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Hora PS, Nogueira Junior JRDJ, Couto RD, Campos LMDCC, Soares TDJ, Casais-E-Silva LL, Souza SID. Renal functional and structural alterations induced by intramuscular injection of Bothrops leucurus venom. Toxicon 2023; 234:107265. [PMID: 37673342 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main cause of death from Bothrops snakebite. Although many studies have investigated the nephrotoxicity induced by other Bothrops species, no study has assessed the renal alterations induced by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of Bothrops leucurus venom. In this study, we evaluated the nephrotoxicity induced by B. leucurus venom by analyzing renal function and histology. Wistar rats were submitted to i. m. injection of B. leucurus venom or saline and divided into two groups: Control group (C), rats submitted to i. m. injections of saline, and B. leucurus group (Bl), rats submitted to i. m. injections of B. leucurus venom (1 mg/kg). After venom or saline injection, serum and urine were collected to measure creatinine, albumin, sodium, and potassium levels. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary flow urinary, creatinine/serum creatinine ratio, and albuminuria-urinary creatinine ratio were determined. All rats were euthanized 72 h following the injections, and the kidneys were removed for histology and immunohistochemical studies. B. leucurus experimental envenoming was accompanied by an increase of 236% in serum creatine kinase activity in the Bl group. The weights of the right and left kidneys were, respectively, 26 and 22% higher in rats of the Bl group than in control rats. Regarding renal function, the Bl group showed a decrease of 37% in GFR compared to control group. The rats of the Bl group also presented increased cortical (8.20 ± 1.35) and medullar (6.17 ± 2.00) tubulointerstitial lesion area when compared to control group (0.02 ± 0.00) (1.20 ± 0.73), respectively. The number of macrophages was also higher in the renal cortex (6.66 ± 0.06) and medulla (1.22 ± 0.10) of rats from the Bl group when compared to control rats (1.04 ± 0.55), (0.65 ± 0.10), respectively. Our results indicate that B. leucurus venom promoted significant histological and functional renal alterations following intramuscular inoculation, which simulates the majority of snakebites observed in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Santos Hora
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029094, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo David Couto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170115, Brazil
| | | | - Telma de Jesus Soares
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029094, Brazil
| | | | - Samira Itana de Souza
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40231300, Brazil.
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Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation Enhances Oxidative Redox Capacity in Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Bothrops jararacussu Venom and Isolated PLA2s. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5266211. [PMID: 35872869 PMCID: PMC9307370 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5266211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy associated with conventional antivenom treatment has been shown to be effective in reducing the local effects caused by bothropic venoms in preclinical studies. In this study, we analyzed the influence of photobiomodulation using light emitting diode (LED) on the oxidative stress produced by murine macrophages stimulated with Bothrops jararacussu venom and it isolated toxins BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Under LED treatment, we evaluated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase as well as the release of hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. To investigate whether NADPH oxidase complex activation and mitochondrial pathways could contribute to hydrogen peroxide production by macrophages, we tested the effect of two selective inhibitors, apocynin and CCCP3, respectively. Our results showed that LED therapy was able to decrease the production of hydrogen peroxide and the liberation of lactate dehydrogenase, indicating less cell damage. In addition, the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase increased in response to LED treatment. The effect of LED treatment on macrophages was inhibited by CCCP3, but not by apocynin. These findings show that LED photobiomodulation treatment protects macrophages, at least in part, by reducing oxidative stress caused B. jararacussu venom and toxins.
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Dias ÊR, de Oliveira LA, Sales Lauria PS, Bordon KDCF, Rodrigues Domênico AM, da Silva Guerreiro ML, Wiezel GA, Cardoso IA, Rossini BC, Marino CL, Pimenta DC, Arantes EC, Casais-e-Silva LL, Branco A, dos Santos LD, Biondi I. Bothrops leucurus snake venom protein profile, isolation and biological characterization of its major toxin PLA2s-likeds. Toxicon 2022; 213:27-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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