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Magalhães CM, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Investigation of the Chemiluminescent Reaction of a Fluorinated Analog of Marine Coelenterazine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:868. [PMID: 38399119 PMCID: PMC10890627 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence (BL) and chemiluminescence (CL) are remarkable processes in which light is emitted due to (bio)chemical reactions. These reactions have attracted significant attention for various applications, such as biosensing, bioimaging, and biomedicine. Some of the most relevant and well-studied BL/CL systems are that of marine imidazopyrazine-based compounds, among which Coelenterazine is a prime example. Understanding the mechanisms behind efficient chemiexcitation is essential for the optimization and development of practical applications for these systems. Here, the CL of a fluorinated Coelenterazine analog was studied using experimental and theoretical approaches to obtain insight into these processes. Experimental analysis revealed that CL is more efficient under basic conditions than under acidic ones, which could be attributed to the higher relative chemiexcitation efficiency of an anionic dioxetanone intermediate over a corresponding neutral species. However, theoretical calculations indicated that the reactions of both species are similarly associated with both electron and charge transfer processes, which are typically used to explain efficiency chemiexcitation. So, neither process appears to be able to explain the relative chemiexcitation efficiencies observed. In conclusion, this study provides further insight into the mechanisms behind the chemiexcitation of imidazopyrazinone-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
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2
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Xie JM, Cui XY, Liu H, Leng Y, Min CG, Ren AM. Theoretical investigation on triphenylamine coelenteramide for bioinspired OLED application using thiophene rings in π-bridge. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123324. [PMID: 37678042 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
As light emitter of most marine organisms bioluminescence, coelenteramide (CLM) received much attention due to some exciting application in the field of bioinspired organic light-emitting devices (OLED). Nevertheless, native CLM only emit bright blue light. In order to obtain light of different colors, two CLM analogues, TPA-CLM and TPA-TP-CLM were designed by introduction of triphenylamine group and (thiophene) π-bridge. On the other hand, because the light emitter, CLM was produced by the chemical reaction which originates from the oxidation of bioluminescent substrate, coelenterazine (CLZ), it must be evaluated if and how substituent group tune the chemiluminescent (CL) reaction mechanism, firstly. In this article, the complete chemiluminescent reaction mechanism of TPA-CLZ and TPA-TP-CLZ and the photophysical properties of light emitters, TPA-CLM and TPA-TP-CLM were investigated by (time-dependent) density functional theory, (TD) DFT calculations. The calculations indicate that the introduction of triphenylamine and π-bridge minimally affect the complete reaction process. For the light emitters, TPA-CLM and TPA-TP-CLM, the calculation results indicate that the injection abilities of hole and electron can be largely improved by introduction of triphenylamine and π-bridge. The absorption and emission spectra appeared at longer wavelengths than native CLM. These results illustrate that TPA-CLM and TPA-TP-CLM are good candidates for bioinspired OLED application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mei Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, PR China
| | - Yan Leng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China.
| | - Chun-Gang Min
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 PR China.
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, PR China.
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3
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Wu N, Duan ZQ, Ji BC, Bai YH. The crucial role of Y109 and R162 as catalytic residues of nanoKAZ: insights from molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantum chemical investigations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:295. [PMID: 37632522 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT nanoKAZ is a compact luciferase that exhibits intense blue light emission when it catalyzes the substrate Furimazine (FMZ) as a luciferin, making it an excellent candidate as a reporter protein. However, the specific catalytic residues and mechanism of nanoKAZ have not been revealed. Recently, the structure of nanoKAZ was determined, and it was observed that the luminescent properties changed when FMZ analogs with naphthalene replacing benzene were used. It is speculated that the substituted naphthalene may influence the interaction between the catalytic residues and luciferins, thereby affecting the energy of the emitted light signal. METHOD Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to analyze and compare the molecular recognition between nanoKAZ and FMZ along with its four activity-altered naphthalene analogs, with aiming to identify the catalytic residues. Molecular docking was employed to construct all nanoKAZ-luciferin models, followed by a 500 ns molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation trajectory was subjected to MM/PBSA analysis to identify crucial residues that contribute significantly to luciferin binding. In the result, two polar residues Y109, and R162 were identified as active residues as their notable contributions to the binding energy. Subsequently, an oxygen molecule was introduced into the local region of the nanoKAZ-FMZ complex and followed with quantum chemical calculations (semiempirical and DFT methods were used) to investigate the catalysis details. The results illustrated the involvement of Y109 and R162 in the oxygenation of FMZ, leading to the formation of dioxetanone, which has been suggested as an important intermediate in the oxidation process among various luciferins sharing the same functional group as FMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 136 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qiang Duan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 136 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Cheng Ji
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 136 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Bai
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 136 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Xie JM, Leng Y, Cui XY, Min CG, Ren AM, Liu G, Yin Q. Theoretical Study on the Formation and Decomposition Mechanisms of Coelenterazine Dioxetanone. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3804-3813. [PMID: 37083412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence has been drawing broad attention due to its high signal-to-noise ratio and high bioluminescence quantum yields, which has been widely applied in the fields of biomedicine, bioanalysis, and so on. Among numerous bioluminescent substrates, coelenterazine is famous for its wide distribution. However, the oxygenation reaction mechanism of coelenterazine is far from being completely understood. In this paper, the formation and decomposition mechanisms of coelenterazine dioxetanone were investigated via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD) DFT approaches. The results showed that the oxygenation reaction first occurred along the triplet-state potential energy surface (PES), after the intersystem crossing (ISC), second jumped to the diradical-state PES, and ultimately formed coelenterazine dioxetanone. For the decomposition mechanism of dioxetanone, the computational results showed that the chemiexcitation of neutral dioxetanone was more efficient than that of other dioxetanone species. Moreover, the diradical properties and the degree of ionic character are modified by the counter ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mei Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Cui
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Chun-Gang Min
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Chemical and Industrial Bioengineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, P. R. China
| | - Qinhong Yin
- Faculty of Narcotics Control, Yunnan Police College, Kunming 650223, P. R. China
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5
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Natashin PV, Burakova LP, Kovaleva MI, Shevtsov MB, Dmitrieva DA, Eremeeva EV, Markova SV, Mishin AV, Borshchevskiy VI, Vysotski ES. The Role of Tyr-His-Trp Triad and Water Molecule Near the N1-Atom of 2-Hydroperoxycoelenterazine in Bioluminescence of Hydromedusan Photoproteins: Structural and Mutagenesis Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076869. [PMID: 37047842 PMCID: PMC10095345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydromedusan photoproteins responsible for the bioluminescence of a variety of marine jellyfish and hydroids are a unique biochemical system recognized as a stable enzyme-substrate complex consisting of apoprotein and preoxygenated coelenterazine, which is tightly bound in the protein inner cavity. The binding of calcium ions to the photoprotein molecule is only required to initiate the light emission reaction. Although numerous experimental and theoretical studies on the bioluminescence of these photoproteins were performed, many features of their functioning are yet unclear. In particular, which ionic state of dioxetanone intermediate decomposes to yield a coelenteramide in an excited state and the role of the water molecule residing in a proximity to the N1 atom of 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine in the bioluminescence reaction are still under discussion. With the aim to elucidate the function of this water molecule as well as to pinpoint the amino acid residues presumably involved in the protonation of the primarily formed dioxetanone anion, we constructed a set of single and double obelin and aequorin mutants with substitutions of His, Trp, Tyr, and Ser to residues with different properties of side chains and investigated their bioluminescence properties (specific activity, bioluminescence spectra, stopped-flow kinetics, and fluorescence spectra of Ca2+-discharged photoproteins). Moreover, we determined the spatial structure of the obelin mutant with a substitution of His64, the key residue of the presumable proton transfer, to Phe. On the ground of the bioluminescence properties of the obelin and aequorin mutants as well as the spatial structures of the obelin mutants with the replacements of His64 and Tyr138, the conclusion was made that, in fact, His residue of the Tyr-His-Trp triad and the water molecule perform the "catalytic function" by transferring the proton from solvent to the dioxetanone anion to generate its neutral ionic state in complex with water, as only the decomposition of this form of dioxetanone can provide the highest light output in the light-emitting reaction of the hydromedusan photoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Natashin
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Burakova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Margarita I Kovaleva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Mikhail B Shevtsov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Daria A Dmitrieva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Elena V Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Markova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valentin I Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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6
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Pedro Silva J, González-Berdullas P, Pereira M, Duarte D, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Vale N, Esteves da Silva JC, Pinto da Silva L. Evaluation of the anticancer activity and chemiluminescence of a halogenated coelenterazine analog. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) utilizing chemiexcitation for energy transformation is one of the most highly sensitive and useful analytical techniques. The chemiexcitation is a chemical process of a ground-state reactant producing an excited-state product, in which a nonadiabatic event is facilitated by conical intersections (CIs), the specific molecular geometries where electronic states are degenerated. Cyclic peroxides, especially 1,2-dioxetane/dioxetanone derivatives, are the iconic chemiluminescent substances. In this Perspective, we concentrated on the CIs in the CL of cyclic peroxides. We first present a computational overview on the role of CIs between the ground (S0) state and the lowest singlet excited (S1) state in the thermolysis of cyclic peroxides. Subsequently, we discuss the role of the S0/S1 CI in the CL efficiency and point out misunderstandings in some theoretical studies on the singlet chemiexcitations of cyclic peroxides. Finally, we address the challenges and future prospects in theoretically calculating S0/S1 CIs and simulating the dynamics and chemiexcitation efficiency in the CL of cyclic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yue
- Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710049, China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai519087, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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8
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Sousa J, Magalhães CM, González-Berdullas P, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Comparative Investigation of the Chemiluminescent Properties of a Dibrominated Coelenterazine Analog. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158490. [PMID: 35955625 PMCID: PMC9369366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemi- and bioluminescence are remarkable light-emitting phenomena, in which thermal energy is converted into excitation energy due to a (bio)chemical reaction. Among a wide variety of chemi-/bioluminescent systems, one of the most well-known and studied systems is that of marine imidazopyrazinones, such as Coelenterazine and Cypridina luciferin. Due to the increasing usefulness of their chemi-/bioluminescent reactions in terms of imaging and sensing applications, among others, significant effort has been made over the years by researchers to develop new derivatives with enhanced properties. Herein, we report the synthesis and chemiluminescent characterization of a novel dibrominated Coelenterazine analog. This novel compound consistently showed superior luminescence, in terms of total light output and emission lifetime, to natural imidazopyrazinones and commercially available analogs in aprotic media, while being capable of yellow light emission. Finally, this new compound showed enhanced chemiluminescence in an aqueous solution when triggered by superoxide anion, showing potential to be used as a basis for optimized probes for reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, bromination of the imidazopyrazinone scaffold appears to be a suitable strategy for obtaining Coelenterazines with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Carla M. Magalhães
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.S.); (C.M.M.); (P.G.-B.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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9
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Tuning the Intramolecular Chemiexcitation of Neutral Dioxetanones by Interaction with Ionic Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123861. [PMID: 35744984 PMCID: PMC9228516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular chemiexcitation of high-energy peroxide intermediates, such as dioxetanones, is an essential step in different chemi- and bioluminescent reactions. Here, we employed the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) methodology to evaluate if and how external stimuli tune the intramolecular chemiexcitation of model dioxetanones. More specifically, we evaluated whether the strategic placement of ionic species near a neutral dioxetanone model could tune its thermolysis and chemiexcitation profile. We found that these ionic species allow for the “dark” catalysis of the thermolysis reaction by reducing the activation barrier to values low enough to be compatible with efficient chemi- and bioluminescent reactions. Furthermore, while the inclusion of these species negatively affected the chemiexcitation profile compared with neutral dioxetanones, these profiles appear to be at least as efficient as anionic dioxetanones. Thus, our results demonstrated that the intramolecular chemiexcitation of neutral dioxetanones can be tuned by external stimuli in such a way that their activation barriers are decreased. Thus, these results could help to reconcile findings that neutral dioxetanones could be responsible for efficient chemi-/bioluminescence, while being typically associated with high activation parameters.
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10
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Magalhães C, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Theoretical Study of the Thermolysis Reaction and Chemiexcitation of Coelenterazine Dioxetanes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3486-3494. [PMID: 35612291 PMCID: PMC9776548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coelenterazine and other imidazopyrazinones are important bioluminescent substrates widespread in marine species and can be found in eight phyla of luminescent organisms. Light emission from these systems is caused by the formation and subsequent thermolysis of a dioxetanone intermediate, whose decomposition allows for efficient chemiexcitation to singlet excited states. Interestingly, some studies have also reported the involvement of unexpected dioxetane intermediates in the chemi- and bioluminescent reactions of Coelenterazine, albeit with little information on the underlying mechanisms of these new species. Herein, we have employed a theoretical approach based on density functional theory to study for the first time the thermolysis reaction and chemiexcitation profile of two Coelenterazine dioxetanes. We have found that the thermolysis reactions of these species are feasible but with relevant energetic differences. More importantly, we found that the singlet chemiexcitation profiles of these dioxetanes are significantly less efficient than the corresponding dioxetanones. Furthermore, we identified triplet chemiexcitation pathways for the Coelenterazine dioxetanes. Given this, the chemiexcitation of these dioxetanes should lead only to minimal luminescence. Thus, our theoretical investigation of these systems indicates that the thermolysis of these dioxetanes should only provide "dark" pathways for the formation of nonluminescent degradation products of the chemi- and bioluminescent reactions of Coelenterazine and other imidazopyrazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla
M. Magalhães
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal,LACOMEPHI,
GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial
Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University
of Porto (FCUP), Rua
do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry
Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal,LACOMEPHI,
GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial
Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University
of Porto (FCUP), Rua
do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
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11
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Development of a Coelenterazine Derivative with Enhanced Superoxide Anion-Triggered Chemiluminescence in Aqueous Solution. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) of biological interest. More specifically, it plays a role in intra- and intercellular signaling, besides being associated with conditions such as inflammation and cancer. Given this, efforts have been made by the research community to devise new sensing strategies for this ROS species. Among them, the chemiluminescent reaction of marine Coelenterazine has been employed as a sensitive and dynamic probing approach. Nevertheless, chemiluminescent reactions are typically associated with lower emissions in aqueous solutions. Herein, here we report the synthesis of a new Coelenterazine derivative with the potential for superoxide anion sensing. Namely, this novel compound is capable of chemiluminescence in a dose-dependent manner when triggered by this ROS species. More importantly, the light-emission intensities provided by this derivative were relevantly enhanced (intensities 2.13 × 101 to 1.11 × 104 times higher) in aqueous solutions at different pH conditions when compared to native Coelenterazine. The half-life of the chemiluminescent signal is also greatly increased for the derivative. Thus, a new chemiluminescence molecule with significant potential for superoxide anion sensing was discovered and reported for the first time.
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12
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Rationalizing the Role of Electron/Charge Transfer in the Intramolecular Chemiexcitation of Dioxetanone-Based Chemi-/Bioluminescent Systems. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Liu CX, Liu QB, Dong K, Huang SJ, Yang XK, Ren AM, Min CG, Liu G. Theoretically obtained insight into the effect of basic amino acids on Cypridina bioluminescence. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Magalhães CM, González-Berdullas P, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Elucidating the chemiexcitation of dioxetanones by replacing the peroxide bond with S–S, N–N and C–C bonds. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the peroxide bond of dioxetanone prevents chemiluminescence by making its thermolysis energetically unfavorable and without a singlet chemiexcitation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Sahihi M, Sanz García J, Navizet I. Bioluminescent Nanoluciferase–Furimamide Complex: A Theoretical Study on Different Protonation States. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2539-2548. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sahihi
- MSME, Univ Gustave Eiffel, UPEC, CNRS, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Juan Sanz García
- MSME, Univ Gustave Eiffel, UPEC, CNRS, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Isabelle Navizet
- MSME, Univ Gustave Eiffel, UPEC, CNRS, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
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16
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Ma Y. Elucidating the multi-configurational character of the firefly dioxetanone anion and its prototypes in the biradical region using full valence active spaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4957-4966. [PMID: 32073078 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the near-degenerate states of the firefly dioxetanone anion (FDO-) and its prototypes, especially in the biradical region, using multi-configurational approaches. The importance of utilizing full valence active spaces by means of density-matrix renormalization group self-consistent field (DMRG-SCF) calculations was described. Our results revealed that the neglect of some valence orbitals can affect the quantitative accuracy in later multi-reference calculations or the qualitative conclusion when optimizing conical intersections. Using all of the relevant valence orbitals of FDO-, we confirmed that there were two conical intersections, as reported in previous work, and that the intersecting states were changed when the active space was enlarged. Beyond these, we found that there were strong interactions between states in the biradical regions, in which the changes in entanglements can be used to visualize the interacting state evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjin Ma
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and Center of Scientific Computing Applications & Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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17
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Effect of bulky aryl group on the optical properties of Cypridina oxyluciferin analogues. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Min CG, Liu QB, Leng Y, Magalhães CM, Huang SJ, Liu CX, Yang XK, da Silva LP. Mechanistic Insight into the Chemiluminescent Decomposition of Cypridina Dioxetanone and the Chemiluminescent, Fluorescent Properties of the Light Emitter of Cypridina Bioluminescence. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4393-4401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gang Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Carla M. Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Shao-Jun Huang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xia Liu
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Kun Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P. R. China
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Pinto da Silva L, Núnez-Montenegro A, Magalhães CM, Ferreira PJO, Duarte D, González-Berdullas P, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Vale N, Esteves da Silva JCG. Single-molecule chemiluminescent photosensitizer for a self-activating and tumor-selective photodynamic therapy of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111683. [PMID: 31514060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While photodynamic therapy is known for significant advantages over conventional cancer therapies, its dependence on light has limited it to treating tumors on or just under the skin or on the outer lining of organs/cavities. Herein, we have developed a single-molecule photosensitizer capable of intracellular self-activation and with potential tumor-selectivity due to a chemiluminescent reaction involving only a cancer marker. Thus, the photosensitizer is directly chemiexcited to a triplet excited state capable of generating singlet oxygen, without requiring either a light source or any catalyst/co-factor. Cytotoxicity assays involving the photosensitizer show significant toxicity toward tumor cells, even better than reference drugs, while not inducing toxicity toward normal cells. This work provides a proof-of-concept for a novel type of photosensitizer that eliminates the current restrictions that photodynamic therapy presents regarding tumor size and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ara Núnez-Montenegro
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla M Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J O Ferreira
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricia González-Berdullas
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - José E Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Liu Q, Leng Y, Huang S, Liu C, Yang X, Ren A, Min C. The Fluorescent Properties of pH‐Independent Cypridina Oxyluciferin Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Research Center for Analysis and MeasurementKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Faculty of Chemical EngineeringKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Shao‐Jun Huang
- Research Center for Analysis and MeasurementKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Chun‐Xia Liu
- Research Center for Analysis and MeasurementKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Xi‐Kun Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and MeasurementKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 P. R. China
| | - Ai‐Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130023 P. R. China
| | - Chun‐Gang Min
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Research Center for Analysis and MeasurementKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 P. R. China
- Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 P. R. China
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21
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Giussani A, Farahani P, Martínez‐Muñoz D, Lundberg M, Lindh R, Roca‐Sanjuán D. Molecular Basis of the Chemiluminescence Mechanism of Luminol. Chemistry 2019; 25:5202-5213. [PMID: 30720222 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Giussani
- Institut de Ciència MolecularUniversitat de València P.O. Box 22085 València Spain
| | - Pooria Farahani
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH)KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Daniel Martínez‐Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University P.O. Box 538 75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University P.O. Box 538 75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University P.O. Box 538 75121 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Daniel Roca‐Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència MolecularUniversitat de València P.O. Box 22085 València Spain
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22
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Brodl E, Winkler A, Macheroux P. Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Bioluminescence. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:551-564. [PMID: 30546856 PMCID: PMC6279958 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence refers to the production of light by living organisms. Bioluminescent bacteria with a variety of bioluminescence emission characteristics have been identified in Vibrionaceae, Shewanellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Bioluminescent bacteria are mainly found in marine habitats and they are either free-floating, sessile or have specialized to live in symbiosis with other marine organisms. On the molecular level, bioluminescence is enabled by a cascade of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes encoded by the lux operon with the gene order luxCDABEG. The luxA and luxB genes encode the α- and β- subunits, respectively, of the enzyme luciferase producing the light emitting species. LuxC, luxD and luxE constitute the fatty acid reductase complex, responsible for the synthesis of the long-chain aldehyde substrate and luxG encodes a flavin reductase. In bacteria, the heterodimeric luciferase catalyzes the monooxygenation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to the corresponding acids utilizing reduced FMN and molecular oxygen. The energy released as a photon results from an excited state flavin-4a-hydroxide, emitting light centered around 490 nm. Advances in the mechanistic understanding of bacterial bioluminescence have been spurred by the structural characterization of protein encoded by the lux operon. However, the number of available crystal structures is limited to LuxAB (Vibrio harveyi), LuxD (Vibrio harveyi) and LuxF (Photobacterium leiognathi). Based on the crystal structure of LuxD and homology models of LuxC and LuxE, we provide a hypothetical model of the overall structure of the LuxCDE fatty acid reductase complex that is in line with biochemical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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23
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Magalhães CM, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Comparative study of the chemiluminescence of coelenterazine, coelenterazine-e and Cypridina luciferin with an experimental and theoretical approach. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 190:21-31. [PMID: 30453161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Imidazopyrazinone is a typical scaffold present in marine bioluminescence, in which thermal energy is converted into excitation energy in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. In fact, the imidazopyrazinone scaffold is a common link among organisms of eight phyla. The characterization of the light emission mechanism is essential for the development of future applications in bioimaging, bioanalysis and biomedicine. Herein, we have studied the chemiluminescent reaction of three commercially-available imidazopyrazinones (Cypridina luciferin, Coelenterazine and Coelenterazine-e) in several aprotic solvents at different pH. We have found that at acidic pH only DMF and DMSO consistently present high light emission, while chemiluminescence in other solvents is negligible. We have attributed this to the inability of most solvents to allow for the deprotonation of the imidazopyrazinone core, thereby preventing the oxygenation step. We have also observed that increasing the pH of the solution leads to the inhibition of chemiluminescence, which we attributed to the deprotonation of the dioxetanone intermediate, as the neutral species is the one associated with efficient chemiexcitation. We have also observed that the pKa of dioxetanone increases with the dielectric constant of the medium. Finally, our work indicated that the chemiexcitation yield increases with increasing polarity of the medium, due to a reduced transition dipole moment associated with S0 → S1 transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Magalhães
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- LACOMEPHI, GreenUP, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LACOMEPHI, GreenUP, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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24
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QM/MM Investigations on the Bioluminescent Decomposition of Coelenterazine Dioxetanone in Obelin. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-8237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Min CG, Liu QB, Leng Y, Huang SJ, Liu CX, Yang XK, Ren AM, Pinto da Silva L. Development of firefly oxyluciferin derivatives as pH sensitive fluorescent Probes: A DFT/TDDFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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