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Ogawa T, Sonoike K. Screening of mutants using chlorophyll fluorescence. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:653-664. [PMID: 33686578 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence has been widely used for the estimation of photosynthesis or its regulatory mechanisms. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements are the methods with non-destructive nature and do not require contact between plant materials and fluorometers. Furthermore, the measuring process is very rapid. These characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements make them a suitable tool to screen mutants of photosynthesis-related genes. Furthermore, it has been shown that genes with a wide range of functions can be also analyzed by chlorophyll fluorescence through metabolic interactions. In this short review, we would like to first introduce the basic principle of the chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, and then explore the advantages and limitation of various screening methods. The emphasis is on the possibility of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to screen mutants defective in metabolisms other than photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ogawa
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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2
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Characterization of Light-Enhanced Respiration in Cyanobacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010342. [PMID: 33396191 PMCID: PMC7796093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic algae, respiratory O2 uptake is enhanced after illumination, which is called light-enhanced respiration (LER). It is likely stimulated by an increase in respiratory substrates produced during photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and function in keeping the metabolic and redox homeostasis in the light in eukaryotic cells, based on the interactions among the cytosol, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Here, we first characterize LER in photosynthetic prokaryote cyanobacteria, in which respiration and photosynthesis share their metabolisms and electron transport chains in one cell. From the physiological analysis, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 performs LER, similar to eukaryotic algae, which shows a capacity comparable to the net photosynthetic O2 evolution rate. Although the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transports share the interchain, LER was uncoupled from photosynthetic electron transport. Mutant analyses demonstrated that LER is motivated by the substrates directly provided by photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, but not by glycogen. Further, the light-dependent activation of LER was observed even with exogenously added glucose, implying a regulatory mechanism for LER in addition to the substrate amounts. Finally, we discuss the physiological significance of the large capacity of LER in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae compared to those in plants that normally show less LER.
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Miller NT, Vaughn MD, Burnap RL. Electron flow through NDH-1 complexes is the major driver of cyclic electron flow-dependent proton pumping in cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148354. [PMID: 33338488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I is vital to balancing the photosynthetic energy budget of cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic organisms. The coupling of CEF to proton pumping has long been hypothesized to occur, providing proton motive force (PMF) for the synthesis of ATP with no net cost to [NADPH]. This is thought to occur largely through the activity of NDH-1 complexes, of which cyanobacteria have four with different activities. While a much work has been done to understand the steady-state PMF in both the light and dark, and fluorescent probes have been developed to observe these fluxes in vivo, little has been done to understand the kinetics of these fluxes, particularly with regard to NDH-1 complexes. To monitor the kinetics of proton pumping in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the pH sensitive dye Acridine Orange was used alongside a suite of inhibitors in order to observe light-dependent proton pumping. The assay was demonstrated to measure photosynthetically driven proton pumping and used to measure the rates of proton pumping unimpeded by dark ΔpH. Here, the cyanobacterial NDH-1 complexes are shown to pump a sizable portion of proton flux when CEF-driven and LEF-driven proton pumping rates are observed and compared in mutants lacking some or all NDH-1 complexes. It is also demonstrated that PSII and LEF are responsible for the bulk of light induced proton pumping, though CEF and NDH-1 are capable of generating ~40% of the proton pumping rate when LEF is inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Michael D Vaughn
- SpectroLogix LLC, 9050 Executive Park Drive, Knoxville, TN 37923, USA
| | - Robert L Burnap
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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4
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Calzadilla PI, Kirilovsky D. Revisiting cyanobacterial state transitions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:585-603. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Critical evaluation of “new” and “old” models of cyanobacterial state transitions. Phycobilisome and membrane contributions to this mechanism are addressed. The signaling transduction pathway is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- CEA
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)
- 91198 Gif sur Yvette
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- CEA
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)
- 91198 Gif sur Yvette
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Kirilovsky D. Modulating Energy Transfer from Phycobilisomes to Photosystems: State Transitions and OCP-Related Non-Photochemical Quenching. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE: BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33397-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Spectrally decomposed dark-to-light transitions in a PSI-deficient mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Ogawa T, Sonoike K. Evaluation of the Condition of Respiration and Photosynthesis by Measuring Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Cyanobacteria. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2834. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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8
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Ogawa T, Misumi M, Sonoike K. Estimation of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria by pulse-amplitude modulation chlorophyll fluorescence: problems and solutions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:63-73. [PMID: 28283890 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes and widely used for photosynthetic research as model organisms. Partly due to their prokaryotic nature, however, estimation of photosynthesis by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements is sometimes problematic in cyanobacteria. For example, plastoquinone pool is reduced in the dark-acclimated samples in many cyanobacterial species so that conventional protocol developed for land plants cannot be directly applied for cyanobacteria. Even for the estimation of the simplest chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, F v/F m, some additional protocol such as addition of DCMU or illumination of weak blue light is necessary. In this review, those problems in the measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in cyanobacteria are introduced, and solutions to those problems are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ogawa
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Misumi
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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9
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Esteves-Ferreira AA, Cavalcanti JHF, Vaz MGMV, Alvarenga LV, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. Cyanobacterial nitrogenases: phylogenetic diversity, regulation and functional predictions. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:261-275. [PMID: 28323299 PMCID: PMC5452144 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria is a remarkable group of prokaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms, with several genera capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and presenting a wide range of morphologies. Although the nitrogenase complex is not present in all cyanobacterial taxa, it is spread across several cyanobacterial strains. The nitrogenase complex has also a high theoretical potential for biofuel production, since H2 is a by-product produced during N2 fixation. In this review we discuss the significance of a relatively wide variety of cell morphologies and metabolic strategies that allow spatial and temporal separation of N2 fixation from photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on 16S rRNA and nifD gene sequences shed light on the evolutionary history of the two genes. Our results demonstrated that (i) sequences of genes involved in nitrogen fixation (nifD) from several morphologically distinct strains of cyanobacteria are grouped in similarity with their morphology classification and phylogeny, and (ii) nifD genes from heterocytous strains share a common ancestor. By using this data we also discuss the evolutionary importance of processes such as horizontal gene transfer and genetic duplication for nitrogenase evolution and diversification. Finally, we discuss the importance of H2 synthesis in cyanobacteria, as well as strategies and challenges to improve cyanobacterial H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A Esteves-Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Max-Planck-partner group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Frota Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Max-Planck-partner group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes Marçal Vieira Vaz
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Max-Planck-partner group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luna V Alvarenga
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Max-Planck-partner group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Max-Planck-partner group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Max-Planck-partner group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Ogawa T, Sonoike K. Effects of Bleaching by Nitrogen Deficiency on the Quantum Yield of Photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Revealed by Chl Fluorescence Measurements. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:558-567. [PMID: 26858287 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of photosynthesis by Chl fluorescence measurement of cyanobacteria is always problematic due to the interference from respiratory electron transfer and from phycocyanin fluorescence. The interference from respiratory electron transfer could be avoided by the use of DCMU or background illumination by blue light, which oxidizes the plastoquinone pool that tends to be reduced by respiration. On the other hand, the precise estimation of photosynthesis in cells with a different phycobilisome content by Chl fluorescence measurement is difficult. By subtracting the basal fluorescence due to the phycobilisome and PSI, it becomes possible to estimate the precise maximum quantum yield of PSII in cyanobacteria. Estimated basal fluorescence accounted for 60% of the minimum fluorescence, resulting in a large difference between the 'apparent' yield and 'true' yield under high phycocyanin conditions. The calculated value of the 'true' maximum quantum yield of PSII was around 0.8, which was similar to the value observed in land plants. The results suggest that the cause of the apparent low yield reported in cyanobacteria is mainly ascribed to the interference from phycocyanin fluorescence. We also found that the 'true' maximum quantum yield of PSII decreased under nitrogen-deficient conditions, suggesting the impairment of the PSII reaction center, while the 'apparent' maximum quantum yield showed a marginal change under the same conditions. Due to the high contribution of phycocyanin fluorescence in cyanobacteria, it is essential to eliminate the influence of the change in phycocyanin content on Chl fluorescence measurement and to evaluate the 'true' photosynthetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ogawa
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
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11
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Nishijima Y, Kanesaki Y, Yoshikawa H, Ogawa T, Sonoike K, Nishiyama Y, Hihara Y. Analysis of spontaneous suppressor mutants from the photomixotrophically grown pmgA-disrupted mutant in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:465-475. [PMID: 25869635 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pmgA-disrupted (ΔpmgA) mutant in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 suffers severe growth inhibition under photomixotrophic conditions. In order to elucidate the key factors enabling the cells to grow under photomixotrophic conditions, we isolated spontaneous suppressor mutants from the ΔpmgA mutant derived from a single colony. When the ΔpmgA mutant was spread on a BG11 agar plate supplemented with glucose, colonies of suppressor mutants appeared after the bleaching of the background cells. We identified the mutation site of these suppressor mutants and found that 11 mutants out of 13 had a mutation in genes related to the type 1 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH-1) complex. Among them, eight mutants had mutations within the ndhF3 (sll1732) gene: R32stop, W62stop, V147I, G266V, G354W, G586C, and deletion of 7 bp within the coding region. One mutant had one base insertion in the putative -10 box of the ndhC (slr1279) gene, leading to the decrease in the transcripts of the ndhCKJ operon. Two mutants had one base insertion and deletion in the coding region of cupA (sll1734), which is co-transcribed with ndhF3 and ndhD3 and comprises together a form of NDH-1 complex (NDH-1MS complex) involved in inducible high-affinity CO2 uptake. The results indicate that the loss of the activity of this complex effectively rescues the ΔpmgA mutant under photomixotrophic condition with 1 % CO2. However, little difference among WT and mutants was observed in the activities ascribed to the NDH-1MS complex, i.e., CO2 uptake and cyclic electron transport. This may suggest that the NDH-1MS complex has the third, currently unknown function under photomixotrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nishijima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- Nodai Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Nodai Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takako Ogawa
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yukako Hihara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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