Tetra-2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethoxy substituted zinc phthalocyanines and their quaternized analoques: Synthesis, characterization, photophysical and photochemical properties

The in-vitro proliferation-suppression of MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines mediated by differently substituted ionic phthalocyanines in sonodynamic therapy supplemented-photodynamic therapy

This work focuses on the study of the effects of the ultrasonic frequency (MHz) and power (W.cm^-2) on the stability, reactive oxygen species yields and cytotoxicity activities of differently substituted ionic phthalocyanines (Pcs) in sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Four ultrasonic parameters were investigated: Par I (1 MHz: 1 W.cm^-2), Par II (1 MHz: 2 W.cm^-2), Par III (3 MHz: 1 W.cm^-2) and Par IV (3 MHz: 2 W.cm^-2). A higher degradation of the Pcs was observed with increasing power at the Par II. Two reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in the ultrasound treated Pcs: singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. Due to minimal degradation of most Pcs, Par I was chosen for SDT, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photo-sonodynamic therapy (PSDT) against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 and Henrietta Lacks cancer cell lines. PSDT generally showed improved therapeutic efficacies of the Pcs compared to the SDT and PDT mono treatments.

Enhanced mitochondria destruction on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines in vitro using triphenyl-phosphonium-labelled phthalocyanines in ultrasound-assisted photodynamic therapy activity

This work reports on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the therapeutic activities of new triphenyl-phosphonium-labelled phthalocyanines (Pcs), the 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(N-(N-butyl-4-triphenyl-phosphonium)- pyridine-4-yloxy) Zn(II) Pc (3) and 2,9,16,23-tetrakis-(N-(N-butyl-4-triphenyl-phosphonium)-morpholino) Zn(II) Pc (4) upon exposure to light, ultrasound and the combination of light and ultrasound. Two types of ROS were detected: the singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radicals. For light irradiations, only the ¹O₂ was detected. An increase in the ROS generation was observed for samples treated with the combination of light and ultrasound compared to the light and ultrasound mono-treatments. The in vitro anticancer activity through photodynamic (PDT) and sonodynamic (SDT) therapy for the Pcs were also determined and compared to the photo-sonodynamic combination therapy (PSDT). The two cancer cell lines used for the in vitro studies included the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer and Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cervical cancer cell lines. The SDT treatments showed improved therapeutic efficacy on the cancer cells for both the Pcs compared to PDT. PSDT showed better therapeutic efficacy compared to both the PDT and SDT mono-treatments.

The peripheral and non-peripheral 2H-benzotriazole substituted phthalocyanines: Synthesis, characterization, photophysical and photochemical studies of zinc derivatives

In this study, the novel 3-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methoxy substituted novel phthalonitrile compounds (2 and 6) were synthesized. Their non-peripheral and peripheral zinc (II) (3 and 7), manganese (III) (4 and 8) and copper (II) (5 and 9) phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized for the first time. These novel compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and different spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, UV-Vis, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MALDI-TOF mass. Also, photochemical and photophysical properties of non-peripheral and peripheral substituted zinc (II) phthalocyanines (3 and 7) were investigated for determination of photodynamic therapy applications of these phthalocyanines.

Improved photodynamic efficacy of thiophenyl sulfonated zinc phthalocyanine loaded in lipid nano-carriers for hepatocellular carcinoma cancer cells

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study was to modify the structural activity of zinc(II)phthalocyanine by combining it with thiophenyl groups then loaded in lipid nano-carriers and evaluate its parameters required for the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer.

METHODS

Tetra (4-Thiophenyl) sulfonated phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (PhS·SO₃Na)₄ZnPc 5 was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic methods as a test compound. Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were treated with the synthesized (PhS·SO₃Na)₄ZnPc 5 derivative loaded in lipid nano carriers to understand the effect of combined compound on liver cancer cells. Furthermore, HepG2 cells were irradiated by visible red light at 60 mW/cm² for 20 min. The phototoxicity of (PhS·SO₃Na)₄ZnPc 5 after being formulated in both (L) and transfersomes (T) was investigated.

RESULTS

Overall, the results indicate that combination of thiophenyl groups substitution, in particular in the structure of sulfonated zinc phthalocyanine is able to improve the photodynamic properties of ZnPc, and (PhS·SO₃Na)₄ZnPc 5 loaded in lipid nano-carriers can be a promising combined PDT treatment strategy for Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The new formulation ZnPc-lipid nano-carriers will be beneficial in the upcoming clinical trials and would enhance the inhibition of tumor growth.

Influence of N atom number and form on the photodynamic activities of zinc phthalocyanines

Amino group modified phthalocyanines (Pcs) and their derivatives have attracted great attention in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) because of their satisfied anticancer activity. The existence of N atoms in these Pcs is very important because they not only provide water solubility of Pcs, but also greatly affect their PDT activity. To clear the influence of N atoms number on PDT activity of amino group modified Pcs and their derivatives, in this manuscript, two series of amine modified Pcs with different N atom number and their water soluble derivatives, hydrochloride and quaternizing derivatives were synthesized. Their photochemical and photobiology properties were studied and compared. The results indicated that with increasing the number on N atom, the reactive oxygen species (ROSs) generation ability, cancer cell uptaken ability and photoinduced anticancer activity were all increased in these ZnPcs.

Investigation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of peripherally tetra-substituted water-soluble zwitterionic and cationic zinc(ii) phthalocyanines

4-{4-[N-((3-Dimethylamino)propyl)amide]phenoxy} substituted zinc(ii) phthalocyanine (2) and its water-soluble sulfobetaine (3), betaine (4) and N-oxide (5) containing zwitterionic and cationic (6) derivatives were synthesized for the first time in this study.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of novel non-peripherally substituted metallophthalocyanines and their sensing behaviour for a broad range of Lewis bases

The synthesis of novel, symmetrical, tetrasubstituted metallophthalocyanines (cobalt, zinc, and manganese) bearing four 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethoxy units is reported.

The effect of a hydrogen bond on the supramolecular self-aggregation mode and the extent of metal-free benzoxazole-substituted phthalocyanines

Two novel metal-free benzoxazole-substituted phthalocyanines were synthesized and characterized. Their self-aggregation behavior was comparatively studied.

Synthesis of a novel water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine and its CT DNA-damaging studies

A novel 3-(4-methoxybenzylamino) propanoic acid substituted water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine (CNPcZn) was synthesized. The interaction between CNPcZn with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) was studied using spectroscopic methods. The studies indicated that CNPcZn has strong affinity to CT DNA, and furthermore, CNZnPc showed excellent photodamaging activity to CT DNA. Above results indicated that such CNPcZn has great potential to be used as an effective photosensitizer in the field of photodynamic therapy.

Experimental and computational studies on 4-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methoxy]phthalonitrile and synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of its novel phthalocyanine magnesium(II) and tin(II) metal complexes

The molecular structure of the substituted phthalonitrile was analyzed crystallographically and compared with optimized geometric structure. The structural properties of the compound such as energy, vibrational frequency, ground state transitions, (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts, NBO analysis and hyperpolarizability were computed by DFT (Density Functional Theory) method and compared with experimental results. The novel Mg(II) and Sn(II) phthalocyanines synthesized from the substituted phthalonitrile and their aggregation behaviors were investigated in different solvents and at different concentrations in DMSO.

Novel axially disubstituted non-aggregated silicon phthalocyanines

This paper describes the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization of a range of new axially-disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines with 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy] or 2-[2-(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-16-azacyclooctadecan-16-yl)ethoxy] groups as axial ligands. 2-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 2, 2-[2-(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-16-azacyclooctadecan-16-yl)ethoxy]ethanol 4 are reacted with silicon phthalocyanine 1, to give an axially-disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines 3 and 5. Axially-disubstituted silicon phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized at the first time. Newly synthesized silicon phthalocyanines were characterized by UV-Vis, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry. These new silicon(IV) phthalocyanines 3 and 5 showed excellent solubility in organic solvents such as CHCl(3), CH(2)Cl(2), acetone, DMF, DMSO, THF, EtOAc. The aggregation behavior of these compounds were investigated in different concentrations of DMSO. The effect of solvents on absorption spectra were studied in various organic solvents. The thermal stabilities of the silicon(IV) phthalocyanines 3 and 5 were determined by thermogravimetric analysis.