1
|
Tani Y, Miyata K, Ou E, Oshima Y, Komura M, Terasaki M, Kimura S, Ehara T, Kubo K, Onda K, Ogawa T. Fast, efficient, narrowband room-temperature phosphorescence from metal-free 1,2-diketones: rational design and the mechanism. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10784-10793. [PMID: 39027300 PMCID: PMC11253173 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We report metal-free organic 1,2-diketones that exhibit fast and highly efficient room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with high colour purity under various conditions, including solutions. RTP quantum yields reached 38.2% in solution under Ar, 54% in a polymer matrix in air, and 50% in crystalline solids in air. Moreover, the narrowband RTP consistently dominated the steady-state emission, regardless of the molecular environment. Detailed mechanistic studies using ultrafast spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, and theoretical calculations revealed picosecond intersystem crossing (ISC) followed by RTP from a planar conformation. Notably, the phosphorescence rate constant k p was unambiguously established as ∼5000 s-1, which is comparable to that of platinum porphyrins (representative heavy-metal phosphor). This inherently large k p enabled the high-efficiency RTP across diverse molecular environments, thus complementing the streamlined persistent RTP approach. The mechanism behind the photofunction has been elucidated as follows: (1) the large k p is due to efficient intensity borrowing of the T1 state from the bright S3 state, (2) the rapid ISC occurs from the S1 to the T3 state because these states are nearly isoenergetic and have a considerable spin-orbit coupling, and (3) the narrowband emission results from the minimal geometry change between the T1 and S0 states. Such mechanistic understanding based on molecular orbitals, as well as the structure-RTP property relationship study, highlighted design principles embodied by the diketone planar conformer. The fast RTP strategy enables development of organic phosphors with emissions independent of environmental conditions, thereby offering alternatives to precious-metal based phosphors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University Suita Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Erika Ou
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yuya Oshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Mao Komura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Morihisa Terasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Shuji Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takumi Ehara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koki Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takuji Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turecka K, Chylewska A, Dąbrowska AM, Hałasa R, Orlewska C, Waleron K. Ru(II) Oxygen Sensors for Co(III) Complexes and Amphotericin B Antifungal Activity Detection by Phosphorescence Optical Respirometry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108744. [PMID: 37240092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of oxygen consumption is an important element in the understanding of an organism's metabolic state. Oxygen is also a phosphorescence quencher, which allows the evaluation of phosphorescence emitted by oxygen sensors. Two Ru(II)-based oxygen-sensitive sensors were used to study the effect of chemical compounds [(1) = [CoCl2(dap)2]Cl, and (2) = [CoCl2(en)2]Cl (AmB = amphotericin B) against reference and clinical strains of Candida albicans. The tris-[(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)] chloride ([Ru(DPP)3]Cl2) (Box) adsorbed onto the DavisilTM silica gel was embedded in the silicone rubber Lactite NuvaSil® 5091 and the coating on the bottom of 96-well plates. The water-soluble oxygen sensor (BsOx = tris-[(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulphonic acid disodium)ruthenium(II)] chloride 'x' hydrate = {Ru[DPP(SO3Na)2]3}Cl2 = water molecules were omitted in the BsOx formula) was synthesized and characterized by RP-UHPLC, LCMS, MALDI, elemental analysis, ATR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and TG/IR techniques. The microbiological studies were performed in the environment of RPMI broth and blood serum. Both Ru(II)-based sensors turned out to be useful in the study of the activity of Co(III) complexes and the commercial antifungal drug amphotericin B. In addition, a new activity of the oxygen sensor, the soluble Ru(II) complex BsOx, was demonstrated, which is a mixture with amphotericin B that caused a significant increase in its antifungal activity. Thus, it is also possible to demonstrate the synergistic effect of compounds active against the microorganisms under study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Turecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chylewska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M Dąbrowska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Hałasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Czesława Orlewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Denison M, Steinke SJ, Majeed A, Turro C, Kocarek TA, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Ir(III)-Based Agents for Monitoring the Cytochrome P450 3A4 Active Site Occupancy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13673-13677. [PMID: 35994607 PMCID: PMC9547529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes responsible for biosynthesis and drug metabolism. Monitoring the activity of CYP3A4, the major human drug-metabolizing enzyme, is vital for assessing the metabolism of pharmaceuticals and identifying harmful drug-drug interactions. Existing probes for CYP3A4 are irreversible turn-on substrates that monitor activity at specific time points in end-point assays. To provide a more dynamic approach, we designed, synthesized, and characterized emissive Ir(III) and Ru(II) complexes that allow monitoring of the CYP3A4 active-site occupancy in real time. In the bound state, probe emission is quenched by the active-site heme. Upon displacement from the active site by CYP3A4-specific inhibitors or substrates, these probes show high emission turn-on. Direct probe binding to the CYP3A4 active site was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The lead Ir(III)-based probe has nanomolar Kd and high selectivity for CYP3A4, efficient cellular uptake, and low toxicity in CYP3A4-overexpressing HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Denison
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Aliza Majeed
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Integrative Biosciences Center, Room 2126, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Integrative Biosciences Center, Room 2126, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shahroosvand H, Heydari L, Nemati Bideh B, Pashaei B. Molecularly engineered electroplex emission for an efficient near-infrared light-emitting electrochemical cell (NIR-LEC). RSC Adv 2020; 10:14099-14106. [PMID: 35498498 PMCID: PMC9051648 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10761d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroplex emission is rarely seen in ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, and there have been no reports from light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) to date. Here, for the first time, near-infrared (NIR) emission via the electroplex mechanism in a LEC based on a new blend of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes is described. The key factor in the design of the new complexes is the 0.4 V decrease in the oxidation half-potential of Ru(ii)/Ru(iii) in [Ru(DPCO)(bpy)2]ClO4 (DPCO = diphenylcarbazone, bpy = 2,2 bipyridine), which is about one-third of the value for benchmark [Ru(bpy)3](ClO4)2, as well as the long lifetime of excited states of 350-450 ns. The LEC based on the new blend with a narrow band gap (≈1.0 eV) of a Ru(DPCO) complex and Ru(bpy)3 2+ can produce an electroluminescence spectrum centred at about 700 nm, which extends to the NIR region with a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.93% at a very low turn-on voltage of 2.6 V. In particular, the very simple LEC structure was constructed from indium tin oxide (anode)/Ru(DPCO):Ru(bpy)3 2+/Ga:In (cathode), avoiding any polymer or transporting materials, as well as replacing Al or Au by a molten alloy cathode. This system has promising applications in the production of LECs via microcontact or inkjet printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Shahroosvand
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan Zanjan Iran +98-24-33058202 +98-24-33052584
| | - Leyla Heydari
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan Zanjan Iran +98-24-33058202 +98-24-33052584
| | - Babak Nemati Bideh
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan Zanjan Iran +98-24-33058202 +98-24-33052584.,Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran
| | - Babak Pashaei
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan Zanjan Iran +98-24-33058202 +98-24-33052584
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kender WT, Turro C. Unusually Slow Internal Conversion in N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Carbanion Cyclometallated Ru(II) Complexes: A Hammett Relationship. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2650-2660. [PMID: 30896168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of six [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-R)]+ complexes were synthesized and characterized, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and NHC-R is an N-heterocyclic carbene covalently linked to a carbanion with a number of substituents, R = -OMe (1), -Me (2), -H (3), -Cl (4), -CO2Et (5), and -NO2 (6). The effects of these strongly σ-donating NHC-R ligands on the ground-state electronic structure and on the excited-state character and dynamics were probed using electrochemistry, TD-DFT calculations, and steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopies, along with ultrafast transient absorption and time-resolved IR measurements. The excitation of 1-5 with a 400 nm pulse (irf = 85 fs) results in the population of a high energy singlet state, Sn, that rapidly intersystem crosses into a high-lying triplet state, Tn. Over the course of 7-22 ps, Tn relaxes to the lowest lying triplet state, T1, which is metal/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer, 3Ru(d)/NHC(π) → bpy(π*) in character. These 3ML-LCT states decay to regenerate the ground state with lifetimes, τ, that range from <8 to 15 ns at 298 K and from 10 to 23 ns at 77 K in CH3CN. Both the excited-state lifetime at 77 K and the Tn → T1 rate of internal conversion of 1-5 are dependent on the substituent R, and the latter correlates with the Hammett parameter (σ+p) of the NHC-R ligand. Excitation of 1-5 with low energy light, 550-670 nm, does not result in the population of Tn, as only T1 is observed. In the case of 6, excitation is expected to populate a 1Ru(d)/NHC(π) → NHC(π*) state localized on the NHC-NO2 ligand, which decays to a higher energy 3Ru(d)/NHC(π) → NHC(π*) state followed by internal conversion to the 3Ru(d)/NHC(π) → bpy(π*) T1 state with τ = 250 ps; the population of both states is independent of excitation wavelength in 6. This work demonstrates that the introduction of one NHC-R ligand in these complexes permits the population of a higher energy triplet state that decays to T1 in the picosecond time range. The relatively slow Tn → T1 internal conversion in these complexes makes the population of the higher-energy state potentially useful for more efficient charge injection into semiconductors for solar energy conversion or to aid in accessing dissociative metal-centered states for drug delivery. Overall, this work shows the ability to synthetically access valuable excited-state dynamics using the two different Ru-C bonds of the asymmetric NHC-R ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Kender
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Q, Wang Y, Ni Y, Kokot S. Analysis of Complex Molecular Systems: The Impact of Multivariate Analysis for Resolving the Interactions of Small Molecules with Biopolymers – a Review. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.865202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Gorle AK, Feterl M, Warner JM, Wallace L, Keene FR, Collins JG. Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes as antimicrobial agents. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:16713-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes have been synthesised which exhibit high levels of antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Gorle
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Marshall Feterl
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
| | - Jeffrey M. Warner
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
| | - Lynne Wallace
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences
- James Cook University
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakuda E, Ando Y, Ito A, Kitamura N. Long-Lived and Temperature-Independent Emission from a Novel Ruthenium(II) Complex Having an Arylborane Charge-Transfer Unit. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1603-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1020669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sakuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
| | - Yuki Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
| | - Akitaka Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
| | - Noboru Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis and DNA binding studies by spectroscopic and PARAFAC methods of a ternary copper(II) complex. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Evans RC, Douglas P, Winscom CJ. Coordination complexes exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence: Evaluation of their suitability as triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 963] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|