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Lara-Pardo A, Mancuso A, Simón-Fuente S, Bonaccorsi PM, Gangemi CMA, Moliné MÁ, Puntoriero F, Ribagorda M, Barattucci A, Sanz-Rodriguez F. Amino-OPE glycosides and blue light: a powerful synergy in photodynamic therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:386-396. [PMID: 36524706 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01742c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and biological properties of sugar-conjugated oligophenylene ethynylene (OPE) dyes, used as novel photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic treatment (PDT) under blue light. The OPE-bearing glycosides at both ends are successfully prepared by a Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The live-cell imaging studies have shown that these OPE glycosides (including glucose, mannose and maltose derivatives) efficiently penetrate the cytoplasm of cultured HeLa cancer cells. No dark toxicity was observed, but upon irradiating the cells under blue light an extraordinary photodynamic effect was observed at low concentrations (10-6-10-8 M). The localization studies indicate that OPE-glucose 1 and OPE-mannose 2 have Golgi patterns, whereas OPE-maltose 3 could be in lysosomes. The PDT and morphological studies in HeLa cells treated with sublethal doses of PS 1-3 revealed that cell death occurs by necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lara-Pardo
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aurora Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Silvia Simón-Fuente
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola M Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Chiara M A Gangemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - María Ángeles Moliné
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Ribagorda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Barattucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (ChiBioFarAm), Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodriguez
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang XJ, Liu MH, Luo YS, Han GY, Ma ZQ, Huang F, Wang Y, Miao ZY, Zhang WN, Sheng CQ, Yao JZ. Novel dual-mode antitumor chlorin-based derivatives as potent photosensitizers and histone deacetylase inhibitors for photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113363. [PMID: 33744687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy is a prospective strategy to improve antitumor efficacy. Herein, a series of novel cytotoxic chlorin-based derivatives as dual photosensitizers (PSs) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) were synthesized and investigated for biological activity. Among them, compound 15e showed definite HDAC2 and 10 inhibitory activities by up-regulating expression of acetyl-H4 and highest phototoxicity and dark-toxicity, which was more phototoxic than Talaporfin as a PS while with stronger dark-toxicity compared to vorinostat (SAHA) as a HDACI. The biological assays demonstrated that 15e was liable to enter A549 cells and localized in mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) etc. multiple organelles, resulting in higher cell apoptosis rate and ROS production compared to Talaporfin. Moreover, it could induce tumor cell autophagy as a dual PS and HDACI. All results suggested that compound 15e could be applied as a potential dual cytotoxic drug for PDT and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ming-Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yu-Sha Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Gui-Yan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wan-Nian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chun-Quan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China; School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Yan S, Tang D, Hong Z, Wang J, Yao H, Lu L, Yi H, Fu S, Zheng C, He G, Zou H, Hou X, He Q, Xiong L, Li Q, Deng X. CD133 peptide-conjugated pyropheophorbide-a as a novel photosensitizer for targeted photodynamic therapy in colorectal cancer stem cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2020-2031. [PMID: 33439161 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01874k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer around the world. Recent findings suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in the resistance to current therapeutic modalities, including surgery and chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for advanced metastatic CRC. Traditional photosensitizers such as pyropheophorbide-a (Pyro) lack tumor selectivity, causing unwanted treatment-related toxicity to the surrounding normal tissue. In order to enhance the targeting properties of Pyro, we synthesize a novel photosensitizer, CD133-Pyro, via the conjugation of Pyro to a peptide domain targeting CD133, which is highly expressed on CRC CSCs and correlated with poor prognosis of CRC patients. We demonstrate that CD133-Pyro possesses the targeted delivery capacity both in CRC CSCs derived from HT29 and SW620 cell lines and in a xenograft mouse model of tumor growth. CD133-Pyro PDT can promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppress the stemness properties, and induce autophagic cell death in CRC CSCs. Furthermore, CD133-Pyro PDT has a potent inhibitory effect on CRC CSC-derived xenograft tumors in nude mice. These findings may offer a useful and important strategy for the treatment of CRC through targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Feng Z, Wang H, Liu M, Chen T, Liu Y, Xu W, Wang H, Liu J. In situ grafting of PEG Acrylate on drugs with aliphatic hydroxyl functionalities via RAFT polymerization to synthesize drug/polymer conjugates with improved water solubility. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu S, Bulin AL, Hurbin A, Elleaume H, Coll JL, Broekgaarden M. Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Emerging Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092491. [PMID: 32899137 PMCID: PMC7563129 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Peritoneal carcinomatosis, the formation of wide-spread metastases throughout the abdominal cavity, remains challenging to diagnose and treat. Photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy are promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis, which use photosensitizers for fluorescence detection or photochemical treatment of (micro) metastases. With the aim of highlighting the potential of this theranostic approach, this review outlines the clinical state of the art in the use of photodynamic diagnosis and therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis, identifies the major challenges, and provides emerging perspectives from preclinical studies to address these challenges. We conclude that the development of novel illumination strategies and targeted photonanomedicines may aid in achieving more efficient cytoreductive surgery. In addition to combination treatments with chemo-, and radiotherapy, such approaches hold significant promise to improve the outlook of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Abstract Peritoneal carcinomatosis occurs frequently in patients with advanced stage gastrointestinal and gynecological cancers. The wide-spread peritoneal micrometastases indicate a poor outlook, as the tumors are difficult to diagnose and challenging to completely eradicate with cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapeutics. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT), modalities that use photosensitizers for fluorescence detection or photochemical treatment of cancer, are promising theranostic approaches for peritoneal carcinomatosis. This review discusses the leading clinical trials, identifies the major challenges, and presents potential solutions to advance the use of PDD and PDT for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. While PDD for fluorescence-guided surgery is practically feasible and has achieved clinical success, large randomized trials are required to better evaluate the survival benefits. Although PDT is feasible and combines well with clinically used chemotherapeutics, poor tumor specificity has been associated with severe morbidity. The major challenges for both modalities are to increase the tumor specificity of the photosensitizers, to efficiently treat peritoneal microtumors regardless of their phenotypes, and to improve the ability of the excitation light to reach the cancer tissues. Substantial progress has been achieved in (1) the development of targeted photosensitizers and nanocarriers to improve tumor selectivity, (2) the design of biomodulation strategies to reduce treatment heterogeneity, and (3) the development of novel light application strategies. The use of X-ray-activated PDT during whole abdomen radiotherapy may also be considered to overcome the limited tissue penetration of light. Integrated approaches that take advantage of PDD, cytoreductive surgery, chemotherapies, PDT, and potentially radiotherapy, are likely to achieve the most effective improvement in the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Xu
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.X.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Anne-Laure Bulin
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, UA07 INSERM, Université Grenoble-Alpes, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Biomedical Beamline, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France; (A.-L.B.); (H.E.)
| | - Amandine Hurbin
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.X.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Hélène Elleaume
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, UA07 INSERM, Université Grenoble-Alpes, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Biomedical Beamline, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France; (A.-L.B.); (H.E.)
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.X.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.X.); (A.H.); (M.B.)
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, UA07 INSERM, Université Grenoble-Alpes, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Biomedical Beamline, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France; (A.-L.B.); (H.E.)
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Kook MS, Lee CM, Jeong YI, Kim BH. Nanophotosensitizers for Folate Receptor-Targeted and Redox-Sensitive Delivery of Chlorin E6 against Cancer Cells. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122810. [PMID: 32580439 PMCID: PMC7344700 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, FA-PEG3500-ss-Ce6tri copolymer was synthesized to deliver photosensitizers via redox-sensitive and folate receptor-specific manner. Folic acid (FA) was attached to amine end of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG3500) (FA-PEG3500 conjugates) and cystamine-conjugated chlorin e6 (Ce6) (Ce6-cystamine conjugates). FA-PEG3500 was further conjugated with Ce6-cystamine to produce FA-PEG3500-ss-Ce6 conjugates. To the remaining amine end group of Ce6-cystamine conjugates, Ce6 was attached to produce FA-PEG3500-ss-Ce6tri. Nanophotosensitizers of FA-PEG3500-ss-Ce6tri copolymer were smaller than 200 nm. Their shapes were disintegrated by treatment with GSH and then Ce6 released by GSH-dependent manner. Compared to Ce6 alone, FA-PEG3500-ss-Ce6tri copolymer nanophotosensitizers recorded higher Ce6 uptake ratio, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular cytotoxicity against KB and YD-38 cells. The in vitro and in vivo study approved that delivery of nanophotosensitizers is achieved by folate receptor-sensitive manner. These results indicated that FA-PEG3500-ss-Ce6tri copolymer nanophotosensitizers are superior candidate for treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Kook
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.J.); (B.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-10-9212-9859 (Y.-I.J.); +82-62-230-6447 (B.-H.K.)
| | - Byung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.J.); (B.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-10-9212-9859 (Y.-I.J.); +82-62-230-6447 (B.-H.K.)
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7
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Xi LP, Hong LD, Chuan W, Shou CB. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Releasable m-THPC-PEGfolate Conjugate Using a Disulfide-containing Linker. LETT ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178615666181003124619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study reported the preparation of a novel mutual prodrug containing meso-tetra
(m-hydroxy phenyl) chlorin (m-THPC), PEG and folate. The folate receptor (FR) targeting compound
is a water-soluble chemical incorporating a hydrophilic PEG spacer unit and a reducible selfimmolative
disulfide-based linker system between the FR-targeting ligand and the chlorin. The m-
THPC-s-s-PEG-Folate was proved to release the parent drug and exhibited significant targeting effects
on HeLa cells. In addition, the redox-responsive folate targeting photosensitizer m-THPC-s-s-PEG-Folate
showed slightly higher phototoxicity than m-THPC-PEG-Folate for HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng Xi
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Li Dong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The 2nd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wan Chuan
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Chen Ben Shou
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 400020, China
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Liu Q, Wang J, Li S, Li G, Chen Q, Hong Z. Folate-Targeted Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2102-2111. [PMID: 30677421 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) is a promising photosensitizer; however, it has no tumor selectivity and enrichment capability. In our former work, the prepared folic acid (FA)-Pyro conjugates showed considerably improved tumor accumulation and photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity in cell- and animal-based studies. However, the targeting capability, selectivity and water solubility of the conjugate remain problematic. Here, we evaluated the installation of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol chains as the linker between Pyro and FA, by avoiding direct conjugation of Pyro with FA, aiming to improve tumor selectivity and accumulation. However, PEGylation may have negative effects on the PDT activity and cutaneous phototoxicity. Therefore, we chose various lengths of PEGs as linkers to optimize the molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and PDT activity and, thus, to balance the tumor selectivity and biological function of the conjugate. One optimized conjugate, Pyro-PEG1K-FA, exhibited excellent tumor enrichment and was able to eradicate subcutaneous tumors at a considerably reduced dose. We report the synthesis and characterization of these conjugates as well as the evaluation of their tumor accumulation ability and the corresponding PDT efficiency through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R.China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R.China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R.China
| | - Guojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R.China
| | - Qingle Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R.China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R.China.
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Jenni S, Sour A, Bolze F, Ventura B, Heitz V. Tumour-targeting photosensitisers for one- and two-photon activated photodynamic therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6585-6594. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient receptor-mediated delivery of a folate-targeted photosensitiser to kill cancer cells following two-photon excitation in the near-infrared is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jenni
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177/CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Angélique Sour
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177/CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Frédéric Bolze
- CAMB
- UMR 7199
- UdS/CNRS
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- Université de Strasbourg
| | | | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177/CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
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Wang X, Ouyang X, Chen J, Hu Y, Sun X, Yu Z. Nanoparticulate photosensitizer decorated with hyaluronic acid for photodynamic/photothermal cancer targeting therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 14:151-167. [PMID: 30511886 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A photomedicine consisting of a core for photothermal therapy, a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, and a cancer-targeting moiety was fabricated to improve photosensitizer selectivity and antitumor efficiency. MATERIALS & METHODS Hyaluronic acid-decorated polydopamine nanoparticles with conjugated chlorin e6 (HA-PDA-Ce6) were synthesized and characterized. Cell uptake, phototoxicity, penetration, distribution and therapeutic effects were evaluated. RESULTS HA-PDA-Ce6 had high photoactivities for photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy and was readily internalized via CD44-mediated endocytosis. Enhanced accumulation and deeper penetration into tumors were achieved by the diffusion molecular retention tumor targeting effect following peritumoral injection. In the combination therapy, HA-PDA-Ce6 displayed the highest tumor growth inhibition in HCT-116 tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION HA-PDA-Ce6 is promising for targeted colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xumei Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Lamch Ł, Pucek A, Kulbacka J, Chudy M, Jastrzębska E, Tokarska K, Bułka M, Brzózka Z, Wilk KA. Recent progress in the engineering of multifunctional colloidal nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 261:62-81. [PMID: 30262128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This up-to-date review summarizes the design and current fabrication strategies that have been employed in the area of mono- and multifunctional colloidal nanoparticles - nanocarriers well suited for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and diagnostic purposes. Rationally engineered photosensitizer (PS)-loaded nanoparticles may be achieved via either noncovalent (i.e., self-aggregation, interfacial deposition, interfacial polymerization, or core-shell entrapment along with physical adsorption) or covalent (chemical immobilization or conjugation) processes. These PS loading approaches should provide chemical and physical stability to PS payloads. Their hydrophilic surfaces, capable of appreciable surface interactions with biological systems, can be further modified using functional groups (stealth effect) to achieve prolonged circulation in the body after administration and/or grafted by targeting agents (such as ligands, which bind to specific receptors uniquely expressed on the cell surface) or stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, and light)-responsive moieties to improve their action and targeting efficiency. These attempts may in principle permit efficacious PDT, combination therapies, molecular diagnosis, and - in the case of nanotheranostics - simultaneous monitoring and treatment. Nanophotosensitizers (nano-PSs) should possess appropriate morphologies, sizes, unimodal distributions and surface processes to be successfully delivered to the place of action after systemic administration and should be accumulated in certain tumors by passive and/or active targeting. Additionally, physically facilitating drug delivery systems emerge as a promising approach to enhancing drug delivery, especially for the non-invasive treatment of deep-seated malignant tissues. Recent advances in nano-PSs are scrutinized, with an emphasis on design principles, via the promising use of colloid chemistry and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lamch
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Pucek
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Wrocław, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Chudy
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tokarska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bułka
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzózka
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera A Wilk
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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Moret F, Reddi E. Strategies for optimizing the delivery to tumors of macrocyclic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly summaries the principles and mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as concerns its application in the oncological field, highlighting its drawbacks and some of the strategies that have been or are being explored to overcome them. The major aim is to increase the efficiency and selectivity of the photosensitizer (PS) uptake in the cancer cells for optimizing the PDT effects on tumors while sparing normal cells. Some attempts to achieve this are based on the conjugation of the PS to biomolecules (small ligands, peptides) functioning as carriers with the ability to efficiently penetrate cells and/or specifically recognize and bind proteins/receptors overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. Alternatively, the PS can be entrapped in nanocarriers derived from various types of materials that can target the tumor by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. The use of nanocarriers is particularly attractive because it allows the simultaneous delivery of more than one drug with the possibility of combining PDT with other therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova, Italy
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Li X, Wen J, Jiang J, Zhao X, Zhou T, Fan G. Quantification of a Novel Photosensitizer of Chlorin e6-C15-Monomethyl Ester in Beagle Dog Plasma Using HPLC: Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050693. [PMID: 28445409 PMCID: PMC6154009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorin e6-C15-monomethyl ester (CMME) is a novel photosensitizer, which is synthetized from the degradation products of silkworm excrement. Preclinical studies on the promising photosensitizer CMME are necessary to determine its therapeutic efficacy and druglikeness. A high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC–UV) method was established for the determination of CMME in beagle dog plasma. The sample preparation involved a protein-precipitation method with acetonitrile after the addition of tanshinone IIA as an internal standard (IS). CMME and the IS were separated on a Diamonsil C18 (2) column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a isocratic system of methanol–water containing 20 mM ammonium acetate with 0.3% glacial acetic acid (85:15, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min with UV detection using a wavelength of 400 nm. The method was sensitive enough with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.05 μg/mL and had a good linearity (r2 > 0.999) over the linear range of 0.05–5.00 μg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day accuracies ranged from 98.5% to 102.8% and precisions (RSD) were within 6.8%. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of CMME after intravenous administration of single and multiple doses in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jun Wen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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14
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Structural analysis of binding functionality of folic acid-PEG dendrimers against folate receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 72:201-208. [PMID: 28110184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers functionalized with folic acid (FA) are drug delivery systems that can selectively target cancer cells with folate receptors (FR-α) overexpression. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) can enhance dendrimers solubility and pharmacokinetics, but ligand-receptor binding must not be affected. In this work we characterized, at atomic level, the binding functionality of conventional site-specific dendrimers conjugated with FA with PEG 750 or PEG 3350 as a linker. After Molecular Dynamics simulation, we observed that both PEG's did not interfere over ligand-receptor binding functionality. Although binding kinetics could be notably affected, the folate fragment from both dendrimers remained exposed to the solvent before approaching selectively to FR-α. PEG 3350 provided better solubility and protection from enzymatic degradation to the dendrimer than PEG 750. Also, FA-PEG3350 dendrimer showed a slightly better interaction with FR-α than FA-PEG750 dendrimer. Therefore, theoretical evidence supports that both dendrimers are suitable as drug delivery systems for cancer therapies.
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15
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Chen Q, Li C, Yang X, Huang J, Liu S, Liu W, Liu J, Wang K. Self-assembled DNA nanowires as quantitative dual-drug nanocarriers for antitumor chemophotodynamic combination therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7529-7537. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled DNA nanowires were fabricated through a supersandwich hybridization reaction and co-loaded with a photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and a chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) for antitumor chemophotodynamic combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Chunying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Xiaohai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Songyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
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16
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Young J, Yee M, Kim H, Cheung J, Chino T, Düzgüneş N, Konopka K. Phototoxicity of Liposomal Zn- and Al-phthalocyanine Against Cervical and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells In Vitro. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2016; 22:156-164. [PMID: 27932777 PMCID: PMC5299971 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.901039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes light to activate a photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen, and leads to local photodamage by the generation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Liposomal delivery of photosensitizers is adaptable to the treatment of cancers. We examined the phototoxicity of free or liposome-embedded phthalocyanine photosensitizers using HeLa cervical carcinoma and HSC-3 oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Material/Methods Liposomes were composed of palmitoyloleoyphosphatidylcholine (POPC): phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and contained either zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) or aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlPc). Free or liposomal ZnPc and AlPc were incubated with cells for 24 h at 37°C. Cells incubated with ZnPc were exposed to broadband visible light (350–800 nm; light dose 43.2 J/cm2), whereas cells treated with AlPc were exposed to light at 690 nm (light dose 3.6 J/cm2). The effect of folate receptor-targeted liposomal ZnPc was evaluated with HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by the Alamar Blue assay. Results Cell viability, expressed as a percentage of control cells, was calculated according to the formula [(A570–A600) of test cells]×100/[(A570–A600) of control cells]. The relative percentage changes then defined the phototoxic efficacy of the experimental conditions. In HeLa cells, 1 μM free ZnPc and AlPc, reduced cell viability to 52.7±2.1 and 15.4±8.0%, respectively. Liposomal phthalocyanines, at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μM, reduced the viability to 68.0±8.6, 15.1±9.9 and 0% (ZnPc), and to 25.8±8.2, 0 and 0% (AlPc), respectively. In HSC-3 cells, 1 μM free ZnPc and AlPc, reduced cell viability to 22.1±2.8 and 56.6±8.6%, respectively. With 1 μM liposomal ZnPc and AlPc, the viability was reduced to 0 and 21.3±0.3%, respectively. Conclusions The embedding of phthalocyanines in liposomes enhanced their phototoxicity and this effect was dependent on cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael Yee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hayoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Takahiro Chino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | - Krystyna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
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Lee SM, Ahn YD, Mun H, Goh B, Kim TY, Seo J, Kim MG. Solid-phase Synthesis of Folate-Chlorin Conjugates for Selective Photodynamic Therapy and the Effect of Linker Variation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Deok Ahn
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Mun
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsook Goh
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
- School of Earch Sciences and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physics and Chemistry; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute; Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
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18
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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19
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Liu M, Chen CY, Mandal AK, Chandrashaker V, Evans-Storms RB, Pitner JB, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable, PEGylated Hydroporphyrins for Photochemistry and Photomedicine. Narrow-Band, Red-Emitting Chlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016; 40:7721-7740. [PMID: 28154477 DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromophores that absorb and emit in the red spectral region (600-700 nm), are water soluble, and bear a bioconjugatable tether are relatively rare yet would fulfill many applications in photochemistry and photomedicine. Here, three molecular designs have been developed wherein stable synthetic chlorins - analogues of chlorophylls - have been tailored with PEG groups for use in aqueous solution. The designs differ with regard to order of the installation (pre/post-formation of the chlorin macrocycle) and position of the PEG groups. Six PEGylated synthetic chlorins (three free bases, three zinc chelates) have been prepared, of which four are equipped with a bioconjugatable (carboxylic acid) tether. The most effective design for aqueous solubilization entails facial encumbrance where PEG groups project above and below the plane of the hydrophobic disk-like chlorin macrocycle. The chlorins possess strong absorption at ~400 nm (B band) and in the red region (Qy band); regardless of wavelength of excitation, emission occurs in the red region. Excitation in the ~400 nm region thus provides an effective Stokes shift of >200 nm. The four bioconjugatable water-soluble chlorins exhibit Qy absorption/emission in water at 613/614, 636/638, 698/700 and 706/710 nm. The spectral properties are essentially unchanged in DMF and water for the facially encumbered chlorins, which also exhibit narrow Qy absorption and emission bands (full-width-at-half maximum of each <25 nm). The water-solubility was assessed by absorption spectroscopy over the concentration range ~0.4 μM - 0.4 mM. One chlorin was conjugated to a mouse polyclonal IgG antibody for use in flow cytometry with compensation beads for proof-of-principle. The conjugate displayed a sharp signal when excited by a violet laser (405 nm) with emission in the 620-660 nm range. Taken together, the designs described herein augur well for development of a set of spectrally distinct chlorins with relatively sharp bands in the red region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | | | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
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20
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Lamch Ł, Kulbacka J, Pietkiewicz J, Rossowska J, Dubińska-Magiera M, Choromańska A, Wilk KA. Preparation and characterization of new zinc(II) phthalocyanine — Containing poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer micelles for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 160:185-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.
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22
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Han MH, Li ZT, Bi DD, Guo YF, Kuang HX, Wang XT. Novel folate-targeted docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles for tumour targeting: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-PEG1000-FA (folic acid) was synthesized as a stabilizer to encapsulate DTX, for the construction of a promising targeted delivery system for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Z. T. Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - D. D. Bi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Y. F. Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - H. X. Kuang
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - X. T. Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
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23
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Han MH, Zheng H, Guo YF, Wang YH, Qi XY, Wang XT. Novel folate-targeted paclitaxel nanoparticles for tumor targeting: preparation, characterization, and efficacy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve tumor targeting of anticancer drugs has recently been the focus of a great deal of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - H. Zheng
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Y. F. Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Y. H. Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - X. Y. Qi
- School of Pharmacy
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - X. T. Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
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24
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Hirohara S, Oka C, Totani M, Obata M, Yuasa J, Ito H, Tamura M, Matsui H, Kakiuchi K, Kawai T, Kawaichi M, Tanihara M. Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Biological Evaluation of trans-Bisthioglycosylated Tetrakis(fluorophenyl)chlorin for Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8658-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hirohara
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Ube National Collage of Technology, 2-14-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8555, Japan
| | - Chio Oka
- Graduate
School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masayasu Totani
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Graduate
School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masao Tanihara
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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25
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Azaïs H, Schmitt C, Tardivel M, Kerdraon O, Stallivieri A, Frochot C, Betrouni N, Collinet P, Mordon S. Assessment of the specificity of a new folate-targeted photosensitizer for peritoneal metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer to enable intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy. A preclinical study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015. [PMID: 26200606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer's prognosis remains dire after primary therapy. Recurrence rate is disappointingly high as 60% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer considered in remission will develop recurrent disease within 5 years. Special attention to undetected peritoneal metastasis during surgery is necessary as they are the main predictive factors of recurrences. Folate Receptor α (FRα) shows promising prospects in targeting ovarian cancerous cells and intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be a solution in addition to macroscopic cytoreductive surgery to treat peritoneal micrometastasis. The aim of this preclinical study is to assess the specificity of a folate-targeted photosensitizer for ovarian peritoneal micrometastasis. METHODS We used the NuTu-19 epithelial ovarian cancer cell line to induce peritoneal carcinomatosis in female Fischer 344 rats. Three groups of 6 rats were studied (Control (no photosensitizer)/Non-conjugated photosensitizer (Porph)/Folate-conjugated photosensitizer (Porph-s-FA)). Four hours after the administration of the photosensitizer, animals were sacrificed and intraperitoneal organs tissues were sampled. FRα tissue expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Tissue incorporation of photosensitizers was assessed by confocal microscopy and tissue quantification. RESULTS FRα is overexpressed in tumor, ovary, and liver whereas, peritoneum, colon, small intestine, and kidney do not express it. Cytoplasmic red endocytosis vesicles observed by confocal microscopy are well correlated to FRα tissue expression. Photosensitizer tissue quantification shows a mean tumor-to-normal tissue ratio of 9.6. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that this new generation folate-targeted photosensitizer is specific of epithelial ovarian peritoneal metastasis and may allow the development of efficient and safe intraperitoneal PDT procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Azaïs
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000 Lille, France; Department of Gynecology, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France and INSERM U1149, Paris Diderot University, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- Plate-Forme D'imagerie Cellulaire BICEL - IFR 114, Pôle Recherche, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Kerdraon
- Centre de Biologie-Pathologie, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Aurélie Stallivieri
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274CNRS - University of Lorraine, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UMR 7274CNRS - University of Lorraine, France
| | - Nacim Betrouni
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Collinet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000 Lille, France; Department of Gynecology, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Mordon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, F-59000 Lille, France
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Li D, Li L, Li P, Li Y, Chen X. Apoptosis of HeLa cells induced by a new targeting photosensitizer-based PDT via a mitochondrial pathway and ER stress. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:703-11. [PMID: 25897245 PMCID: PMC4396590 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s76370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a viable treatment for many cancers. To decrease the cutaneous photosensitivity induced by PDT, many attempts have been made to search for a targeting photosensitizer; however, few reports describe the molecular mechanism of PDT mediated by this type of targeting photosensitizer. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of PDT induced by a new targeting photosensitizer (PS I), reported previously by us, on HeLa cells. Apoptosis is the primary mode of HeLa cell death in our system, and apoptosis occurs in a manner dependent on concentration, irradiation dose, and drug–light intervals. After endocytosis mediated by the folate receptor, PS I was primarily localized to the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of HeLa cells. PS I PDT resulted in rapid increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Ca2+ concentration, both of which reached a peak nearly simultaneously at 15 minutes, followed by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential at 30 minutes, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, downregulation of Bcl-2 expression, and upregulation of Bax expression. Meanwhile, activation of caspase-3, -9, and -12, as well as induction of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), in HeLa cells after PS I PDT was also detected. These results suggest that apoptosis of HeLa cells induced by PS I PDT is not only triggered by ROS but is also regulated by Ca2+ overload. Mitochondria and the ER serve as the subcellular targets of PS I PDT, the effective activation of which is responsible for PS I PDT-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- The First Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Solid phase synthesis of a novel folate-conjugated 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester based photosensitizer for selective photodynamic therapy. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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FRα : une cible pour la thérapie photodynamique prophylactique des métastases péritonéales ovariennes ? Bull Cancer 2014; 101:1109-13. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2014.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li PX, Mu JH, Xiao HL, Li DH. Antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy with a novel targeted photosensitizer on cervical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:125-32. [PMID: 25376180 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by a novel photosensitizer I (Ps I; {γ-[N-poly(ethyleneglycol)]folic acid}-5,10,15-tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(4-carboxyphenyl)chlorin), in which chlorin was used as a photoactive unit, folic acid as a tumor‑targeting warhead, and polyethylene glycol as a linker, on cervical carcinoma was studied in vitro and in vivo. Ps I exhibited a considerably higher cellular uptake by HeLa cells than folic acid-free analogue Ps A (tert-butyl N-poly(ethyleneglycol)ethylcarbamate-5,10,15-tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(4-carboxyphenyl)chlorin), and the cellular uptake by HeLa cells of Ps I could be competitively inhibited by excess folic acid. Moreover, at different time points after the intravenous (i.v.) injection of Ps I and A, Ps I produced a >2-fold higher tumor to normal tissue ratio in tumor-bearing nude mice as compared to Ps A. MTT assay indicated that the HeLa cell proliferation inhibition ratio was increased 34% after Ps I-PDT compared with Ps A-PDT with a photosensitizer concentration of 15.2 µmol/l. Administration of Ps I (7 mg/kg, i.v.) followed by light exposure (80 J/cm2) markedly suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors, and the tumor volume was 10-fold smaller than that of the control group. Tumor growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo had an obvious dependency on the Ps I concentration and irradiation dose. The mode of cell death post-Ps I-PDT was analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and electron microscope, and the results suggested that apoptosis was the primary mode of HeLa cell death induced by Ps I-PDT. The results also demonstrated that tumor targeting of Ps I was clearly improved because of the endocytosis mediated by the folate receptor. As a result, Ps I-PDT exhibited higher antitumor activity than Ps A-PDT and has potential as an alternative treatment modality for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Hong Mu
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Lang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400042, P.R. China
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Rodrigues F, Maia MJ, das Neves J, Sarmento B, Amaral MH, P.P. Oliveira MB. Vaginal suppositories containingLactobacillus acidophilus: development and characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1518-25. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.963864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Strategies for delivering porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers in therapeutic applications. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:859-72. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery strategies for porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers for use in therapeutic applications are based on a myriad of factors, which include porphyrinoid structure, solubility and cellular targets. These drug-delivery methods include encapsulation, hydrogels, protein carriers, nanoparticles and polymeric micelles among others. This article reviews the strategies for delivering porphyrinoids published to date and will focus on porphyrins, corroles, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, porphyrazines and phthalocyanines. Highlighted are the most recent and different strategies used for each of the corresponding porphyrinoid-based macrocycles.
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Kim WL, Cho H, Li L, Kang HC, Huh KM. Biarmed Poly(ethylene glycol)-(pheophorbide a)2 Conjugate as a Bioactivatable Delivery Carrier for Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2224-34. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5003619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wool Lim Kim
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Li
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Du H, Yang X, Zhai G. Design of chitosan-based nanoformulations for efficient intracellular release of active compounds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:723-40. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chitosan-based nanocarriers to transport active compounds gained an increasing attention in drug delivery. Intracellular delivery, with efficient intracellular release, become an important design considerations in chitosan based nanoformlations. Internal stimuli-responsive nanoformulations are designed to release active compounds after internalization based on certain internal stimuli like pH, redox potential and enzymes. Futhermore, nondestructive pathways may provide a nondigestive compartment for active compounds transport, which can protect the encapsulated agents from possible lysosomal degradation, thereby realizing release agents safely. This review gives a brief overview about the chitosan-based nanoformulations for efficient intracellular cargo release, including internal stimuli-responsive nanoformulations and nondestructive pathways based nanoformulations: design strategies and applications. The present problems and a possible future perspective related them are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
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Kim J, Tung CH, Choi Y. Smart dual-functional warhead for folate receptor-specific activatable imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10600-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid as a bi-functional warhead to develop smart dual-targeted theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Molecular Imaging & Therapy Branch
- National Cancer Center
- Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute
- Department of Radiology
- Weil Cornell Medical College
- New York, USA
| | - Yongdoo Choi
- Molecular Imaging & Therapy Branch
- National Cancer Center
- Goyang-si, Korea
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