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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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2
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Liu H, Shen Q. Well-defined organometallic Copper(III) complexes: Preparation, characterization and reactivity. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Halder N, Dzhemileva LU, Ramazanov IR, D'yakonov VA, Dzhemilev UM, Rath H. Comparative in vitro Studies of the Topoisomerase I Inhibition and Anticancer Activities of Metallated N-Confused Porphyrins and Metallated Porphyrins. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:632-642. [PMID: 32154640 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the original approach, a series of metallated N-confused porphyrins and metallated porphyrins have been synthesized and characterized. For all the synthesized porphyrins, in vitro studies of cytotoxic activity against K562, U937, HL-60, Jurkat, A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines, the ability to induce apoptosis and effects on the cell cycle as well as the kinetics of proliferative activity of porphyrins and their respective metallated complexes in real time have been developed. The inhibitory activity of metallated porphyrins against human topoisomerase I and the possible mechanism of inhibition have been carried out by modelling using molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyancy Halder
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A/2B Raja SC Mullick Road Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, Ufa, 450075, Russian Federation
| | - Ilfir R Ramazanov
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, Ufa, 450075, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, Ufa, 450075, Russian Federation
| | - Usein M Dzhemilev
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, Ufa, 450075, Russian Federation
| | - Harapriya Rath
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A/2B Raja SC Mullick Road Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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6
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Pushpanandan P, Won D, Mori S, Yasutake Y, Fukatsu S, Ishida M, Furuta H. Doubly N‐Confused Calix[6]phyrin Bis‐Organopalladium Complexes: Photostable Triplet Sensitizers for Singlet Oxygen Generation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1729-1736. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poornenth Pushpanandan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular SystemsKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Dong‐Hoon Won
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular SystemsKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support CenterEhime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Yasutake
- Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of Tokyo Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Susumu Fukatsu
- Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of Tokyo Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular SystemsKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular SystemsKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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Yan J, Yang Y, Ishida M, Mori S, Zhang B, Feng Y, Furuta H. Organometallic Group 11 (Cu III , Ag III , Au III ) Complexes of a trans-Doubly N-Confused Porphyrin: An "Expanded Imidazole" Structural Motif. Chemistry 2017; 23:11375-11384. [PMID: 28612992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of group 11 metal cations with an α-bis(phenylthio)-substituted trans-doubly N-confused porphyrin (trans-N2 CPSPh : 4) afforded a series of square-planar trivalent organometallic complexes (i.e., Cu-H4, Ag-H4, and Au-H4). The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes revealed highly planar core geometries along with the presence of peripheral amine and imine nitrogen sites of the pyrrolic moieties. NMR, UV/Vis absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies suggested the 18 π-electron aromaticity of the complexes. The aromaticity was also fully analyzed by various theoretical methodologies such as nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) and anisotropic induced current density (ACID) calculations. The central metal affects the amphiprotic character of the complexes possessing both pyrrolic amino nitrogen and imino nitrogen atoms at the periphery, which was examined by the photometric titration with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), respectively. The inherent acidity of the complexes was followed in the order; Cu-H4>Au-H4>Ag-H4 and that of basicity was Au-H4>Ag-H4>Cu-H4. The complexes could be considered as an "expanded imidazole" structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University and the Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University and the Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University and the Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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9
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Yan J, Takakusaki M, Yang Y, Mori S, Zhang B, Feng Y, Ishida M, Furuta H. Doubly N-confused isophlorin: synthesis, structure and copper coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14593-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Maeda H. Supramolecular Chemistry of Pyrrole-Based π-Conjugated Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Souza MI, Jaques YM, de Andrade GP, Ribeiro AO, da Silva ER, Fileti EE, Ávilla ÉDS, Pinheiro MVB, Krambrock K, Alves WA. Structural and Photophysical Properties of Peptide Micro/Nanotubes Functionalized with Hypericin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2605-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia I. Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ygor M. Jaques
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Gislaine P. de Andrade
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson O. Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Emerson R. da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Eudes E. Fileti
- Instituto de Ciência
e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 12231-280, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Érick de Souza Ávilla
- Departamento de Física,
ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício V. B. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Física,
ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Departamento de Física,
ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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12
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Zhou L, Wei S, Ge X, Zhou J, Yu B, Shen J. External heavy-atomic construction of photosensitizer nanoparticles for enhanced in vitro photodynamic therapy of cancer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12744-9. [PMID: 22984941 DOI: 10.1021/jp305137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of heavy atoms around photosensitizers (PSs) generally facilitates intersystem crossing (ISC) and improves their quantum yield of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generation ability, which is a key species in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, we report Pt(IV)- and Au(III)-modified silica nanoparticles (SN) as the drug delivery system of a hypocrellin A (HA) to improve its photodynamic activity through external heavy atom effect. Comparative studies with Pt- and Au-modified and unmodified nanoparticles have demonstrated that the intraparticle external heavy atom effect on the encapsulated HA molecules significantly enhances their efficiency of (1)O(2) generation and, thereby, the in vitro photodynamic efficacy to cancer cells. The results well elucidated the potential of our PSs/heavy metal ions doped nanocarrier for improving the actual efficacy of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Analysis and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory Biofunctional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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13
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Thomas AP, Saneesh Babu PS, Asha Nair S, Ramakrishnan S, Ramaiah D, Chandrashekar TK, Srinivasan A, Radhakrishna Pillai M. meso-Tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)N-Confused Porphyrin Tetrasodium Salt: A Potential Sensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5110-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300009q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajesh P. Thomas
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar-751005,
Orissa, India
| | - P. S. Saneesh Babu
- Cancer Research
Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram-695014,
Kerala, India
| | - S. Asha Nair
- Cancer Research
Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram-695014,
Kerala, India
| | - S. Ramakrishnan
- Photosciences
and Photonics
Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST-CSIR), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Danaboyina Ramaiah
- Photosciences
and Photonics
Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST-CSIR), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India
| | | | - A. Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar-751005,
Orissa, India
| | - M. Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research
Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram-695014,
Kerala, India
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Mayer I, Nakamura K, Srinivasan A, Furuta H, Toma HE, Araki K. Spectroelectrochemical behavior of N-confused dioxohexaphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doubly N -confused dioxohexaphyrins were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry in the -2.5 to +2.0 V vs Ag | Ag + (0.10 M, in CH3CN) range. Six reversible monoelectronic processes were found suggesting that the rich electrochemistry of porphyrin systems was preserved in that expanded macrocycle. However, the electronic and electrochemical properties of the free-base, Cu(II) and Ni(II) species were shown to be sensitive to the coordinated transition metal ions and solvent revealing a quite complex behavior, probably reflecting the higher flexibility and strong conformational effects on the energy levels and stability of those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildemar Mayer
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C. Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Kiyohisa Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Alagar Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
| | - Henrique E. Toma
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C. Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C. Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Blooming of confused porphyrinoids—fusion, expansion, contraction, and more confusion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:937-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Maeda D, Shimakoshi H, Abe M, Hisaeda Y. Syntheses and photophysical behavior of porphyrin isomer Sn(IV) complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:9853-60. [PMID: 19775162 DOI: 10.1021/ic901401t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octaethylhemiporphycenato Sn(IV) chloride, [Sn(IV)(OEHPc)Cl(2)], and 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octaethylporphycenato Sn(IV) chloride, [Sn(IV)(OEPc)Cl(2)], were synthesized in high yields and fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The X-ray crystal structures of the Sn(IV) complexes with porphycene and hemiporphycene were determined for the first time. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the singlet state of the Sn(IV) porphycene and hemiporphycene complexes, structural isomers of porphyrin, have been investigated by fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopies. The relatively strong emission and long fluorescence lifetime of the Sn(IV) porphycene complexes indicated by the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurement were observed in the case of the Sn(IV) porphycene ([Sn(IV)(OEPc)Cl(2)], Phi(F) = 0.125, tau(s) = 2681 ps; [Sn(IV)(OEP)Cl(2)], Phi(F) = 0.010, tau(s) = 438 ps; [Sn(IV)(OEHPc)Cl(2)], Phi(F) = 0.027, tau(s) = 733 ps). The triplet state of the Sn(IV) complexes was investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy. It became clear that the triplet lifetime of the Sn(IV) porphycene (tau(T) = 49.9 mus) was longer when compared to those of the Sn(IV) porphyrin (tau(T) = 32.6 mus) and hemiporphycene complexes (tau(T) = 28.3 mus). These porphyrin isomer Sn(IV) complexes showed the high singlet oxygen generating ability, and the photo-oxidation of the 1,5-hydroxynaphthalene mediated by the Sn(IV) porphycene was the most effective among the complexes. This result is due to its more effective light absorption in the visible region and indicated that the porphycene is an excellent candidate as a photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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17
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Wang KK, Choi KH, Shin HW, Kim BJ, Im JE, Oh SL, Park NS, Jung M, Oh JB, Lee MJ, Kim HK, Kim YR. Photophysics of a new photosensitizer with high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation and its application to stereo-selective synthesis of (+)-deoxoartemisinin. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Deda DK, Uchoa AF, Caritá E, Baptista MS, Toma HE, Araki K. A new micro/nanoencapsulated porphyrin formulation for PDT treatment. Int J Pharm 2009; 376:76-83. [PMID: 19409465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly hydrophobic 5,10,15-triphenyl-20-(3-N-methylpyridinium-yl)porphyrin (3MMe) cationic species was synthesized, characterized and encapsulated in marine atelocollagen/xanthane gum microcapsules by the coacervation method. Further reduction in the capsule size, from several microns down to about 300-400 nm, was carried out successfully by ultrasonic processing in the presence of up to 1.6% Tween 20 surfactant, without affecting the distribution of 3MMe in the oily core. The resulting cream-like product exhibited enhanced photodynamic activity but negligible cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells. The polymeric micro/nanocapsule formulation was found to be about 4 times more phototoxic than the respective phosphatidylcholine lipidic emulsion, demonstrating high potentiality for photodynamic therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana K Deda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ikawa Y, Ogawa H, Harada H, Furuta H. N-confused porphyrin possessing glucamine-appendants: Aggregation and acid/base properties in aqueous media. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6394-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Rossi LM, Silva PR, Vono LLR, Fernandes AU, Tada DB, Baptista MS. Protoporphyrin IX nanoparticle carrier: preparation, optical properties, and singlet oxygen generation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12534-8. [PMID: 18834155 DOI: 10.1021/la800840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on developing a nanoparticle carrier for the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX for use in photodynamic therapy. The entrapment of protoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) in silica spheres was achieved by modification of Pp IX molecules with an organosilane reagent. The immobilized drug preserved its optical properties and the capacity to generate singlet oxygen, which was detected by a direct method from its characteristic phosphorescence decay curve at near-infrared and by a chemical method using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran to trap singlet oxygen. The lifetime of singlet oxygen when a suspension of Pp IX-loaded particles in acetonitrile was excited at 532 nm was determined as 52 micros, which is in good agreement with the value determined for methylene blue in acetonitrile solution under the same conditions. The Pp IX-loaded silica particles have an efficiency of singlet oxygen generation (eta Delta) higher than the quantum yield of free porphyrins. This high efficiency of singlet oxygen generation was attributed to changes on the monomer-dimer equilibrium after photosentisizer immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane M Rossi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Harris JD, Oelkers AB, Tyler DR. The Solvent Cage Effect: Is There a Spin Barrier to Recombination of Transition Metal Radicals? J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:6255-62. [PMID: 17447764 DOI: 10.1021/ja069295s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This investigation explored whether there is a spin barrier to recombination of first- and second-row transition metal-centered radicals in a radical cage pair. To answer this question, the recombination efficiencies of photochemically generated radical cage pairs (denoted as FcP) were measured in the presence and absence of an external heavy atom probe. Two methods were employed for measuring the cage effect. The first method was femtosecond pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy, which directly measured FcP from reaction kinetics, and the second method (referred to herein as the "steady-state" method) obtained FcP from quantum yields for the radical trapping reaction with CCl4 as a function of solvent viscosity. Both methods generated radical cage pairs by photolysis (lambda = 515 nm for the pump probe method and lambda = 546 nm for the steady-state method) of Cp'2Mo2(CO)6 (Cp' = eta(5)-C5H4CH3). In addition, radical cage pairs generated from Cp'2Fe2(CO)4 and Cp*2TiCl2 (Cp* = eta(5)-C5(CH3)5) were studied by the steady-state method. The pump-probe method used p-dichlorobenzene as the heavy atom perturber, whereas the steady-state method used iodobenzene. For both methods and for all the radical caged pairs investigated, there were no observable heavy atom effects, from which it is concluded there is no spin barrier to recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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Maeda H, Morimoto T, Osuka A, Furuta H. Halide-Anion Binding by Singly and Doubly N-Confused Porphyrins. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:832-44. [PMID: 17441126 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The halide-binding properties of N-confused porphyrin (NCP, 1) and doubly N-confused porphyrins (trans-N2CP (2), cis-N2CP (3)) were examined in CH2Cl2. In the free-base forms, cis-N2CP (3) showed the highest affinity to each anion (Cl-, Br-, I-) with association constants Ka = 7.8x10(3), 1.9x10(3), and 5.8x10(2) M(-1), respectively. As metal complexes, on the other hand, trans-N2CP 2-Cu exhibited the highest affinity to Cl-, Br-, and I- with Ka = 9.0x10(4), 2.7x10(4), and 1.9x10(3) M(-1), respectively. The corresponding Ka values for cis-N2CP 3-Cu and NCP 1-Cu were about 1/10 and 1/2, respectively, of those of 2-Cu. With the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and complementary affinity measurements of a series of trisubstituted N-confused porphyrins, the efficient anion binding of NCPs was attributed to strong hydrogen bonding at the highly polarized NH moieties owing to the electron-deficient C6F5 groups at meso positions as well as the ideally oriented dipole moments and large molecular polarizability. The orientation and magnitude of the dipole moments in NCPs were suggested to be important factors in the differentiation of the affinity for anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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Abstract
N-confused porphyrin (NCP) is a porphyrin isomer that is different largely from the parent porphyrin, particularly in the physical, chemical, structural, and coordination properties. Introduction of the confused pyrrole into the normal and expanded porphyrins leads to generation of the confused porphyrinoids having rich structural diversity. In this Account, we introduce a series of N-confused porphyrinoids recently synthesized and highlight their properties such as fusion, peripheral N coordination, supramolecular assemblies, anion binding, and singlet-oxygen sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagar Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Estevam ML, Nascimento OR, Baptista MS, Di Mascio P, Prado FM, Faljoni-Alario A, Zucchi MDR, Nantes IL. Changes in the spin state and reactivity of cytochrome C induced by photochemically generated singlet oxygen and free radicals. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:39214-22. [PMID: 15247265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402093200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work compares the effect of photogenerated singlet oxygen (O(2)((1)Delta(g))) (type II mechanism) and free radicals (type I mechanism) on cytochrome c structure and reactivity. Both reactive species were obtained by photoexcitation of methylene blue (MB(+)) in the monomer and dimer forms, respectively. The monomer form is predominant at low dye concentrations (up to 8 microm) or in the presence of an excess of SDS micelles, while dimers are predominant at 0.7 mm SDS. Over a pH range in which cytochrome c is in the native form, O(2) ((1)Delta(g)) and free radicals induced a Soret band blue shift (from 409 to 405 nm), predominantly. EPR measurements revealed that the blue shift of the Soret band was compatible with conversion of the heme iron from its native low spin state to a high spin state with axial symmetry (g approximately 6.0). Soret band bleaching, due to direct attack on the heme group, was only detected under conditions that favored free radical production (MB(+) dimer in SDS micelles) or in the presence of a less structured form of the protein (above pH 9.3). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the heme group and the polypeptide chain of cytochrome c with Soret band at 405 nm (cytc405) revealed no alterations in the mass of the cytc405 heme group but oxidative modifications on methionine (Met(65) and Met(80)) and tyrosine (Tyr(74)) residues. Damage of cytc405 tyrosine residue impaired its reduction by diphenylacetaldehyde, but not by beta-mercaptoethanol, which was able to reduce cytc405, generating cytochrome c Fe(II) in the high spin state (spin 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauren L Estevam
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica CIIB Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, CEP 08780-911, Brazil
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