essen LO, van der Horst GTJ, Batschauer A, Ahmad M. The cryptochromes: blue light photoreceptors in plants and animals. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:335-64. [PMID: 21526969 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavoprotein photoreceptors first identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, where they play key roles in growth and development. Subsequently identified in prokaryotes, archaea, and many eukaryotes, cryptochromes function in the animal circadian clock and are proposed as magnetoreceptors in migratory birds. Cryptochromes are closely structurally related to photolyases, evolutionarily ancient flavoproteins that catalyze light-dependent DNA repair. Here, we review the structural, photochemical, and molecular properties of cry-DASH, plant, and animal cryptochromes in relation to biological signaling mechanisms and uncover common features that may contribute to better understanding the function of cryptochromes in diverse systems including in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Chaves
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Immeln D, Pokorny R, Herman E, Moldt J, Batschauer A, Kottke T. Photoreaction of plant and DASH cryptochromes probed by infrared spectroscopy: the neutral radical state of flavoproteins. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:17155-61. [PMID: 21128641 DOI: 10.1021/jp1076388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavoprotein radicals are important intermediates in many biochemical processes. In the blue light sensor plant cryptochrome, the radical state acts as a signaling state. An isolation and assignment of infrared bands of flavin radicals in the most relevant spectral region of carbonyl stretches is missing because of their overlap with absorption of water and the protein moiety. In this study, the neutral radical state of flavoproteins was investigated by Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy. The light-induced conversion of oxidized to neutral radical state was monitored in a plant cryptochrome and that of radical to fully reduced state in a DASH cryptochrome. A pure difference spectrum of flavin radical minus oxidized state was obtained from a point mutant of a phototropin LOV (light-, oxygen-, or voltage-sensitive) domain. The analysis of the spectra revealed a correlation between the frequencies of carbonyl vibrations of the flavin radical state and those of its visible absorption. Plant cryptochrome shows a very low frequency of the carbonyl stretch in the radical state. It is postulated that the downshift is caused by the charge of an adjacent aspartate, which donated its proton to flavin N(5). Contributions from the protein moiety to the spectra were isolated for DASH and plant cryptochromes. As a conclusion, the photosensitive domain of plant cryptochromes shows changes in secondary structure upon illumination, which might be related to signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Immeln
- Department of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Arents JC, Perez MA, Hendriks J, Hellingwerf KJ. On the midpoint potential of the FAD chromophore in a BLUF-domain containing photoreceptor protein. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:167-72. [PMID: 21110976 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The redox-midpoint potential of the FAD chromophore in the BLUF domain of anti-transcriptional regulator AppA from Rhodobacter sphaeroides equals ∼-260mV relative to the calomel electrode. Altering the structure of its chromophore-binding pocket through site-directed mutagenesis brings this midpoint potential closer to that of free flavin in aqueous solution. The redox-midpoint potential of this BLUF domain is intermediate between those of LOV domains and Cryptochromes, which may rationalize the primary photochemistry observed in these three flavin-containing photoreceptor families. These results also imply that LOV domains, among the flavin-containing photosensory receptors, are least sensitive to intracellular chemical reduction in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos C Arents
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tyagi A, Penzkofer A. Absorption and Emission Spectroscopic Characterization of Lumichrome in Aqueous Solutions†. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:524-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tyagi A, Penzkofer A, Mathes T, Hegemann P. Photophysical characterisation and photo-cycle dynamics of LOV1-His domain of phototropin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with roseoflavin monophosphate cofactor. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 101:76-88. [PMID: 20655238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wild-type phototropin protein phot from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the blue-light photoreceptor domains LOV1 and LOV2 has flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as cofactor. For the LOV1-His domain from phot of C. reinhardtii studied here, the FMN chromophore was replaced by roseoflavin monophosphate (8-dimethylamino-8-demethyl-FMN, RoFMN) during heterologous expression in a riboflavin auxotropic Escherichia coli strain. An absorption and emission spectroscopic characterisation of the cofactor exchanged-LOV1-His (RoLOV1) domain was carried out in aqueous pH 8 phosphate buffer. The fluorescence of RoLOV1 is quenched by photo-induced charge transfer at room temperature. The photo-cyclic dynamics of RoLOV1 was observed by blue-light induced hypochromic and bathochromic absorption changes which recover on a minute timescale in the dark. Photo-excited RoFMN is thought to cause reversible protein and cofactor structural changes. Prolonged intense blue-light exposure caused photo-degradation of RoFMN in RoLOV1 to fully reduced flavin and lumichrome derivatives. Photo-cycle schemes of RoLOV1 and LOV1 are presented, and the photo-degradation dynamics of RoLOV1 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tyagi
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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