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Xu C, Law SK, Leung AWN. Comparison of the Differences between Two-Photon Excitation, Upconversion, and Conventional Photodynamic Therapy on Cancers in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:663. [PMID: 38931331 PMCID: PMC11206628 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for several diseases. It combines light energy with a photosensitizer (PS) to destroy the targeted cells or tissues. A PS itself is a non-toxic substance, but it becomes toxic to the target cells through the activation of light at a specific wavelength. There are some limitations of PDT, although it has been used in clinical studies for a long time. Two-photon excitation (TPE) and upconversion (UC) for PDT have been recently developed. A TPE nanoparticle-based PS combines the advantages of TPE and nanotechnology that has emerged as an attractive therapeutic agent for near-infrared red (NIR) light-excited PDT, whilst UC is also used for the NIR light-triggered drug release, activation of 'caged' imaging, or therapeutic molecules during PDT process for the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of cancers. METHODS Nine electronic databases were searched, including WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without any language constraints. TPE and UCNP were evaluated to determine if they had different effects from PDT on cancers. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review. RESULTS TPE-PDT and UCNP-PDT have a high cell or tissue penetration ability through the excitation of NIR light to activate PS molecules. This is much better than the conventional PDT induced by visible or ultraviolet (UV) light. These studies showed a greater PDT efficacy, which was determined by enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced cell viability, as well as inhibited abnormal cell growth for the treatment of cancers. CONCLUSIONS Conventional PDT involves Type I and Type II reactions for the generation of ROS in the treatment of cancer cells, but there are some limitations. Recently, TPE-PDT and UCNP-PDT have been developed to overcome these problems with the help of nanotechnology in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Siu Kan Law
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Tsing Yi, New Territories, Hong Kong;
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Zhong S, Zhang Y, Mou H, Jian C, Huang Q, Ou Y. Targeting PERK-ATF4-P21 axis enhances the sensitivity of osteosarcoma HOS cells to Mppα-PDT. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:2789-2811. [PMID: 38319715 PMCID: PMC10911341 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent type of malignant bone tumor in adolescents. The overall survival of OS patients has reached a plateau recently. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop approaches to improve the sensitivity of OS to therapies. Pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy (MPPα-PDT) is a new type of tumor therapy, and elucidating its mechanism is helpful to improve its anti-tumor efficacy. Here, we investigated how PERK signaling promotes the human OS (HOS) cell survival induced by MPPα-PDT, as overcoming this may enhance sensitivity to MPPα-PDT. We found that MPPα-PDT combined with PERK inhibitor GSK2656157 enhanced HOS cell apoptosis by suppressing autophagy and p21. Autophagy inhibition and p21 depletion enhanced cell death, indicating pro-survival effects in MPPα-PDT. Notably, p21 was found to be an effector of the PERK-Atf4 pathway, which could positively regulate autophagy mediated by MPPα-PDT. In conclusion, we found that the combination of MPPα-PDT and GSK2656157 enhanced apoptosis in HOS cells by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, this autophagy is p21-dependent and can be suppressed by GSK2656157, thereby enhancing sensitivity to MPPα-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxi Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hai Mou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Changchun Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiu Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yunsheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China
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Garapati C, HS. Boddu S, Jacob S, Ranch KM, Patel C, Jayachandra Babu R, Tiwari AK, Yasin H. Photodynamic Therapy: A Special Emphasis on Nanocarrier-mediated Delivery of Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Therapy. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Xia Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Yan R, Zhang X, Dai J, Wu X, Fang W, Jin Y. Photodynamic antitumor activity of tetrahydroxyl-methyl pyropheophorbide-a with improved water-solubility and depth of treatment. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Targeting Nrf2 may reverse the drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:116. [PMID: 33596893 PMCID: PMC7890806 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acquired resistance to therapeutic drugs has become an important issue in treating ovarian cancer. Studies have shown that the prevalent chemotherapy resistance (cisplatin, paclitaxel etc.) for ovarian cancer occurs partly because of decreased production of reactive oxygen species within the mitochondria of ovarian cancer cells. Main Body Nuclear erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf2) mainly controls the regulation of transcription of genes through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and protects cells by fighting oxidative stress and defending against harmful substances. This protective effect is reflected in the promotion of tumor cell growth and their resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway may reverse drug resistance. In this review, we describe the functions of Nrf2 in drug resistance based on Nrf2-associated signaling pathways determined in previous studies. Conclusions Further studies on the relevant mechanisms of Nrf2 may help improve the outcomes of ovarian cancer therapy.
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Clinical application of photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy for gynecologic malignant diseases: A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bolze F, Jenni S, Sour A, Heitz V. Molecular photosensitisers for two-photon photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:12857-12877. [PMID: 29115314 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation has attracted the attention of biologists, especially after the development of two-photon excited microscopy in the nineties. Since then, new applications have rapidly emerged such as the release of biologically active molecules and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using two-photon excitation. PDT, which requires a light-activated drug (photosensitiser), is a clinically approved and minimally invasive treatment for cancer and for non-malignant diseases. This feature article focuses on the engineering of molecular two-photon photosensitisers for PDT, which should bring important benefits to the treatment, increase the treatment penetration depth with near-infrared light excitation, improve the spatial selectivity and reduce the photodamage to healthy tissues. After an overview of the two-photon absorption phenomenon and the methods to evaluate two-photon induced phototoxicity on cell cultures, the different classes of photosensitisers described in the literature are discussed. The two-photon PDT performed with historical one-photon sensitisers are briefly presented, followed by specifically engineered cyclic tetrapyrrole photosensitisers, purely organic photosensitisers and transition metal complexes. Finally, targeted two-photon photosensitisers and theranostic agents that should enhance the selectivity and efficiency of the treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bolze
- CAMB, UMR 7199, UdS/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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Khadria A, de Coene Y, Gawel P, Roche C, Clays K, Anderson HL. Push-pull pyropheophorbides for nonlinear optical imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:947-956. [PMID: 28054076 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02319c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester (PPa-OMe) has been modified by attaching electron-donor and -acceptor groups to alter its linear and nonlinear optical properties. Regioselective bromination of the terminal vinyl position and Suzuki coupling were used to attach a 4-(N,N-diethylaminophenyl) electron-donor group. The electron-acceptor dicyanomethylene was attached at the cyclic ketone position through a Knoevenagel condensation. Four different derivatives of PPa-OMe, containing either electron-donor or electron-acceptor groups, or both, were converted to hydrophilic bis-TEG amides to generate a series of amphiphilic dyes. The absorption and emission properties of all the dyes were compared to a previously reported push-pull type porphyrin-based dye and a commercial push-pull styryl dye, FM4-64. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the electron donor group causes a greater decrease in HOMO-LUMO gap than the electron-acceptor. TD-DFT calculations on optimized geometries (DFT) of all four dyes show that the HOMO is mostly localized on the donor, 4-(N,N-diethylaminophenyl), while the LUMO is distributed around the chlorin ring and the electron-acceptor. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering experiments show that the first-order hyperpolarizabilities of the dyes increase on attaching either electron-donor or -acceptor groups, having the highest value when both the donor and acceptor groups are attached. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) images of the bis-TEG amide attached dyes in lipid monolayer-coated droplets of water-in-oil reveal that the TPEF and SHG involve transition dipole moments in different orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjul Khadria
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Yovan de Coene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Cécile Roche
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Tao Y, Ou Y, Yin H, Chen Y, Zhong S, Gao Y, Zhao Z, He B, Huang Q, Deng Q. Establishment and characterization of human osteosarcoma cells resistant to pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1427-1438. [PMID: 29048645 PMCID: PMC5642392 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to establish and characterize new human osteosarcoma cell lines resistant to pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy (MPPa-PDT). MPPa-PDT-resistant cells are isolated from the human osteosarcoma MG63 and HOS cell lines and two resistant populations were finally acquired, including MG63/PDT and HOS/PDT. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to determine the MPPa-PDT, cisplatin (CDDP) resistance and proliferation of MG63, MG63/PDT, HOS and HOS/PDT cells. The intracellular ROS were analyzed using DCFH-DA staining. The colony formation, invasion and migration of parental and resistant cells were compared. FCM was employed to examine the cell cycle distribution, the apoptosis rate and the proportion of CD133+ cells. The fluorescence intensity of intracellular MPPa was observed by fluorescence microscopy and quantified using microplate reader. The protein levels were assessed by western blotting (WB). Compared with two parental cells, MG63/PDT and HOS/PDT were 1.67- and 1.61-fold resistant to MPPa-PDT, respectively, and also exhibited the resistance to CDDP. FCM assays confirmed that both MG63/PDT and HOS/PDT cells treated with MPPa-PDT displayed a significantly lower apoptosis rate in comparison with their corresponding parental cells. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (i.e. cleaved-caspase 3 and cleaved-PARP), intracellular ROS and the antioxidant proteins (HO-1 and SOD1) in MG63/PDT and HOS/PDT cells was also lower than that in parental cells. Both MG63/PDT and HOS/PDT cells exhibited changes in proliferation, photosensitizer absorption, colony formation, invasion, migration and the cell cycle distribution as compared to MG63 and HOS cells, respectively. Compared to MG63 and HOS cells, both resistant cell lines had a higher expression of CD133, survivin, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, MRP1, MDR1 and ABCG2, but a lower expression of Bax. The present study successfully established two resistant human osteosarcoma cell lines which are valuable to explore the resistance-related mechanisms and the approaches to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yunsheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shenxi Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zenghui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hosipital of Leshan, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
| | - Qianxing Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Fengdu, Fengdu, Chongqing 408200, P.R. China
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Horne TK, Cronjé MJ. Novel carbohydrate-substituted metallo-porphyrazine comparison for cancer tissue-type specificity during PDT. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:412-422. [PMID: 28662468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding obstacle to cancer eradication centers on the heterogeneous nature of the tissue that manifests it. Variations between cancer cell resistance profiles often result in a survival percentage following classic therapeutics. As an alternative, photodynamic therapys' (PDT) unique non-specific cell damage mechanism and high degree of application control enables it to potentially deliver an efficient treatment regime to a broad range of heterogeneous tissue types thereby overcoming individual resistance profiles. This study follows on from previous design, characterization and solubility analyses of three novel carbohydrate-ligated zinc-porphyrazine (Zn(II)Pz) derivatives. Here we report on their PDT application potential in the treatment of five common cancer tissue types in vitro. Following analyses of metabolic homeostasis, toxicity and cell death induction, overall Zn(II)Pz-PDT proved comparably efficient between all cancer tissue populations. Differential localization patterns of Zn(II)Pz derivatives between cell types did not appear to influence the overall PDT effect. All cell types exhibited significant disruptions to mitochondrial activity and associated ATP production levels. Toxicity and chromatin structure profiles revealed indiscernible patterns of damage between Zn(II)Pz derivatives and cell type. The subtle differences observed between individual Zn(II)Pz derivatives is most likely due to a combination of carbohydrate moiety characteristics on energy transfer processes and associated dosage optimization requirements per tissue type. Collectively, this indicates that resistance profiles are negated to a significant extent by Zn(II)Pz-PDT making these derivatives attractive candidates for PDT applications across multiple tissue types and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamarisk K Horne
- Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marianne J Cronjé
- Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Pan L, Lin H, Tian S, Bai D, Kong Y, Yu L. The sensitivity of glioma cells to pyropheophorbide-αmethyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy is enhanced by inhibiting ABCG2. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:719-726. [PMID: 28370217 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To study the mechanisms of human glioblastoma cell resistance to methyl ester pyropheophorbide-a-mediated photodynamic therapy (MPPa-PDT) and the relationship between the cells and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The sensitivity of four human glioma cell lines (U87, A172, SHG-44, and U251) to MPPa-PDT was detected with a CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis, intracellular MPPa, and singlet oxygen were tested with flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCG2, MRP1, and MDR1) were detected by PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Both the sensitivity to MPPa-PDT and intracellular MPPa in A172 were the lowest among the four cell lines, while expression of ABCG2 mRNA and protein in A172 were the highest. The intracellular MPPa and ROS in A172 receiving MPPa-PDT significantly increased after using the ABCG2 inhibitor fumitremorgin C (FTC). Both cell viability and apoptosis in A172 cells undergoing MPPa-PDT were significantly improved with FTC. CONCLUSIONS ABCG2 plays a significant role in the resistance of A172 to MPPa-PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:719-726, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Haidan Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Si Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dingqun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
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Tu PH, Huang WJ, Wu ZL, Peng QZ, Xie ZB, Bao J, Zhong MH. Induction of cell death by pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy in lung cancer A549 cells. Cancer Med 2017; 6:631-639. [PMID: 28181425 PMCID: PMC5345688 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyropheophorbide‐α methyl ester (MPPa) was a promising photosensitizer with stable chemical structure, strong absorption, higher tissue selectivity and longer activation wavelengths. The present study investigated the effect of MPPa‐mediated photodynamic treatment on lung cancer A549 cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. Cell Counting Kit‐8 was employed for cell viability assessment. Reactive oxygen species levels were determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Cell morphology was evaluated by Hoechst staining and transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were evaluated flow‐cytometrically. The protein levels of apoptotic effectors were examined by Western blot. We found that the photocytotoxicity of MPPa showed both drug‐ and light‐ dose dependent characteristics in A549 cells. Additionally, MPPa‐PDT caused cell apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inducing caspase‐9/caspase‐3 signaling activation as well as cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. These results suggested that MPPa‐PDT mainly kills cells by apoptotic mechanisms, with overt curative effects, indicating that MPPa should be considered a potent photosensitizer for lung carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hua Tu
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
| | - Wen-Jun Huang
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
| | - Zhan-Ling Wu
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
| | - Qing-Zhen Peng
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Xie
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zhong
- Department of respiratory medicine, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, China
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Ghogare AA, Greer A. Synthesis of a poly(ethylene glycol) galloyl sensitizer tip for an 'all-in-one' photodynamic device. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1326-1336. [PMID: 27041367 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a specialized silica tip for an optical fiber device capable of delivering all components necessary for photodynamic therapy. Oxygen, light and a cleavable tripolyethylene glycol (PEG)-galloyl pheophorbide sensitizer are simultaneously delivered by the silica tip, where the tip was synthesized in six steps. A comparison of synthetic steps to reach PEGylated sensitizers bound to fluorinated silica and a previously reported Teflon/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite ( Ghosh, G. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 4155- 4164) was made. The hydrolytic stability of the attached PEGs and the extent to which the PEG groups enhance solubility will also be discussed. The new triPEG-galloyl sensitizer has the potential for use in intraoperative pointsource photodynamic therapy which aims for precision treatment of residual disease. Schematic of the synthesis of a photoactive silica surface. It is composed of fluorinated silica connected to a photo-releasable sensitizer with short-chain PEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, United States
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Huang JQ, Cai ZB, Jin F, Li SL, Tian YP. A new series of two-photon blue/violet fluorescent trans-alkenes: Green synthesis and optical properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 154:164-170. [PMID: 26520477 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new series of trans-alkenes (3a-3e) containing different electron-donating groups were synthesized by the solvent-free Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, and characterized by infrared, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Their UV-visible absorption, one-photon excited fluorescence, two-photon absorption, and two-photon excited fluorescence were systematically investigated in different solvents. Experimental results show different trends in linear and nonlinear optical properties with different donor units. 3a with triphenylamine donor exhibits the best optical properties. It emits strong blue up-converted fluorescence, and the two-photon absorption cross-section can be as large as 218 GM in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Qiang Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Fan Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, PR China
| | - Yu-Peng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, PR China
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Cai SY, Yang T, Chen Y, Wang JW, Li L, Xu MJ. Gene expression profiling of ovarian carcinomas and prognostic analysis of outcome. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:50. [PMID: 26228058 PMCID: PMC4521463 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OCA), the fifth leading deaths cancer to women, is famous for its low survival rate in epithelial ovarian cancer cases, which is very complicated and hard to be diagnosed from asymptomatic nature in the early stage. Thus, it is urgent to develop an effective genetic prognostic strategy. METHODS Current study using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery tool for the generation and analysis of quantitative gene expression profiles; all the annotated gene and biochemical pathway membership realized according to shared categorical data from Pathway and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; correlation networks based on current gene screening actualize by Weighted correlation network analysis to identify therapeutic targets gene and candidate bio-markers. RESULTS 3095 differentially expressed genes were collected from genome expression profiles of OCA patients (n = 53, 35 advanced, 8 early and 10 normal). By pathway enrichment, most genes showed contribution to cell cycle and chromosome maintenance.1073 differentially expression genes involved in the 4 dominant network modules are further generated for prognostic pattern establish, we divided a dataset with random OCA cases (n = 80) into 3 groups efficiently (p = 0.0323, 95% CIs in Kaplan-Meier). Finally, 6 prognosis related genes were selected out by COX regression analysis, TFCP2L1 related to cancer-stem cell, probably contributes to chemotherapy efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents an integrated original model of the differentially expression genes related to ovarian cancer progressing, providing the identification of genes relevant for its pathological physiology which can potentially be new clinical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.225, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Ming-Juan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168, Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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16
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Mehraban N, Freeman HS. Developments in PDT Sensitizers for Increased Selectivity and Singlet Oxygen Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:4421-4456. [PMID: 28793448 PMCID: PMC5455656 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally-invasive procedure that has been clinically approved for treating certain types of cancers. This procedure takes advantage of the cytotoxic activity of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by visible and NIR light irradiation of dye sensitizers following their accumulation in malignant cells. The main two concerns associated with certain clinically-used PDT sensitizers that have been influencing research in this arena are low selectivity toward malignant cells and low levels of ¹O₂ production in aqueous media. Solving the selectivity issue would compensate for photosensitizer concerns such as dark toxicity and aggregation in aqueous media. One main approach to enhancing dye selectivity involves taking advantage of key methods used in pharmaceutical drug delivery. This approach lies at the heart of the recent developments in PDT research and is a point of emphasis in the present review. Of particular interest has been the development of polymeric micelles as nanoparticles for delivering hydrophobic (lipophilic) and amphiphilic photosensitizers to the target cells. This review also covers methods employed to increase ¹O₂ production efficiency, including the design of two-photon absorbing sensitizers and triplet forming cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Mehraban
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA.
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Jiblaoui A, Brevier J, Ducourthial G, González-Núñez H, Baudequin C, Sol V, Leroy-Lhez S. Modulation of intermolecular interactions in new pyrimidine–porphyrin system as two-photon absorbing photosensitizers. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Ogasawara S, Tamiaki H. Synthesis of methyl C132-alkylated pheophorbides a/a′ and their stereochemical characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Ryan AA, Senge MO. How green is green chemistry? Chlorophylls as a bioresource from biorefineries and their commercial potential in medicine and photovoltaics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:638-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the natural green pigments par excellence and offer potential as therapeutics and in energy generation. This perspective outlines the state-of-the-art, their possible applications and indicates future directions in the context of green chemistry and their production from biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife A. Ryan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
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20
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Lin N, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang J, Ye X, Gao W, Wang A, Jin H, Wei J. A safety study of a novel photosensitizer, sinoporphyrin sodium, for photodynamic therapy in Beagle dogs. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:815-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) showed skin phototoxicity in Beagle dogs, did not accumulate in blood plasma, and had an effect on the immune organs and the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Lin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Chao Li
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Xiangfeng Ye
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Aiping Wang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Jinfeng Wei
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
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