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Chebotaev PP, Buglak AA, Sheehan A, Filatov MA. Predicting fluorescence to singlet oxygen generation quantum yield ratio for BODIPY dyes using QSPR and machine learning. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:25131-25142. [PMID: 39311461 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Functional dyes that are capable of both bright fluorescence and efficient singlet oxygen generation are crucial for theranostic techniques, which integrate fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The development of new functional dyes for theranostics is often costly and time-consuming due to laborious synthesis and post-synthetic screening of large libraries of compounds. In this work, we describe machine learning methods suitable for simultaneous prediction of fluorescence and photosensitizing ability of heavy-atom-free boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) compounds. We analysed the ratio between fluorescence quantum yield (ΦFl) and singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) for over 70 BODIPY structures in polar (acetonitrile) and non-polar (toluene) solvents, which mimic hydrophilic and hydrophobic cell environments, respectively. QSPR models were developed based on more than 5000 calculated molecular descriptors, including quantum chemical and topological descriptors. We applied multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR) methods for model building and optimization. The resulting models demonstrated robust statistical parameters (R2 = 0.73-0.91) for both polar and non-polar media. The relative contributions of the descriptors to the models were assessed, identifying Eig03_EA(dm), F01[C-N], and TDB06p as the most influential. These results demonstrate that QSPR machine learning methods are effective in predicting key photochemical parameters of BODIPY photosensitizers, thereby potentially streamlining the development of theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Platon P Chebotaev
- Faculty of Physics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universiteteskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Buglak
- Faculty of Physics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universiteteskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya street, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aimee Sheehan
- School of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Mikhail A Filatov
- School of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland.
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2
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Das S, Dey S, Patra S, Bera A, Ghosh T, Prasad B, Sayala KD, Maji K, Bedi A, Debnath S. BODIPY-Based Molecules for Biomedical Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1723. [PMID: 38136594 PMCID: PMC10741882 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) derivatives have attracted attention as probes in applications like imaging and sensing due to their unique properties like (1) strong absorption and emission in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, (2) strong fluorescence and (3) supreme photostability. They have also been employed in areas like photodynamic therapy. Over the last decade, BODIPY-based molecules have even emerged as candidates for cancer treatments. Cancer remains a significant health issue world-wide, necessitating a continuing search for novel therapeutic options. BODIPY is a flexible fluorophore with distinct photophysical characteristics and is a fascinating drug development platform. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent breakthroughs in BODIPY-based small molecules for cancer or disease detection and therapy, including their functional potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarasija Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Sudipto Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India;
| | - Sanujit Patra
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia 741249, India; (S.P.); (A.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Arindam Bera
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia 741249, India; (S.P.); (A.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Totan Ghosh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia 741249, India; (S.P.); (A.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Bibin Prasad
- Solenic Medical, Inc., 4275 Kellway Circle, Suite 146, Addison, TX 75001, USA;
| | - Kapil Dev Sayala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75206, USA;
| | - Krishnendu Maji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia 741249, India; (S.P.); (A.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Anjan Bedi
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sashi Debnath
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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3
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Da Lama A, Pérez Sestelo J, Sarandeses LA, Martínez MM. Microwave-assisted direct synthesis of BODIPY dyes and derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9132-9137. [PMID: 36177899 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of BODIPY dyes from pyrroles and acyl chlorides is reported. This protocol features short reaction times, low temperatures, minimum amount of solvent, scalability, versatility, and good yields of the products. These simple, efficient and sustainable conditions can be also applied to the synthesis of derivatives such as BOPHY, BOAHY and BOPAHY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Da Lama
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Luis A Sarandeses
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - M Montserrat Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Malacarne MC, Gariboldi MB, Caruso E. BODIPYs in PDT: A Journey through the Most Interesting Molecules Produced in the Last 10 Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710198. [PMID: 36077597 PMCID: PMC9456687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great development. In the clinical setting the few approved molecules belong almost exclusively to the porphyrin family; but in the scientific field, in recent years many researchers have been interested in other families of photosensitizers, among which BODIPY has shown particular interest. BODIPY is the acronym for 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene, and is a family of molecules well-known for their properties in the field of imaging. In order for these molecules to be used in PDT, a structural modification is necessary which involves the introduction of heavy atoms, such as bromine and iodine, in the beta positions of the pyrrole ring; this change favors the intersystem crossing, and increases the 1O2 yield. This mini review focused on a series of structural changes made to BODIPYs to further increase 1O2 production and bioavailability by improving cell targeting or photoactivity efficiency.
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Da Lama A, Bartolomei B, Rosso C, Filippini G, Martínez MM, Sarandeses LA, Prato M. New Insights into the Exploitation of BODIPY Derivatives as Organic Photocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Da Lama
- Universidade da Coruna Departamento de Química SPAIN
| | - Beatrice Bartolomei
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Cristian Rosso
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | | | | | - Maurizio Prato
- Università di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste ITALY
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Hu W, Zhang R, Zhang XF, Liu J, Luo L. Halogenated BODIPY photosensitizers: Photophysical processes for generation of excited triplet state, excited singlet state and singlet oxygen. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 272:120965. [PMID: 35131619 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have systematically examined the formation of singlet oxygen O2(1Δg), the excited triplet state (T1), and excited singlet state (S1) for halogenated BODIPY photosensitizers (halogen = Cl, Br, and I) in eight solvents to understand how halogen atoms and solvent affect these properties. The phosphorescence spectra and lifetimes of singlet oxygen generated by these halogenated BODIPYs have been measured by steady state/time resolved NIR emission, while the formation quantum yield of singlet oxygen (ΦΔ) has been determined by chemical method using diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as the trapping agent. The formation quantum yield ΦΔ of singlet oxygen can be as high as 0.96 for iodinated BODIPY and 0.71 for brominated BODIPY. The triplet state T1 absorption spectra of brominated and iodinated BODIPYs have been recorded by laser flash photolysis method, in which T1 shows high formation efficiency and long lifetime. The formation and decay of excited singlet state S1 of four BODIPYs have been measured by ground state (S0) absorption and steady state/time resolved fluorescence. The results show that larger halogen atoms on BODIPY core lead to smaller fluorescence quantum yield, shorter fluorescence lifetime and higher singlet oxygen formation quantum yield due to heavy atom effect that promotes the formation of triplet state. On the other hand, higher solvent polarity causes lower singlet oxygen formation quantum yield, smaller fluorescence quantum yield, and shorter fluorescence lifetime. This solvent effect is explained by the presence of photoinduced charge transfer (ICT) process from halogen atoms to BODIPY. The ICT efficiency has been estimated and the results are agreed with ICT theory. ICT process in halogenated BODIPYs has never been revealed in literature. HOMO/LUMO obtained from DFT calculation also supports the presence of ICT. The involvement of ICT in the photosensitizing process of halogenated BODIPYs provides new insights for designing BODIPY photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Xian-Fu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China.
| | - Jiatian Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
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7
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Orlandi VT, Martegani E, Bolognese F, Caruso E. Searching for antimicrobial photosensitizers among a panel of BODIPYs. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1233-1248. [PMID: 35377108 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) gained increasing attention for its potential to inhibit the growth and spread of microorganisms, both as free-living cells and/or embedded in biofilm communities. In this scenario, compounds belonging to the family of boron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) represent a very promising class of photosensitizers for applications in antimicrobial field. In this study, twelve non-ionic and three cationic BODIPYs were assayed for the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. As expected, S. aureus showed to be very sensitive to BODIPYs and mild conditions were sufficient to reach good rates of photoinactivation with both neutral and monocationic ones. Surprisingly, one neutral compound (named B9 in this study) resulted the best BODIPY to photoinactivate P. aeruginosa PAO1. The photoinactivation of C. albicans was reached with both neutral and mono-cationic BODIPYs. Furthermore, biofilms of the three model microorganisms were challenged with BODIPYs in light-based antimicrobial technique. S. aureus biofilms were successfully inhibited with milder conditions than those applied to P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Notably, it was possible to eradicate 24-h-old biofilms of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, this study supports the potential of neutral BODIPYs as pan-antimicrobial PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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8
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Ksenofontov AA, Lukanov MM, Bocharov PS, Berezin MB, Tetko IV. Deep neural network model for highly accurate prediction of BODIPYs absorption. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120577. [PMID: 34776377 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A possibility to accurately predict the absorption maximum wavelength of BODIPYs was investigated. We found that previously reported models had a low accuracy (40-57 nm) to predict BODIPYs due to the limited dataset sizes and/or number of BODIPYs (few hundreds). New models developed in this study were based on data of 6000-plus fluorescent dyes (including 4000-plus BODIPYs) and the deep neural network architecture. The high prediction accuracy (five-fold cross-validation room mean squared error (RMSE) of 18.4 nm) was obtained using a consensus model, which was more accurate than individual models. This model provided the excellent accuracy (RMSE of 8 nm) for molecules previously synthesized in our laboratory as well as for prospective validation of three new BODIPYs. We found that solvent properties did not significantly influence the model accuracy since only few BODIPYs exhibited solvatochromism. The analysis of large prediction errors suggested that compounds able to have intermolecular interactions with solvent or salts were likely to be incorrectly predicted. The consensus model is freely available at https://ochem.eu/article/134921 and can help the other researchers to accelerate design of new dyes with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Ksenofontov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Michail M Lukanov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7, Sheremetevskiy Avenue, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - Pavel S Bocharov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7, Sheremetevskiy Avenue, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
| | - Michail B Berezin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Igor V Tetko
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; Helmholtz Zentrum München‑German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; BIGCHEM GmbH, Valerystr. 49, 85716 Unterschleißheim, Germany
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9
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Malacarne MC, Banfi S, Rugiero M, Caruso E. Drug delivery systems for the photodynamic application of two photosensitizers belonging to the porphyrin family. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1011-1025. [PMID: 34260053 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves the concomitant action of three components, light with an appropriate wavelength, molecular oxygen, and a molecule, able to absorb an electromagnetic radiation, called photosensitizer (PS). A fundamental aspect is the bioavailability of the PS that is directly related to some physicochemical properties of the PS itself as it should feature a certain degree of lipophilicity to easily cross the cell membrane, however, at the same time, should be sufficiently water-soluble to navigate in the bloodstream. Consequently, the use of a system for drug delivery becomes essential when photosensitizers with a high degree of lipophilicity are considered. In this work, we present three different drug delivery systems, microemulsions, emulsions and liposomes all capable of carrying a PS belonging to the porphyrin family: the tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) and the 4-hydroxyphenyl porphyrin (THPP), which show a relevant different degree of lipophilicity. A series of microemulsions (ME) and emulsions (E) were prepared, among which two formulations, one for THPP and one for TPP, have been chosen. The stability of these two carriers was monitored over time and under various temperature conditions. With the same criteria, two liposomal formulations have been also identified and analyzed. The four formulations mentioned above (one ME, one E and two liposomes) have been tested on SKOV3 tumor cell line comparing the photodynamic activity of the porphyrin formulations versus the aqueous/organic (DMSO) solution of the same two PSs. The results show that all the formulations have proved to be excellent carriers and that the liposomal formulation enhance the photodynamic efficacy of both porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
- PhD Student of the "Life Science and Biotechnology", University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Banfi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Matteo Rugiero
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
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Krzemien W, Rohlickova M, Machacek M, Novakova V, Piskorz J, Zimcik P. Tuning Photodynamic Properties of BODIPY Dyes, Porphyrins' Little Sisters. Molecules 2021; 26:4194. [PMID: 34299469 PMCID: PMC8305389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodynamic properties of a series of non-halogenated, dibrominated and diiodinated BODIPYs with a phthalimido or amino end modification on the phenoxypentyl and phenoxyoctyl linker in the meso position were investigated. Halogen substitution substantially increased the singlet oxygen production based on the heavy atom effect. This increase was accompanied by a higher photodynamic activity against skin melanoma cancer cells SK-MEL-28, with the best compound reaching an EC50 = 0.052 ± 0.01 µM upon light activation. The dark toxicity (toxicity without light activation) of all studied dyes was not detected up to the solubility limit in cell culture medium (10 µM). All studied BODIPY derivatives were predominantly found in adiposomes (lipid droplets) with further lower signals colocalized in either endolysosomal vesicles or the endoplasmic reticulum. A detailed investigation of cell death indicated that the compounds act primarily through the induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, halogenation in the 2,6 position of BODIPY dyes is crucial for the efficient photodynamic activity of these photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krzemien
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (M.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Monika Rohlickova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (M.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Miloslav Machacek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (M.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (M.M.); (V.N.)
| | - Jaroslaw Piskorz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (M.M.); (V.N.)
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Buglak AA, Charisiadis A, Sheehan A, Kingsbury CJ, Senge MO, Filatov MA. Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Modelling for the Prediction of Singlet Oxygen Generation by Heavy-Atom-Free BODIPY Photosensitizers*. Chemistry 2021; 27:9934-9947. [PMID: 33876842 PMCID: PMC8362084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free sensitizers forming long-living triplet excited states via the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) process have recently attracted attention due to their potential to replace costly transition metal complexes in photonic applications. The efficiency of SOCT-ISC in BODIPY donor-acceptor dyads, so far the most thoroughly investigated class of such sensitizers, can be finely tuned by structural modification. However, predicting the triplet state yields and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation quantum yields for such compounds in a particular solvent is still very challenging due to a lack of established quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models. In this work, the available data on singlet oxygen generation quantum yields (ΦΔ ) for a dataset containing >70 heavy-atom-free BODIPY in three different solvents (toluene, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran) were analyzed. In order to build reliable QSPR model, a series of new BODIPYs were synthesized that bear different electron donating aryl groups in the meso position, their optical and structural properties were studied along with the solvent dependence of singlet oxygen generation, which confirmed the formation of triplet states via the SOCT-ISC mechanism. For the combined dataset of BODIPY structures, a total of more than 5000 quantum-chemical descriptors was calculated including quantum-chemical descriptors using density functional theory (DFT), namely M06-2X functional. QSPR models predicting ΦΔ values were developed using multiple linear regression (MLR), which perform significantly better than other machine learning methods and show sufficient statistical parameters (R=0.88-0.91 and q2 =0.62-0.69) for all three solvents. A small root mean squared error of 8.2 % was obtained for ΦΔ values predicted using MLR model in toluene. As a result, we proved that QSPR and machine learning techniques can be useful for predicting ΦΔ values in different media and virtual screening of new heavy-atom-free BODIPYs with improved photosensitizing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Buglak
- Faculty of PhysicsSaint-Petersburg State UniversityUniversiteteskaya Emb. 7–9199034St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Asterios Charisiadis
- Chair of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin The University of Dublin152-160Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Aimee Sheehan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesTechnological University DublinCity Campus, Kevin StreetDublin 8Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Kingsbury
- Chair of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin The University of Dublin152-160Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenberg-Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
| | - Mikhail A. Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesTechnological University DublinCity Campus, Kevin StreetDublin 8Ireland
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12
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Piskorz J, Porolnik W, Kucinska M, Dlugaszewska J, Murias M, Mielcarek J. BODIPY-Based Photosensitizers as Potential Anticancer and Antibacterial Agents: Role of the Positive Charge and the Heavy Atom Effect. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:399-411. [PMID: 32964632 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Boron-dipyrromethene derivatives, including cationic and iodinated analogs, were obtained and subjected to physicochemical and in vitro photodynamic activity studies. Iodinated derivatives revealed a substantial heavy atom effect manifested by a bathochromic shift of the absorption band by about 30 nm and fluorescence intensity reduced by about 30-35 times, compared to that obtained for non-iodinated ones. In consequence, singlet oxygen generation significantly increased with ΦΔ values in the range 0.69-0.97. The in vitro photodynamic activity was evaluated on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and on human androgen-sensitive prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP). The novel cationic, iodinated BODIPY, demonstrated the highest activity toward all studied cells. An excellent cytotoxic effect was found against LNCaP cells with an IC50 value of 19.3 nM, whereas the viability of S. aureus was reduced by >5.6 log10 at 0.25 μM concentration and by >5.3 log10 in the case of E. coli at 5 μM. Thus, this analog seems to be a very promising candidate for the application in both anticancer and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Piskorz
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Porolnik
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kucinska
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Dojazd 30 Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dlugaszewska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego, Poznań, 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Dojazd 30 Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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13
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Mhlongo NZ, Ebenhan T, Driver CHS, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Govender T, Naicker T. Microwave-assisted synthesis of meso-carboxyalkyl-BODIPYs and an application to fluorescence imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7876-7883. [PMID: 32986056 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a significantly improved method for the synthesis of modular meso-BODIPY (boron dipyrromethene) derivatives possessing a free carboxylic acid group (which was subsequently coupled to peptides), is disclosed. This method provides a vastly efficient synthetic route with a > threefold higher overall yield than other reports. The resultant meso-BODIPY acid allowed for further easy incorporation into peptides. The meso-BODIPY peptides showed absorption maxima from 495-498 nm and emission maxima from 504-506 nm, molar absorptivity coefficients from 33 383-80 434 M-1 cm-1 and fluorescent quantum yields from 0.508-0.849. The meso-BODIPY-c(RGDyK) peptide was evaluated for plasma stability and (proved to be durable even up to 4 h) was then assessed for its fluorescence imaging applicability in vivo and ex vivo. The optical imaging in vivo was limited due to autofluorescence, however, the ex vivo tissue analysis displayed BODIPY-c(RGDyK) internalization and cancer detection thereby making it a novel tumor-integrin associated fluorescent probe while displaying the lack of interference the dye has on the properties of this ligand to bind the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neliswa Z Mhlongo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Malacarne MC, Banfi S, Caruso E. In vitro photodynamic treatment of cancer cells induced by aza-BODIPYs. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:790-799. [PMID: 33856674 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two aza-BODIPY photosensitizes (PSs, compounds 7 and 8), featuring an iodine atom on each pyrrolic unit of their structure, were synthesized in fairly good yields starting from commercial products and tested in vitro on two human cancer cell lines (HCT116 and SKOV3) to assess their photodynamic efficacy. After treating the cell cultures with variable concentrations of 7 or 8 and incubating for the desired incubation time, the cells were irradiated for two hours with a red-light emitting diode (LED) device; afterwards the extent of cell death was determined by MTT assay. Besides the killing effect, the new PSs were also studied to determine further parameters related to photodynamic efficacy, such as the resistance towards photobleaching, the rate of singlet oxygen production, the fluorescence quantum yields, the cellular uptake and the localization inside the cells and, finally, flow cytometric analysis for apoptosis. Considering the results as a whole, these aza-BODIPYs can be considered to be promising photosensitizers because of their IC50 values being below micromolar concentrations and for more rather interesting features. Actually, these molecules have proved to be: (a) quite stable towards photobleaching; (b) good producers of singlet oxygen and (c) highly penetrating the cells with a wide distribution in the cytosol. Furthermore, in accordance with the good rate of singlet oxygen production, the apoptotic cells reach 30% and this allows us to assume a low inflammatory effect of the in vivo PDT treatment; thus a possible in vivo application of these aza-BODIPYs might be plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Stefano Banfi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
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15
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BODIPYs in antitumoral and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An integrating review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Martinez Espinoza MI, Sori L, Pizzi A, Terraneo G, Moggio I, Arias E, Pozzi G, Orlandi S, Dichiarante V, Metrangolo P, Cavazzini M, Baldelli Bombelli F. BODIPY Dyes Bearing Multibranched Fluorinated Chains: Synthesis, Structural, and Spectroscopic Studies. Chemistry 2019; 25:9078-9087. [PMID: 31184410 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A small series of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes, characterized by the presence of multibranched fluorinated residues, were designed and synthesized. The dyes differ in both the position (para-perfluoroalkoxy-substituted phenyl ring or boron functionalization) and number of magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms (27 or 54 fluorine atoms per molecule). Photophysical and crystallographic characterization of the synthesized BODIPYs was carried out to evaluate the effect of the presence of highly fluorinated moieties on the optical and morphological properties of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Martinez Espinoza
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sori
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pizzi
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Moggio
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - Eduardo Arias
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM), National Research Council (CNR), 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Orlandi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM), National Research Council (CNR), 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Dichiarante
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cavazzini
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM), National Research Council (CNR), 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
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17
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On the synthesis, optical and computational studies of novel BODIPY-based phosphoramidate fluorescent dyes. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ruan Z, Miao W, Yuan P, Le L, Jiao L, Hao E, Yan L. High Singlet Oxygen Yield Photosensitizer Based Polypeptide Nanoparticles for Low-Power Near-Infrared Light Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3441-3451. [PMID: 30185031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NIR photosensitizer is attractive for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Low-power light irradiation and imaging-guided PDT makes it possible to increase tissue penetration depth. The pyrrole-substituted iodinated BODIPY (BDPI) molecule was designed and synthesized, and it possesses an intense NIR absorption and emission band, and exhibits a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ = 0.80) which leads remarkable cytotoxicity upon low power illumination (IC50 = 0.60 μg/mL, 6.1 mW/cm2). After being encapsulated with biocompatibility polypeptide PEG-PLys, polymeric micelles nanoparticles (PBDPI NPs) was obtained that are water-dispersed and passively tumor-targetable. Such enhanced accumulation in tumor area makes it easily traced in vivo due to its NIR fluorescence. In addition, such nanoparticles offer an unprecedented photodynamic therapeutic effect by using a low-power irradiation light, which makes it possible to kill cancer cells in deep tissue efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, iCHEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzai road 96 , Hefei , 230026 , Anhui , China
| | - Wei Miao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Anhui Normal University , No. 1 East Beijing Road , Wuhu , 241000 , Anhui , China
| | - Pan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, iCHEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzai road 96 , Hefei , 230026 , Anhui , China
| | - Liu Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, iCHEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzai road 96 , Hefei , 230026 , Anhui , China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Anhui Normal University , No. 1 East Beijing Road , Wuhu , 241000 , Anhui , China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Anhui Normal University , No. 1 East Beijing Road , Wuhu , 241000 , Anhui , China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, iCHEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzai road 96 , Hefei , 230026 , Anhui , China
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Zagami R, Sortino G, Caruso E, Malacarne MC, Banfi S, Patanè S, Monsù Scolaro L, Mazzaglia A. Tailored-BODIPY/Amphiphilic Cyclodextrin Nanoassemblies with PDT Effectiveness. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8639-8651. [PMID: 29936841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic cyclodextrins (aCDs) are an intriguing class of carrier systems which, recently, have been proposed to deliver porphyrinoids and anticancer drugs or combined dose of both for dual therapeutic applications. The design of nanoassemblies based on aCD and photosensitizers (PSs) aims to preserve the photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy of PS, reducing the tendency of PS to self-aggregate, without affecting the quantum yield of singlet oxygen (1O2) production, and, not less importantly, minimizing dark toxicity and reducing photosensitization effects. With this idea in mind, in this paper, we focus on nanoassemblies between a non-ionic aCD (SC6OH) and halo-alkyl tailored iodinated boron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPY) dye, a class of molecules which recently have been successfully proposed as a stimulating alternative to porphyrinoids for their high photodynamic efficacy. Nanoassemblies of BODIPY/aCD (BL01I@SC6OH) were prepared in different aqueous media by evaporation of mixed organic film of aCD and BODIPY, hydration, and sonication. The nanostructures were characterized, measuring their hydrodynamic diameter and ξ-potential and also evaluating their time-stability in biological relevant media. Taking advantage of emissive properties of the not-iodinated BODIPY analogue (BL01), nanoassemblies based on aCD and BL01 were investigated as model system to get insight on entanglement of BODIPY in the amphiphile in aqueous dispersion, pointing out that BODIPY is well-entrapped in monomeric form (τ ≅ 6.5 ns) within the colloidal carriers. Also morphology and fluorescence emission properties were elucidated after casting the solution on glass. BL01@SC6OH is easily detectable in cytoplasm of HCT116 cell lines, evidencing the remarkable intracellular penetration of this nanoassembly similar to free BODIPY. On the same cell lines, the photodynamically active assembly BL01I/aCD shows toxicity upon irradiation. Despite the fact that free BL01I is more PDT active than its assembly, aCD can modulate the cell uptake of BODIPY, pointing out the potential of this system for in vivo PDT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zagami
- CNR-ISMN c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche , Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali dell'Università di Messina , Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 , Messina , Italy
| | - G Sortino
- CNR-ISMN c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche , Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali dell'Università di Messina , Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 , Messina , Italy
| | - E Caruso
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV) , Università dell'Insubria , Via J.H. Dunant 3 , 21100 , Varese , Italy
| | - M C Malacarne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV) , Università dell'Insubria , Via J.H. Dunant 3 , 21100 , Varese , Italy
| | - S Banfi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV) , Università dell'Insubria , Via J.H. Dunant 3 , 21100 , Varese , Italy
| | - S Patanè
- Dipartimento di Scienze matematiche e informatiche, scienze fisiche e scienze della terra . Università di Messina , Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 , Messina , Italy
| | - L Monsù Scolaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali , University of Messina , Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 , Messina , Italy
- C.I.R.C.M.S.B , Unity of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - A Mazzaglia
- CNR-ISMN c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche , Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali dell'Università di Messina , Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 , Messina , Italy
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BODIPY photosensitizers based on PET and heavy atom effect: A comparative study on the efficient formation of excited triplet state and singlet oxygen in BODIPY dimers and monomers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Dichiara M, Prezzavento O, Marrazzo A, Pittalà V, Salerno L, Rescifina A, Amata E. Recent advances in drug discovery of phototherapeutic non-porphyrinic anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:459-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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