Composition of Xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris using produced water from a carbonated oil field through Raman spectroscopy

Characterization of xanthan gum-metal complexes biosynthesized using a medium containing produced water and cassava processing residues

The use of residues from petroleum and crop industries is a feasible and sustainable alternative approach for the production of xanthan gum (XG). This study aimed to evaluate the biosynthesis of XG and the resulting final product obtained using Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis 1182 in a medium containing produced water (PW) and cassava processing residues. The combined use of PW and cassava crop residues was beneficial for XG production, achieving a product yield of 6.80 g L-1. The micrographs of recovered XG revealed the presence of elongated fiber-like microstructures rather than large agglomerates. The X-ray diffraction profiles of recovered xanthan comprised well-defined peaks rather than an amorphous halo. The thermogravimetry profiles revealed the presence of approximately 60 % of remaining solids in recovered xanthan, in contrast to 30 % in the commercial sample. All the samples demonstrated a pseudoplastic behavior; however, the consistency indices of the recovered samples were approximately 50-times lower than those of commercial XG. The emulsification indices of the recovered XG were > 50 % and comparable to those of commercial xanthan. In this study, for the first time, we obtained a complex XG-metal structure possessing a high emulsification capacity and low viscosity.

Data-driven intelligent modeling, optimization, and global sensitivity analysis of a xanthan gum biosynthesis process

In this study, the focus was to produce xanthan gum from pineapple waste using Xanthomonas campestris. Six machine learning models were employed to optimize fermentation time and key metabolic stimulants (KH2PO4 and NH4NO3). The production of xanthan gum was optimized using two evolutionary optimization algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm while the importance of input features was ranked using global sensitivity analysis. KH2PO4 was the most important input and was found to be beneficial for xanthan gum production, while a limited amount of nitrogen was needed. The extreme learning machine model was the most adequate for modeling xanthan gum production, predicting a maximum xanthan yield of 10.34 g/l (an 11.9 % increase over the control) at a fermentation time of 3 days, KH2PO4 of 15 g/l, and NH4NO3 of 2 g/l. This study has provided important insights into the intelligent modeling of a biostimulated process for valorizing pineapple waste.

Microbial exopolysaccharide: Sources, stress conditions, properties and application in food and environment: A comprehensive review

Microbial glucan or exopolysaccharides (EPS) have caught an eye of researchers from decades. The unique characteristics of EPS make it suitable for various food and environmental applications. This review overviews the different types of exopolysaccharides, sources, stress conditions, properties, characterization techniques and applications in food and environment. The yield and production condition of EPS is a major factor affecting the cost and its applications. Stress conditions are very important as it stimulates the microorganism for enhanced EPS production and affects its properties. As far as application is concerned specific properties of EPS such as, hydrophilicity, less oil uptake behavior, film forming ability, adsorption potential have applications in both food and environment sector. Novel and improved method of production, feed stock and right choice of microorganisms with stress conditions are critical for desired functionality and yield of the EPS.

Resorbable membrane design: In vitro characterization of silver doped-hydroxyapatite-reinforced XG/PEI semi-IPN composite

In this study, the production and characterization of silver-doped hydroxyapatite (AgHA) reinforced Xanthan gum (XG) and Polyethyleneimine (PEI) reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) biocomposite, known to be used as bone cover material for therapeutic purposes in bone tissue, were performed. XG/PEI IPN films containing 2AgHA nanoparticles were produced by simultaneous condensation and ionic gelation. Characteristics of 2AgHA-XG/PEI nanocomposite film were evaluated by structural, morphological (SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA, TM, and Raman) and biological activity analysis (degradation, MTT, genotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity) techniques. In the physicochemical characterization, it was determined that 2AgHA nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the XG/PEI-IPN membrane at high concentration and the thermal and mechanical stability of the formed film were high. The nanocomposites showed high antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter Baumannii (A.Baumannii), Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), and Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans). L929 exhibited good biocompatibility for fibroblast cells and was determined to support the formation of MCC cells. It was shown that a resorbable 2AgHA-XG/PEI composite material was obtained with a high degradation rate and 64% loss of mass at the end of the 7th day. Physico-chemically developed biocompatible and biodegradable XG-2AgHA/PEI nanocomposite semi-IPN films possessed an important potential for the treatment of defects in bone tissue as an easily applicable bone cover. Besides, it was noted that 2AgHA-XG/PEI biocomposite could increase cell viability, especially in dental-bone treatments for coating, filling, and occlusion.

Sustainable Biodegradable Biopolymer-Based Nanoparticles for Healthcare Applications

Biopolymeric nanoparticles are gaining importance as nanocarriers for various biomedical applications, enabling long-term and controlled release at the target site. Since they are promising delivery systems for various therapeutic agents and offer advantageous properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and stability compared to various toxic metal nanoparticles, we decided to provide an overview on this topic. Therefore, the review focuses on the use of biopolymeric nanoparticles of animal, plant, algal, fungal, and bacterial origin as a sustainable material for potential use as drug delivery systems. A particular focus is on the encapsulation of many different therapeutic agents categorized as bioactive compounds, drugs, antibiotics, and other antimicrobial agents, extracts, and essential oils into protein- and polysaccharide-based nanocarriers. These show promising benefits for human health, especially for successful antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The review article, divided into protein-based and polysaccharide-based biopolymeric nanoparticles and further according to the origin of the biopolymer, enables the reader to select the appropriate biopolymeric nanoparticles more easily for the incorporation of the desired component. The latest research results from the last five years in the field of the successful production of biopolymeric nanoparticles loaded with various therapeutic agents for healthcare applications are included in this review.

CaCO3 loaded lipid microspheres prepared by the solid-in-oil-in-water emulsions technique with propylene glycol alginate and xanthan gum

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is difficult to deliver in food matrices due to its poor solubility. In this work, CaCO3 powders were encapsulated into Solid-in-Oil-in-Water (S/O/W) emulsions to fabricate delivery systems. The impact of the concentrations of propylene glycol alginate and Xanthan gum (PGA-XG) complexes on the physical stability and structural characteristics of S/O/W calcium-lipid emulsions microspheres were studied. The S/O/W calcium-lipid emulsions were characterized by the particle size, zeta potential, physical stability, and apparent viscosity. The S/O/W calcium-lipid emulsion has higher physical stability (including 6-week storage at 4°C), smaller mean particle size (7.60 ± 1.10 μm), and higher negative zeta-potential (45.91 ± 0.97 mV) when the concentration of PGA-XG complexes was 0.8 wt%. Moreover, Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images confirmed that the CaCO3 powders were encapsulated in the O phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that S/O/W calcium-lipid emulsion was spherical. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis further confirmed that CaCO3 was loaded in the S/O/W calcium-lipid emulsion as an amorphous state. The formation mechanism of S/O/W calcium-lipid microspheres was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectrum analysis. This study provided new ideas that accelerate the creation of a novel type of calcium preparation with higher quality utilization.

Up-recycling oil produced water as the media-base for the production of xanthan gum

Produced water (PW) and crude glycerin (CG) are compounds overproduced by the oil and biodiesel industry and significant scientific efforts are being applied for properly recycling them. The aim of this research is to combine such industrial byproducts for sustaining the production of xanthan by Xanthomonas campestris. Xanthan yields and viscosity on distinct PW ratios (0, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100) and on 100% dialyzed PW (DPW) in shaker batch testing identified DPW treatment as the best approach for further bioreactor experiments. Such experiments showed a xanthan yield of 17.3 g/L within 54 h and a viscosity of 512 mPa s. Physical-chemical characterization (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy) showed similarities between the produced gum and the experimental control. This research shows a clear alternative for upcycling high salinity PW and CG for the generation of a valued bioproduct for the oil industry.

Nanomaterials for application in wound Healing: current state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Nanoparticles are the gateway to the new era in drug delivery of biocompatible agents. Several products have emerged from nanomaterials in quest of developing practical wound healing dressings that are nonantigenic, antishear stress, and gas-exchange permeable. Numerous studies have isolated and characterised various wound healing nanomaterials and nanoproducts. The electrospinning of natural and synthetic materials produces fine products that can be mixed with other wound healing medications and herbs. Various produced nanomaterials are highly influential in wound healing experimental models and can be used commercially as well. This article reviewed the current state-of-the-art and briefly specified the future concerns regarding the different systems of nanomaterials in wound healing (i.e., inorganic nanomaterials, organic and hybrid nanomaterials, and nanofibers). This review may be a comprehensive guidance to help health care professionals identify the proper wound healing materials to avoid the usual wound complications.

Production and viscosity of Xanthan Gum are increased by LED irradiation of X. campestris cultivated in medium containing produced water of the oil industry

Oil recovery is a challenge and microbial enhanced oil recovery is an option. We theorized that the use of produced water (PW) with photo-stimulation could influence both production and viscosity of Xanthan gum. This study aimed at the evaluation of the effect of photo-stimulation by λ630 ± 1 ηm LED light on the biosynthesis of Xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris IBSBF 2103 strain reusing PW of the oil industry. We assessed the effect of photo-stimulation by LED light (λ630 nm) on the biosynthesis of Xanthan gum produced by X. campestris in medium containing produced water. Different energy densities applied during the microbial growth phase were tested. The highest production was achieved when using 12 J/cm2 LED light (p < 0.01). Three protocols were assessed: Non-irradiated (Control), Irradiation with LED light during the growth phase (LEDgrowth) and Irradiation with LED light during both growth and production phases (LED growth+production). Both the amount and viscosity of the xanthan gum was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the group LEDgrowth+production. The study showed that LED irradiation (λ630 ± 1 ηm) during both the growth and production phases of the biopolymer increased both the production and viscosity of Xanthan gum.

Physicochemical impact of bioactive terpenes on the microalgae biomass structural characteristics

This study aimed to evaluate the functionality of bioactive terpenes on Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; AP) and Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris; CV) biomasses. The two microalgae species were treated with 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% of thymol (THY), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), menthol (MEN), and vanillin (VAN). Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS) was correlated with other physicochemical methods to confirm their functional mechanisms. In results, THY (0.1%) decreased (P < 0.05) RMS intensity at 1196 cm-1 that represents the protein's secondary amines wavenumber. Also, VAN (0.1%) decreased significantly A. platensis α-helix to 16.60 ± 0.52% compared to the control with 19.83 ± 0.32%. While, 0.1% TC increased (P < 0.05) the viscosity to 2.52 ± 0.61 Pa.s. This work demonstrated that terpenes could differently affect the physicochemical structure of microalgae biomass. The RMS's uniqueness comes from its ability to evaluate the functionality of terpenes during microalgae cultivation. Besides, chemometrics led to focus on the most important variances.