1
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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2
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Priya TJ, Sugumar RW, Harini M, Prasad NR. Host-Guest Complex of Cucurbituril with 5-Fluorouracil: Structural Study, Effect on Cytotoxicity, and Intracellular ROS Generation. Pharm Chem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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3
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Djavani-Tabrizi I, Jockusch RA. Gas-Phase Fluorescence of Proflavine Reveals Two Close-Lying, Brightly Emitting States. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2187-2192. [PMID: 35230120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surprising excitation-dependent, dual emission from a small organic model fluorophore is reported. Gas-phase fluorescence spectra of proflavine (a diaminoacridine) ions reveal two long-lived emitting states, with distinct bands separated by just 1700 cm-1. The relative intensities of these two bands depend on the excitation wavelength. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations support the existence of two close-lying singlet electronic states, with excitation into S2 predicted to be >1000-fold more likely than into S1. These data strongly suggest that internal conversion (IC) rates are suppressed relative to solvated proflavine, and that IC is competitive with intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR). This work offers an in-depth assessment of the gas-phase photophysics of a simple fluorophore that could open a new pathway to understanding dual emission in fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada
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4
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Dutta Choudhury S, Pal H. Supramolecular and suprabiomolecular photochemistry: a perspective overview. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:23433-23463. [PMID: 33112299 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective review article, we have attempted to bring out the important current trends of research in the areas of supramolecular and suprabiomolecular photochemistry. Since the spans of the subject areas are very vast, it is impossible to cover all the aspects within the limited space of this review article. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to assimilate the basic understanding of how supramolecular interactions can significantly change the photophysical and other related physiochemical properties of chromophoric dyes and drugs, which have enormous academic and practical implications. We have discussed with reference to relevant chemical systems where supramolecularly assisted modulations in the properties of chromophoric dyes and drugs can be used or have already been used in different areas like sensing, dye/drug stabilization, drug delivery, functional materials, and aqueous dye laser systems. In supramolecular assemblies, along with their conventional photophysical properties, the acid-base properties of prototropic dyes, as well as the excited state prototautomerization and related proton transfer behavior of proton donor/acceptor dye molecules, are also largely modulated due to supramolecular interactions, which are often reflected very explicitly through changes in their absorption and fluorescence characteristics, providing us many useful insights into these chemical systems and bringing out intriguing applications of such changes in different applied areas. Another interesting research area in supramolecular photochemistry is the excitation energy transfer from the donor to acceptor moieties in self-assembled systems which have immense importance in light harvesting applications, mimicking natural photosynthetic systems. In this review article, we have discussed varieties of these aspects, highlighting their academic and applied implications. We have tried to emphasize the progress made so far and thus to bring out future research perspectives in the subject areas concerned, which are anticipated to find many useful applications in areas like sensors, catalysis, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, drug formulations, nanomedicine, light harvesting, and smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Dutta Choudhury
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400094, India and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
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Peng S, He Q, Vargas-Zúñiga GI, Qin L, Hwang I, Kim SK, Heo NJ, Lee CH, Dutta R, Sessler JL. Strapped calix[4]pyrroles: from syntheses to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:865-907. [PMID: 31957756 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is a central topic in modern chemistry. It touches on many traditional disciplines, such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, environmental chemistry, and biological chemistry. Supramolecular hosts, inter alia macrocyclic hosts, play critical roles in supramolecular chemistry. Calix[4]pyrroles, non-aromatic tetrapyrrolic macrocycles defined by sp3 hybridized meso bridges, have proved to be versatile receptors for neutral species, anions, and cations, as well as ion pairs. Compared to the parent system, octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole and its derivatives bearing simple appended functionalities, strapped calix[4]pyrroles typically display enhanced binding affinities and selectivities. In this review, we summarize advances in the design and synthesis of strapped calix[4]pyrroles, as well as their broad utility in molecular recognition, supramolecular extraction, separation technology, ion transport, and as agents capable of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Future challenges within this sub-field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Gabriela I Vargas-Zúñiga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Inhong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Nam Jung Heo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University and IMSFT, Chun-Cheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University and IMSFT, Chun-Cheon 24341, Korea.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. and Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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6
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Fedotova TV, Gutrov VN, Zakharova GV, Chibisov AK, Alfimov MV. Triplet–Triplet Energy Transfer as a Reason for Quenching by Thionine of the Triplet State of Eosin in Complexes with Cucurbit[7, 8]urils in Water. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143919010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Atabekyan LS, Avakyan VG, Zakharova GV, Chibisov AK. Primary Photoprocesses in Thionine in Supramolecular Complexes with Cucurbit[7,8]urils in Water. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143918020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Meng LJ, Zhao WX, Chen LX, Sun WQ, Lin RL, Zhu QJ, Tao Z, Liu JX. Single and Double Binding of 1,10-Phenanthroline and 4,7-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline to HMeQ[7]: Contrasting p K
a Shifts Induced by HMeQ[7]. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wen-Xuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wen-Qi Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Rui-Lian Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Maanshan 243002 China
| | - Qian-Jiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Jing-Xin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University of Technology; Maanshan 243002 China
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9
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Lazar AI, Rohacova J, Nau WM. Comparison of Complexation-Induced pKa Shifts in the Ground and Excited States of Dyes as Well as Different Macrocyclic Hosts and Their Manifestation in Host-Retarded Excited-Dye Deprotonation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11390-11398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Lazar
- Department of Life Sciences
and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jana Rohacova
- Department of Life Sciences
and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department of Life Sciences
and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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10
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Robinson-Duggon J, Pérez-Mora F, Dibona-Villanueva L, Fuentealba D. Potential Applications of Cucurbit[n
]urils Inclusion Complexes in Photodynamic Therapy. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Robinson-Duggon
- Laboratorio de Estructuras Biosupramoleculares, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago
| | - Francisco Pérez-Mora
- Laboratorio de Estructuras Biosupramoleculares, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago
| | - Luciano Dibona-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Estructuras Biosupramoleculares, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Estructuras Biosupramoleculares, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago
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11
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Macartney DH. Cucurbit[n]uril Host-Guest Complexes of Acids, Photoacids, and Super Photoacids. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donal H. Macartney
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON Canada K7L3N6
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12
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Becher J, Berdnikova DV, Dzubiel D, Ihmels H, Pithan PM. Interactions between photoacidic 3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2- b]quinolizinium and cucurbit[7]uril: Influence on acidity in the ground and excited state. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:203-212. [PMID: 28228861 PMCID: PMC5301965 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxynaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium was synthesized by cyclodehydration route and its optical properties in different media were investigated. The absorption and emission spectra of this compound depend on the pH of the solution. Thus, at higher pH values the deprotonation yields a merocyanine-type dye that exhibits significantly red-shifted absorption bands and causes a dual emisson, i.e., a combination of emission bands of the hydroxyquinolizinium and its deprotonated form. Whereas this compound is a weak acid in the ground state (pKa = 7.9), it has a strongly increased acidity in the excited state (pKa* = 0.4). As a result, the blue-shifted fluorescence of the hydroxyquinolizinium becomes dominant only under strongly acidic conditions. In addition, it is shown that 3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium binds to cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) with moderate affinity (Kb = 1.8 × 104 M-1, pH 5) and that the pKa and pKa* values of this ligand increase by about two to three orders of magnitude, respectively, when bound to CB[7].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Becher
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Daria V Berdnikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Darinka Dzubiel
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Phil M Pithan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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13
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Xi YY, Tang Q, Huang Y, Tao Z, Xue SF, Zhou Q, Wei G. A novel fluorescent indicator displacement assay for sensing the anticancer drug gefitinib. Supramol Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2016.1202413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Xi
- The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Qing Tang
- The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Sai-Feng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Qingdi Zhou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gang Wei
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Manufacturing, Lindfield, Australia
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14
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Manna A, Chakravorti S. Switching of emission of a styryl dye in cucurbit[7]uril: a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 140:241-247. [PMID: 25613695 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intriguing colour change and change in fluorescence band of 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide from nonpolar to polar protic solvent, and also from molecular container cucurbit[7]uril environment to polar protic solvent has been reported here. This interesting colour change of this dye with respect to the medium makes this dye useful as a sensor. Change in spectral characteristics of DASPMI along with change of colour from orange to yellow with increasing polarity of medium is interpreted as due to negative solvatochromatism. Complexations of probe-cucurbit[7]uril (1:1 and 2:1) cause structural change of the probe molecule due to hydrogen bond interaction of cationic part of the dye with CO group of cucurbit[7]uril and the colour change of the solution ensued. On addition of sodium chloride to the inclusion complex the dye is released from cucurbit[7]uril interior with colour of the solution reverted back. Theoretical results show that one carbon atom in the styryl part containing the positive charge gets too close to a carbon atom of cucurbit[7]uril to cause a phenomenal increase of dipole moment by 10X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Manna
- Department of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sankar Chakravorti
- Department of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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15
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Assaf KI, Nau WM. Cucurbiturils: from synthesis to high-affinity binding and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:394-418. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Major developments in the synthesis of cucurbiturils and applications related to their high-affinity binding and catalysis have recently taken place.
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16
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Chu JJ, Apps MG, Wheate NJ. Chemical factors affecting cucurbit[n]uril formulation into ocular dosage forms: excipient binding, solubility, corneal permeability and antibiotic encapsulation. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2014.926361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin J. Chu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael G. Apps
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nial J. Wheate
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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17
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Montes-Navajas P, Asenjo NG, Santamaría R, Menéndez R, Corma A, García H. Surface area measurement of graphene oxide in aqueous solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13443-13448. [PMID: 24111520 DOI: 10.1021/la4029904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) forms persistent dispersions in aqueous solutions up to concentrations of 0.2 mg mL(-1). Addition of methylene blue (MB) to these aqueous dispersion of GO gives rise to the observation in optical spectroscopy of new absorption bands that are indicative of the formation of MB/GO conjugates. Four new absorption maxima have been characterized, and their intensity varies depending on the relative concentration of MB with respect to GO. Two of these bands appearing at 677 and 757 nm correspond to individual MB molecules adsorbed on neutral or acid sites of GO, respectively. Two other bands at 615 and 580 nm are attributable to adsorbed MB molecules showing interaction with other neighbor dye molecules at incomplete (615 nm) or complete (580 nm) surface coverage. Complete coverage of GO surface by MB causes the formation of a precipitate and the separation of the MB/GO conjugate. EDS mapping of carbon and sulfur atoms of MB/GO conjugate indicates the homogeneous distribution of MB molecules coating GO sheets. A simple and reliable protocol for surface area measurement and determination of the level of aggregation for GO dispersions in water has been proposed by determining the amount of MB that leads to the maximum intensity of the 580 nm band and precipitation of the MB/GO conjugate. Specific surface area as high as 736.6 m(2) g(-1) in the range of the theoretical value for GO has been experimentally measured for diluted GO solutions, but aggregation levels of 15% were estimated for GO concentration of 50 μg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montes-Navajas
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Thangavel A, Elder IA, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Dawes R, Leventis N. Breaking Aggregation and Driving the Keto-to-gem-Diol Equilibrium of the N,N′-Dimethyl-2,6-diaza-9,10-anthraquinonediium Dication to the Keto Form by Intercalation in Cucurbit[7]uril. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8297-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3027577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Thangavel
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United
States
| | - Ian A. Elder
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United
States
| | - Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United
States
| | - Richard Dawes
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United
States
| | - Nicholas Leventis
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United
States
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19
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Czar MF, Jockusch RA. Understanding Photophysical Effects of Cucurbituril Encapsulation: A Model Study with Acridine Orange in the Gas Phase. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1138-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201201008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Klein TY, Treccani L, Thöming J, Rezwan K. Porous ceramic monoliths assembled from microbeads with high specific surface area for effective biocatalysis. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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21
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Ganji MD, Danesh N. Adsorption of H2S molecules by cucurbit[7]uril: an ab initio vdW-DF study. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41946k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ghosh I, Nau WM. The strategic use of supramolecular pK(a) shifts to enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:764-83. [PMID: 22326487 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic hosts of the cyclodextrin, sulfonatocalixarene, and cucurbituril type can be employed as discrete supramolecular drug delivery systems, thereby complementing existing supramolecular drug formulation strategies based on polymers, hydrogels, liposomes, and related microheterogeneous systems. Cucurbiturils, in particular, stand out in that they do not only provide a hydrophobic cavity to encapsulate the drug in the form of a host-guest complex, but in that they possess cation-receptor properties, which favor the encapsulation of protonated drugs over their unprotonated forms, resulting in pronounced pK(a) shifts up to 5 units. These pK(a) shifts can be rationally exploited to activate prodrug molecules, to stabilize the active form of drug molecules, to enhance their solubility, and to increase their degree of ionization, factors which can jointly serve to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, particularly weakly basic ones. Additionally, macrocycles can serve to increase the chemical stability of drugs by protecting them against reactions with nucleophiles (e.g., thiols) and electrophiles, by increasing their photostability, and by causing a higher thermal stability in the solid state. Detailed examples of the different effects of macrocyclic encapsulation of drugs and the associated pK(a) shifts are provided and discussed. Other important considerations, namely a potential lowering of the bioactivity of drugs by macrocyclic complexation, interferences of the macrocycles with biocatalytic processes, the toxicity of the macrocyclic host molecules, and problems and opportunities related to a targeted release and the rate of release of the drug from the host-guest complexes are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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Influence of self-assembly of amphiphilic imidazolium ionic liquids on their host–guest complexes with cucurbit[n]urils. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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de Miguel M, Alvaro M, García H. Graphene as a quencher of electronic excited states of photochemical probes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2849-2857. [PMID: 22220928 DOI: 10.1021/la204023w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Graphene sheets quench the singlet and triplet excited states of a series of six photochemical probes including pyrene, acridine orange, tris(2,2́-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) dichloride, methylene blue, meso-tetrakis(phenylsulphonate)porphyrin, and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,28H-porphine zinc. It was found that Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching can fit to one or two different quenching regimes depending on the probe. In addition, the quenching can be either static or dynamic depending on the fluorophore. The occurrence of several quenching regimes has been interpreted considering that quenching arises from the crowding of the fluorophore on both graphene faces, or site isolation on the graphene sheets. Laser flash photolysis has shown that the triplet lifetime of the probes generally decreases due to graphene quenching and that no new transients appear except in the case of methylene blue, where a new absorption spectrum characterized by a continuous absorption band is observed and attributed to graphene radical ion. This spectroscopic evidence suggests that the most general quenching mechanism is energy transfer from the singlet or triplet excited state of the dye to graphene. This raises the issue of determining the energy of the electronic excited states of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel de Miguel
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV and Departamento de Química, Avenida De los Naranjos S/N, 46022-Valencia, Spain
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25
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Dsouza RN, Pischel U, Nau WM. Fluorescent dyes and their supramolecular host/guest complexes with macrocycles in aqueous solution. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7941-80. [PMID: 21981343 DOI: 10.1021/cr200213s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy N Dsouza
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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26
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Saleh N, Al-Soud YA, Al-Kaabi L, Ghosh I, Nau WM. A coumarin-based fluorescent PET sensor utilizing supramolecular pKa shifts. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Acid–base equilibrium of drugs in time-resolved fluorescence measurements: Theoretical aspects and expressions for apparent pKa shifts. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Macartney DH. Encapsulation of Drug Molecules by Cucurbiturils: Effects on their Chemical Properties in Aqueous Solution. Isr J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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del Pozo M, Alonso M, Hernández L, Quintana C. An Electrochemical Approach for the Cucurbit[7]uril/Carbendazim Supramolecular Inclusion Complex. Application to Carbendazim Determination in Apples. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Wyman IW, Macartney DH. Host-guest complexes and pseudorotaxanes of cucurbit[7]uril with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Org Chem 2010; 74:8031-8. [PMID: 19799399 DOI: 10.1021/jo901861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorotaxanes may be assembled in aqueous solution using dicationic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as succinylcholine, BW284c51, and alpha,omega-bis(trialkylammonium)alkane dications (or their phosphonium analogues), as bolaform axles and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as the wheel. With the exceptions of the shorter [(CH(3))(3)N(CH(2))(n)N(CH(3))(3)](2+) (n = 6, 8) dications, the addition of a second CB[7] results in the translocation of the first CB[7], such that the hydrophobic -NR(3)(+) and -PR(3)(+) end groups (R = Me or Et) are located in the cavities of the wheels, while the central portion of the axles extend through the CB[7] portals into the bulk solvent. In the case of the [Quin(CH(2))(10)Quin](2+) (Quin = quinuclidinium) dication, the CB[7] host(s) resides only on the quinuclidinium end group(s). The 1:1 host-guest stability constants range from 8 x 10(6) to 3 x 10(10) M(-1) and are dependent on both the nature of the end group as well as the length and hydrophobicity of the central linker. The magnitude of the stability constants for the 2:1 complexes closely follow the trend observed previously for CB[7] binding with the NR(4)(+) and PR(4)(+) cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Wyman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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31
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Wyman IW, Macartney DH. Host-guest complexations of local anaesthetics by cucurbit[7]uril in aqueous solution. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:247-52. [PMID: 20024155 DOI: 10.1039/b915694a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) host molecule forms very stable host-guest complexes with the local anaesthetics procaine (K(CB[7]) = (3.5 +/- 0.7) x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1)), tetracaine (K(CB[7]) = (1.5 +/- 0.4) x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1)), procainamide (K(CB[7]) = (7.8 +/- 1.6) x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1)), dibucaine (K(CB[7]) = (1.8 +/- 0.4) x 10(5) dm(3) mol(-1)) and prilocaine (K(CB[7]) = (2.6 +/- 0.6) x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1)) in aqueous solution (pD = 4.75). The stability constants are 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than the values reported for binding by the comparably sized beta-cyclodextrin host molecule. The inclusion by CB[7] raises the first pK(a) values of the anaesthetics by 0.5-1.9 pK units, as the protonated forms are bound more strongly in acidic solution. The complexation-induced chemical shift changes in the guest proton resonances provide an indication of the site(s) of binding and the effects of protonation on the location of the binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Wyman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Montes-Navajas P, González-Béjar M, Scaiano JC, García H. Cucurbituril complexes cross the cell membrane. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1743-7. [PMID: 20024172 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbiturils (CBs) of the appropriate size (CB[7] and CB[8]) form strong guest-host complexes in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with acridine orange (AO) and pyronine Y (PYY) with 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 stoichiometries for CB[7] and CB[8] complexes, respectively. Binding constants in the range 0.87-1.60 x 10(6) M(-1) and 5.2-6.3 x 10(13) M(-2) were determined by titration with fluorescence spectroscopy for 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 complexes, respectively. These binding constants in PBS and the eight-fold excess of CBs minimize the presence of free dye in solution and also stabilize the host-guest complex in the culture medium. Images showing that the CB complexes can cross the cell membrane of 3T3 cells have been acquired using fluorescence microscopy. Given the current importance of supramolecular CB complexes and the search for new drug delivery systems, the present findings open avenues for the use of CBs as nanocapsules to transport drugs into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Montes-Navajas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Canada
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